新开垦土壤上构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮模式

为了在新开垦土壤上构建高效种植模式,本文采用温室盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,选用4种根瘤菌接种方式(保水剂拌种、清水拌种、三叶期灌根和种子丸衣化)接种4种不同蚕豆根瘤菌(NM353、CCBAU、G254和QH258),分析接菌后新开垦土壤上玉米/蚕豆间作体系的生产潜力、地上部氮素吸收和结瘤特性以及生物固氮等方面的优势,拟为该体系筛选出高效的根瘤菌及其接种技术。结果表明:接种NM353后,玉米/蚕豆间作体系中蚕豆籽粒产量比单作平均增加152.84%,而玉米保持相对稳产;以保水剂拌种的方式接种NM353的间作蚕豆地上部氮素积累量最高,蚕豆结瘤数、瘤重、固氮比例和固氮量均高于本试验中其他3种方式接种的根瘤菌。在盛花期和盛花鼓粒期,接种NM353蚕豆的固氮比例比接种CCBAU的分别高19.1%和11.1%,在各个生育时期两者固氮量之间差异均达显著水平;接种NM353与接种其他菌种间固氮量和固氮比例差异更显著。因此,在新开垦土壤上,用保水剂拌种的方式对间作蚕豆接种NM353根瘤菌,构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮体系,为新开垦土壤合理开发利用的可持续发展模式。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat,Maize, and Faba Bean

Abstract

One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean.     

不同竞争强度间作体系氮素利用和土壤剖面无机氮分布差异

田间小区试验,研究大麦/玉米间作、小麦/玉米间作和蚕豆/玉米间作及其对应单作体系,在不施氮和施氮225 kg/hm2情况下,对氮素吸收利用效率和土壤剖面无机氮变化的影响。结果表明,作物对养分的竞争能力与其根区土壤无机氮浓度和累积量密切相关。两作物共生期不施氮肥时,0—100 cm土层,土壤剖面无机氮残留量是间作大麦和间作小麦根区分别比间作蚕豆根区减少2032~82和10717~1 kg/hm2;与大麦和小麦间作的玉米根区分别比与蚕豆间作的玉米根区减少931~20和5687~kg/hm2。土壤无机氮累积量受作物类型、种间相互作用强度及实时土壤环境条件影响。种间相互作用提高了间作大麦和小麦的氮素当季回收率,但使与其间作的玉米氮素当季回收率降低。大麦/玉米和小麦/玉米竞争体系在不施氮肥时氮素利用效率最高。施用氮肥使大麦、小麦氮素收获指数降低,玉米氮素收获指数升高,对蚕豆无影响。在选择配对作物时,为获得间作优势要充分考虑作物竞争能力、土壤基础肥力条件、施肥水平及配套栽培措施等。低肥力土壤宜选择豆科/禾本科互惠体系,高肥力土壤宜选择禾本科/禾本科竞争体系。     

小麦||蚕豆间作提高间作产量的优势及其氮肥响应

为探明小麦||蚕豆间作体系种间互补和竞争与产量优势的关系及其氮肥响应，为豆科禾本科间作最佳氮素管理提供指导，本研究通过为期2年（2015—2017年）的田间定位试验，在不施氮（N0）、低氮（N1，90 kg·hm^-2）、常规施氮（N2，180 kg·hm^-2）和高氮（N3，270 kg·hm^-2）4个施氮水平下，研究小麦||蚕豆间作的产量优势及其相关种间关系。结果表明，与单作相比，两年的间作小麦产量平均显著增加23.50%，单、间作蚕豆的产量均维持在4 000 kg·hm^-2左右，土地当量比均表现为N0 > N1 > N2 > N3 > 1的趋势，系统生产力平均达5 023 kg·hm^-2。与单作相比，间作小麦和蚕豆的花后干物质累积比例、干物质转移率和贡献率均不同程度增加，增幅随着施氮量增加而降低。不同施氮水平下，小麦的种间相对关系指数均表现出明显的互利效应，相对种间竞争强度在低氮水平为种内竞争，常规氮和高氮水平为种间竞争；蚕豆的种间相对关系指数则表现出竞争效应，相对种间竞争强度表现为种内竞争。较蚕豆而言，小麦的相对种间竞争力表现出不同程度的竞争优势，在种间竞争力为0.629 2时可获得最大的间作体系混合干物质量16 093 kg·hm^-2。综上，小麦||蚕豆间作降低了低氮水平下的种间竞争强度，扩大了小麦的互利效应和竞争优势，增加了间作作物的花后干物质累积比例以及干物质贡献率，表现出明显的间作产量优势。     

Influence of Nitrogen on Growth,Yield, and Yield Components and Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Dry Bean Genotypes

Dry bean is an important legume and nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the most yield-limiting factors in most of the bean-growing regions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to determine influence of N on growth, yield, and yield components and N uptake and use efficiency of 23 dry bean genotypes. Straw yield, grain yield, yield components, maximum root length, and root dry weight were significantly increased with the addition of N but varied with genotypes. The N × genotype interactions were also significant for most of these traits, indicating variation in responses of genotypes with the variation in N levels. There was significant difference in N uptake and use efficiency among genotypes. Most of growth and yield components were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified into efficient, moderately efficient, or inefficient group in N-use efficiency. Nitrogen concentration was greater in grain compared to straw, indicating greater N requirement of dry bean genotypes.     

Effects of vertical distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen on root growth and subsequent nitrogen uptake by field vegetable crops

Information is needed about root growth and N uptake of crops under different soil conditions to increase nitrogen use efficiency in horticultural production. The purpose of this study was to investigate if differences in vertical distribution of soil nitrogen (N_inorg) affected root growth and N uptake of a variety of horticultural crops. Two field experiments were performed each over 2 years with shallow or deep placement of soil N_inorg obtained by management of cover crops. Vegetable crops of leek, potato, Chinese cabbage, beetroot, summer squash and white cabbage reached root depths of 0.5, 0.7, 1.3, 1.9, 1.9 and more than 2.4 m, respectively, at harvest, and showed rates of root depth penetration from 0.2 to 1.5 mm day^?1 °C^?1. Shallow placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater N uptake in the shallow‐rooted leek and potato. Deep placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater rates of root depth penetration in the deep‐rooted Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage, which increased their depth by 0.2–0.4 m. The root frequency was decreased in shallow soil layers (white cabbage) and increased in deep soil layers (Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage). The influence of vertical distribution of soil N_inorg on root distribution and capacity for depletion of soil N_inorg was much less than the effect of inherent differences between species. Thus, knowledge about differences in root growth between species should be used when designing crop rotations with high N use efficiency.     

小麦蚕豆间作体系氮素吸收累积动态及其种间氮素竞争关系

  【目的】  通过研究小麦//蚕豆间作地上部的氮含量和吸收量，明确不同氮水平下小麦//蚕豆间作的氮吸收累积特征，解析间作小麦和蚕豆种间氮素竞争关系。  【方法】  田间试验采用两因素随机区组试验设计，设置3个种植模式 (单作小麦，单作蚕豆及小麦//蚕豆间作) 及4个氮水平 (N0，N1，N2，N3)，其中小麦的4个施氮量依次为0、90、180、270 kg/hm2，蚕豆的4个施氮量依次为0、45、90、135 kg/hm2。测定了单间作小麦和蚕豆的产量、地上部氮累积含量，利用Logistic模型模拟小麦蚕豆的氮吸收关键参数及氮吸收动态，分析了间作小麦和蚕豆的氮素竞争关系。  【结果】  小麦//蚕豆间作整体平均提高小麦产量33.4% (除N3外)、降低蚕豆产量20.7%，N0和N1水平下，间作具有显著产量优势。通过Logistic模型分析发现，间作条件下小麦的氮吸收高峰比蚕豆晚12～19天。4个氮水平下，间作主要提高了小麦最大氮累积量 (A)、最大氮吸收速率 (R_max) 和初始氮吸收速率 (r)，却降低了蚕豆的A、达到最大氮吸收速率所需的时间 (T_max) 和R_max。在营养生长阶段，小麦的氮素竞争力低于蚕豆，施氮可提高小麦的氮素吸收量。从施氮水平和种植模式共同作用角度分析，N0、N1和N2水平下，间作分别提高小麦的R_max 34.1%、44.6%和21.0%。因此，当小麦达到氮吸收高峰后，间作分别提高小麦氮吸收速率和氮素累积量15.1%～48.4%和9.2%～28.9%，却降低蚕豆氮吸收速率和氮素累积量7.3%～28.4%和7.9%～14.0%。此时，间作小麦氮素竞争力大于蚕豆，在N1水平下小麦的氮素竞争力最强。  【结论】  小麦//蚕豆间作提高了小麦的初始及最大氮素吸收速率 (r和R_max)，提高了小麦生殖生长阶段的氮素吸收和累积，是间作小麦产量优势的基础。优化氮肥投入量，可调控小麦和蚕豆的种间竞争及互补关系，是小麦//蚕豆间作体系产量优势形成、氮素高效吸收利用的关键。     

Cropping sequence and nitrogen fertilizer effects on the productivity and quality of malting barley and soil fertility in the Ethiopian highlands

The productivity and quality of malting barley were evaluated using factorial combinations of four preceding crops (faba bean, field pea, rapeseed, and barley) as main plots and four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 18, 36, and 54 kg N ha^?1) as sub-plots with three replications at two sites on Nitisols of the Ethiopian highlands in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Preceding crops other than barley and N fertilizer significantly improved yield and quality of malting barley. The highest grain yield, kernel plumpness, protein content, and sieve test were obtained for malting barley grown after faba bean, followed by rapeseed and field pea. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased yield, protein content, and sieve test of malting barley. All protein contents were within the acceptable range for malting quality. Inclusion of legumes in the rotation also improved soil fertility through increases in soil carbon and nitrogen content. We conclude that to maximize yield and quality of malting barley, it is critical to consider the preceding crop and soil nitrogen status. Use of appropriate break crops may substitute or reduce the amount of mineral N fertilizer required for the production of malting barley at least for one season without affecting its quality.     

向日葵和马铃薯间作模式的生产力及水分利用

本研究通过对不同间作模式中作物水分吸收和利用的分析比较,探讨间作提高产量的机理,提出适合当地生态环境的最优间作模式,并提供一定理论依据。于2009年和2010年在内蒙古武川进行了大田试验,研究马铃薯/向日葵不同间作模式水分吸收和利用,结果表明,马铃薯/向日葵2种间作模式:2行马铃薯:2行向日葵(2P:2S)和4行马铃薯:4行向日葵(4P:4S)的土地当量比LER为1.2～1.3,都具有较强的间作产量优势。其中,4P:4S间作体系2年平均的LER为1.26,间作优势最大。4P:4S间作马铃薯的农田蒸散量ET与单作马铃薯的ET相比差异不显著。单作向日葵和间作向日葵的农田蒸散量ET无显著差异。虽然,2P:2S间作模式和4P:4S间作模式的马铃薯水分利用效率WUE比单作分别降低了81%和66%,但2种间作模式下向日葵的水分利用效率与单作相当。因此,在马铃薯和向日葵间作模式中,整体的水分利用效率提高了,水分当量比WER在1.2～1.3,其中4P:4S间作系统的水分当量比2a均为1.3,说明该体系具有显著的水分利用优势。综合分析认为,马铃薯/向日葵间作特别是4P:4S间作模式有利于提高土地生产力和农田水分的利用效率,在可持续雨养农业发展中具有很好的应用价值。     

Nitrogen yield and nitrogen fixation of winter faba beans

Introducing autumn-sown legumes into Central European farming systems could be beneficial for addressing two challenges for European agriculture, i.e., the substantial deficit of protein sources for livestock and expected changes in agroclimatic conditions. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conucted under Pannonian climate conditions in eastern Austria to assess nitrogen (N) yield and N fixation of several winter faba bean varieties from different European countries as compared to a spring faba bean. Winter wheat was used as a reference crop for estimating atmospheric N fixation. Winter faba beans were susceptible to frost damage especially in the harder of the two winters. Winter faba bean varieties could not achieve a higher grain yield and a higher grain N yield than the spring faba bean but had a higher grain N concentration (except for one variety). Grain yield and grain N yield of faba beans were severely impaired by drought in one year (with a mean of varieties of 8.3 g N m^?2, winter wheat: 6.4 g N m^?2); in the other year, grain N yield of faba beans considerably surpassed that of winter wheat (with a mean of varieties of 21.5 g N m^?2, winter wheat: 8.8 g N m^?2). After harvest, faba beans left higher nitrate residues in the soil, especially in the subsoil, and higher amounts of N in above-ground residues compared to winter wheat. Faba beans showed high N fixation under optimum conditions (with a mean of varieties of 21.9 g N m^?2) whereas drought considerably impaired N fixation (with a mean of varieties of 6.3 g N m^?2; with no differences between autumn- and spring-sown faba beans). In conclusion, growing winter faba bean varieties in eastern Austria did not result in higher grain yield, grain N yield, and N fixation compared to growing a spring faba bean.     

Effect of starter fertilizer in seed-row on emergence,biomass and nutrient uptake by six pulse crops grown under controlled environment conditions

Abstract

Legumes have a unique ability to obtain a significant portion of atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobia spp of bacteria but it takes time, thus, an early supply of N to the plant may positively influence growth and development. However, too much fertilizer in close proximity to the seed can damage the seedling. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the maximum safe rates for starter seed-row fertilizer application under low seedbed utilization conditions (15%). Emergence, biomass yield and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) uptake responses to starter fertilizer products and blends applied at 0, 10, 20 and 30?kg?N?ha^?1 in the seed-row were investigated for six different pulse crops: soybean, pea, faba bean, black bean, lentil and chickpea. The general sensitivity (injury potential) for starter N, P, S fertilizer was lentil?≥?pea?≥?chickpea?>?soybean?≥?black bean?>?faba bean. Lentil, pea and chickpea could generally only tolerate the 10?kg?N?ha^?1 rates while soybean and black bean could tolerate 10–20?kg?N?ha^?1. Faba bean emergence appeared relatively unaffected by all three rates of N and showed least sensitivity to seed row placed fertilizer. In terms of 30-day biomass response, soybean and black bean were most responsive to fertilization, while pea, faba bean, lentil and chickpea were least responsive to the starter fertilizer applications, with no benefit increasing above the 10?kg?N?ha^?1 rate.     

基于根系形态对磷吸收的贡献解析小麦||蚕豆间作促进磷吸收的作用

间作模式是充分挖掘作物自身生物学潜力,促进磷资源高效利用的有效手段。为进一步探明间作诱导的根系形态适应性变化对磷吸收的相对贡献,理解小麦||蚕豆间作系统促进磷吸收的作用机制,本研究采用水培法,研究了常规磷(Hoagland营养液磷水平)和低磷(1/2-Hoagland营养液磷水平)条件下,小麦||蚕豆间作对小麦和蚕豆磷吸收、生长性状和根系形态变化的影响,并结合集成推进树算法(ABT)分析小麦和蚕豆根系形态对小麦和蚕豆磷吸收的相对贡献。结果表明,在低磷水平下,与单作小麦相比,小麦||蚕豆间作可以显著促进小麦对磷的吸收;而在正常磷水平下,间作小麦的磷吸收量显著低于单作小麦。在常规磷和低磷水平下,间作均能够显著促进蚕豆对磷的吸收。正常磷水平,间作系统的磷吸收量是小麦和蚕豆单作系统平均磷吸收量的1.04倍;低磷水平,间作系统的磷吸收量是小麦和蚕豆单作系统磷吸收量的1.28倍。种植模式和供磷水平能够显著影响小麦的株高,且有显著的交互作用;间作显著降低蚕豆的株高。ABT分析结果表明,小麦根长、根平均直径主导了小麦根系对磷的吸收,其解释量分别为74.7%和25.3%;蚕豆根长、根平均直径和根表面积共同解释了根系对磷的吸收,其解释量分别为48.0%、35.2%和16.9%。因此,低磷条件下,小麦||蚕豆间作主要通过增加小麦的根长,显著降低小麦根系平均直径,促进小麦对磷的吸收;而间作系统中的蚕豆则通过增加根长促进其对磷的吸收。     

不同氮效率玉米根系时空分布与氮素吸收对氮肥的响应

【目的】 研究玉米根系时空分布对不同供氮水平的响应及其与植株氮素吸收的关系,对于充分挖掘氮高效基因型,探讨氮高效栽培途径具有重要意义。 【方法】 以氮高效玉米品种 (郑单 958、金山 27) 和氮低效玉米品种 (蒙农 2133 、内单 314) 为材料,以不施氮为对照 (N0),施氮 300 kg/hm2 为适量处理 (N300)、450 kg/hm2 为过量处理 (N450),进行了两年田间试验,调查了玉米根重、根长的时空分布及其与植株氮素吸收量的关系。 【结果】 对照 (N0) 和适量施氮 (N300) 条件下,氮高效品种的根系生物量显著高于氮低效品种,过量施氮 (N450) 条件下二者在吐丝前无显著差异,吐丝后氮高效品种根重降低缓慢,根系生物量高于氮低效品种。N0 和 N300 条件下,氮高效品种 0—100 cm 土层根长均显著高于氮低效品种,吐丝期到乳熟期,N0 处理 0—20 cm 耕层和 40 cm 以下土层内,氮高效品种的根系降低比率显著低于氮低效品种;施氮条件下,两类型品种 0—40 cm 土层内根系降低比率无显著差异,但 40 cm 以下土层氮高效品种根系降低比率显著低于氮低效品种。吐丝前氮素吸收量在 N0 和 N300 条件下,单位根长氮吸收速率对氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.590 和 0.649,在 N450 条件下,根长对于氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.536;吐丝后氮素吸收量在 N0 和 N300 条件下,根长对氮素的吸收直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 1.148 和 0.623,在 N450 条件下,单位根长氮吸收速率对氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.858。 【结论】 不同氮效率玉米品种根系分布和氮素吸收对氮肥的响应存在明显差异。在低氮和适量施氮条件下,氮高效品种较氮低效品种表现出较高的根系生物量、根长和较低的根系衰老速率,其吐丝前氮素吸收主要与单位根长氮吸收速率有关,吐丝后则主要与根长有关;过量施氮条件下,其吐丝前氮素吸收主要受根长影响,吐丝后则主要与单位根长氮吸收速率有关。      

Nodulation and root growth increase in lower soil layers of water‐limited faba bean intercropped with wheat

Below‐ground niche complementarity in legume–cereal intercrops may improve resource use efficiency and root adaptability to environmental constraints. However, the effect of water limitation on legume rooting and nodulation patterns in intercropping is poorly understood. To advance our knowledge of mechanisms involved in water‐limitation response, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown as mono‐ and intercrops in soil‐filled plexiglass rhizoboxes under water sufficiency (80% of water‐holding capacity) and water limitation (30% of water‐holding capacity). We examined whether intercropping facilitates below‐ground niche complementarity under water limitation via interspecific root stratification coupled with modified nodulation patterns. While no significant treatment effects were measured in intercropped wheat growth parameters, water limitation induced a decrease in shoot and root biomass of monocropped wheat. Likewise, shoot biomass and height, and root length of monocropped faba bean significantly decreased under water limitation. Conversely, water limitation stimulated root biomass of intercropped faba bean in the lower soil layer (15–30 cm soil depth). Similarly, total nodule number of faba bean roots as well as nodule number in the lower soil layer increased under intercropping regardless of water availability. Under water limitation, intercropping also led to a significant increased nodule biomass (48%) in the lower soil layer as compared to monocropping. The enhanced nodulation in the lower soil layer and the associated increase in root and shoot growth provides evidence for a shift in niche occupancy when intercropped with wheat, which improves water‐limited faba bean performance.     

Strategies for high nitrogen production and fertilizer value of plant-based fertilizers

Background

Organic vegetable production has a demand for alternative fertilizers to replace fertilizers from sources that are not organic, that is, typically animal-based ones from conventional farming.

Aims

The aim of this study was to develop production strategies of plant-based fertilizers to maximize cumulative nitrogen (N) production (equal to N yield by green manure crops), while maintaining a low carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and to test the fertilizer value in organic vegetable production.

Methods

The plant-based fertilizers consisted of the perennial green manure crops—alfalfa, white clover, red clover, and a mixture of red clover and ryegrass—and the annual green-manure crops—broad bean, lupine, and pea. The crops were cut several times at different developmental stages. The harvested crops were used fresh or pelleted as fertilizers for field-grown white cabbage and leek. The fertilizer value was tested with respect to biomass, N offtake, N recovery, and soil mineral N (N_min). Poultry manure and an unfertilized treatment were used as controls.

Results

The cumulative N production of the perennial green manure crops ranged from 300 to 640 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 when cut two to five times. The highest productions occurred at early and intermediate developmental stages, when cut three to four times. Annual green manure crops produced 110–320 kg N ha^–1 year^–1, since repeated cutting was restricted. The C:N ratio of the green manure crops was 8.5–20.5, and increased with developmental stage. The fertilizer value of green manure, as measured in white cabbage and leek, was comparable to animal-based manure on the condition that the C:N ratio was low (<18). N recovery was 20%–49% for green manure and 29%–42% for poultry manure. A positive correlation was detected between soil N_min and vegetable N offtake shortly after incorporating the green manure crops, indicating synchrony between N release and crop demand.

Conclusions

Plant-based fertilizers represent highly productive and efficient fertilizers that can substitute conventional animal-based fertilizers in organic vegetable production.     

施氮量和蚕豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响

在田间条件下于2006—2007年研究了不同氮水平下（N 0、75、150、225、300 kg/hm2）蚕豆/玉米间作体系与其相应单作体系土壤无机氮的时空分布规律,旨在为河西走廊灌区蚕豆/玉米间作体系的氮素管理提供理论依据。用土钻法采集土壤剖面样品,CaCl2浸提,流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮的方法研究了施氮量和蚕豆/玉米种间相互作用对土壤无机氮时间和空间变化特点。结果表明:灌漠土无机氮以NO3--N为主。蚕豆和玉米无机氮含量在蚕豆收获前种植方式间均无显著性差异,蚕豆收获后至玉米收获,间作显著降低了两种作物各层无机氮含量;无机氮含量随着施氮量增加而显著增加。蚕豆收获后间作体系0—100 cm土层无机氮累积量略高于单作体系,且0—100 cm 土层无机氮累积量高于100—160 cm土层;玉米收获后,间作蚕豆和玉米土壤无机氮累积量在0—100 cm土层分别平均降低了51.7%和16.6%,在100—160 cm土层平均降低了42.1%和6.1%;与不施氮相比,施氮蚕豆和玉米无机氮累积量在0—100 cm土层分别平均增加了40.1%和81.5%,在100—160 cm土层分别增加了69.6%和40.6%;与单作体系相比,间作体系0—100 和100—160 cm土层土壤无机氮分别降低43.4%和34.1%。因此,施氮肥显著增加土壤无机氮的累积,而豆科/禾本科间作减少了土壤无机氮的残留。     

Growth of Tropical Legume Cover Crops as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization and Rhizobia

Tropical legume cover crops are important components in cropping systems because of their role in improving soil quality. Information is limited on the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on growth of tropical legume cover crops grown on Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of N fertilization with or without rhizobial inoculation on growth and shoot efficiency index of 10 important tropical cover crops. Nitrogen treatment were (i) 0 mg N kg^?1 (control or N₀), (ii) 0 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N₁), (iii) 100 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N₂), and (iv) 200 mg N kg^?1 of soil (N₃). The N?×?cover crops interactions were significant for shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximal root length, and specific root length, indicating that cover crop performance varied with varying N rates and inoculation treatments. Shoot dry weight is considered an important growth trait in cover crops and, overall, maximal shoot dry weight was produced at 100 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation treatment. Based on shoot dry-weight efficiency index, cover crops were classified as efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient in N-use efficiency. Overall, the efficient cover crops were lablab, gray velvet bean, jack bean, and black velvet bean and inefficient cover crops were pueraria, calopo, crotalaria, smooth crotalaria, and showy crotalaria. Pigeonpea was classified as moderately efficient in producing shoot dry weight.     

蔬菜与肥料中养分摩尔数比与作物生长及氮素利用的关系

生态化学计量学是研究生物系统能量平衡和多重化学元素(主要是碳、氮、磷、钾)平衡的科学。目前生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在水生生态系统和湿地生态系统,对陆地生态系统的研究相对较少。在我国,有关生态化学计量学的研究     

不同施肥模式对菜地氮素径流损失与表观平衡的影响

采用田间小区定位试验(2014—2015年)研究了自然降雨条件下农户习惯性施肥、减量施肥及减量施肥配施生物炭等不同施肥模式对太湖流域蔬菜地氮素径流流失、蔬菜产量及氮素表观平衡的影响。结果表明:甘蓝种植季内菜地径流水量达1 729.20m~3/hm~2,且与降雨量呈显著线性正相关关系。农户习惯性施肥(T1)处理条件下,菜地TN径流流失量达47.66kg/hm~2。减量施肥(T2)和减量施肥配施生物炭(T3)处理显著减少了氮素径流流失量,分别达13.95%和23.68%。与T2相比,配施生物炭(T3)可显著降低菜地氮素径流流失量达11.31%。菜地径流氮素以NO_3~-—N损失为主,各处理条件下,其流失量占TN的比例达81.11%~85.94%。菜地氮素平衡盈余量达158.24kg/hm~2,且随着氮素输入量的减少,氮素盈余量显著降低。T2、T3处理条件下,盈余量显著降低29.03%~39.81%。同时,T2、T3处理显著降低甘蓝叶球产量达16.12%~19.11%,而球形指数则显著增加6.17%~7.41%,氮素偏生产力也显著提高24.39%~28.98%。与T2相比,配施生物炭(T3)处理可小幅提高甘蓝产量及氮肥偏生产力,但处理间差异不显著。     

地下部分隔对蚕豆/玉米间作氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮残留影响

利用田间试验,探讨了地下部分隔对蚕豆/玉米间作氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,结果表明:蚕豆/玉米间作,蚕豆不分隔条件下籽粒和秸秆吸氮量比分隔分别增加20 10%,34 43%;玉米不分隔条件下籽粒吸氮量与分隔近似,但秸秆吸氮量比分隔减少13 04%;蚕豆和玉米不分隔条件下土壤硝态氮累积量都高于分隔。蚕豆/空带间作,蚕豆不分隔籽粒吸氮量高于分隔,但土壤硝态氮累积量没有差异。空带/玉米间作,地下部分隔与否,作物吸氮量和土壤硝态氮累积量都没有差异。