Influences of intercropping and nitrogen supply on flavonoid exudation in wheat roots

Abstract

Soil and hydroponic experiments were carried out to examine the influences of intercropping and nitrogen supply on flavonoid exudation in wheat roots. Both experiments comprising three cropping patterns (wheat intercropped with faba bean, monocropped wheat, and monocropped faba bean) and three N supply levels (deficient, adequate, and excessive) with three replicates in a randomized complete block design. Across two experiments, intercropping increased but N fertilization decreased flavonoids of wheat roots frequently. Intercropping variably increased secretion of naringenin from 0.5 to 1.9 folds (P?<?0.5) in wheat roots at all three N levels, but rarely increased secretion of genistein and hesperetin in wheat at the deficient N level. Intercropped wheat secreted more flavonoids than monocropped wheat at its tillering (60^th d) and flowering (95^th d) stages; after the flowering stage, however, the differences between intercropping and monocropping were not significant at any N level. Secretion of flavonoids in wheat roots decreased with increased N supply. Interspecies and N supply altered the contents and proportions of flavonoids in wheat root exudations under wheat and faba bean intercropping. These results indicate facilitative root–root interactions and provide insight into cereal promote nodule of legume in intercropping system.     

对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

连作障碍是限制蚕豆生产的重要因素,利用植物间化感作用的间作栽培模式是解决连作障碍的有效手段。为了探究对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下蚕豆与小麦间作对蚕豆生长和枯萎病发生的影响及其生理响应,通过盆栽土培试验研究不同浓度[C0(0 mmol·L~(-1))、C1(0.36 mmol·L~(-1))、C2(0.72 mmol·L~(-1))和C3(1.45 mmol·L~(-1))]对羟基苯甲酸处理下,小麦与蚕豆间作蚕豆生长、枯萎病发生、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性和膜质过氧化程度(MDA含量)的影响,从生理抗性角度探讨小麦与蚕豆间作缓解对羟基苯甲酸自毒效应的机制。结果表明,随着对羟基苯甲酸处理浓度提高,蚕豆生物量呈先增加后降低的趋势;C1和C2提高了蚕豆根系POD和CAT活性,降低了镰刀菌的数量,减轻了枯萎病的发生;C3降低了根系POD和CAT活性,增加了镰刀菌的数量,促进了枯萎病发生;随对羟基苯甲酸处理浓度增加,MDA含量显著增加,证实了对羟基苯甲酸是导致蚕豆连作障碍形成的主要自毒物质。与单作相比,对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下间作显著提高了根系POD活性(4.17%~22.22%)和CAT活性(10.53%~11.11%),显著降低了MDA含量(11.20%~52.80%);镰刀菌数量降低4.63%~23.65%,病情指数降低13.33%~50.00%,蚕豆干重显著增加15.73%~20.63%。综上,小麦与蚕豆间作通过提高蚕豆的生理抗性而减轻对羟基苯甲酸引起的枯萎病危害,促进蚕豆生长,是缓解对羟基苯甲酸自毒效应的有效措施。本研究结果为间作缓解连作障碍中的自毒效应提供了理论论据。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat,Maize, and Faba Bean

Abstract

One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean.     

苯甲酸胁迫下间作对蚕豆自毒效应的缓解机制

苯甲酸是引起蚕豆连作障碍的主要自毒物质之一。本文采用水培试验,研究了不同浓度苯甲酸[C0(0 mg?L-1)、C1(50 mg?L-1)、C2(100 mg?L-1)和C3(200 mg?L-1)]处理对与小麦间作的蚕豆幼苗生长和枯萎病发生的影响,从生理抗性角度探讨小麦与蚕豆间作对缓解苯甲酸自毒效应的机制,为合理利用间作缓解连作障碍,实现农业可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明:与C0处理相比,不同浓度苯甲酸处理均显著抑制了蚕豆幼苗的生长,并且随处理浓度升高,抑制效应增强;同时显著提高了蚕豆枯萎病发病率和病情指数;蚕豆根系和叶片的MDA含量显著提高,但抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性和病程相关蛋白(β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶)活性均随苯甲酸处理浓度升高而降低。表明不同浓度苯甲酸处理均显著抑制了蚕豆的生长,降低蚕豆的生理抗性而促进枯萎病发生。与单作蚕豆相比,蚕豆与小麦间作显著提高了苯甲酸胁迫下蚕豆的地上部干重(17.0%~47.1%),降低了发病率(11.1%~25.0%)和病情指数(20.0%~42.1%);蚕豆根系和叶片中POD活性分别提高12.9%~16.9%和9.3%~24.9%,CAT活性分别提高10.3%~54.0%和6.6%~20.5%,蚕豆根系的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性分别提高4.7%~13.1%和6.7%~15.8%,MDA含量分别降低19.5%~25.4%和20.5%~29.9%。C2处理下间作提高抗氧化酶和病程相关蛋白活性的效果最好,抗病效果最佳。表明小麦与蚕豆间作通过提高蚕豆的生理抗性而减轻苯甲酸引起的枯萎病危害,促进蚕豆生长,是缓解苯甲酸自毒效应的有效措施。     

新开垦土壤上构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮模式

为了在新开垦土壤上构建高效种植模式,本文采用温室盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,选用4种根瘤菌接种方式(保水剂拌种、清水拌种、三叶期灌根和种子丸衣化)接种4种不同蚕豆根瘤菌(NM353、CCBAU、G254和QH258),分析接菌后新开垦土壤上玉米/蚕豆间作体系的生产潜力、地上部氮素吸收和结瘤特性以及生物固氮等方面的优势,拟为该体系筛选出高效的根瘤菌及其接种技术。结果表明:接种NM353后,玉米/蚕豆间作体系中蚕豆籽粒产量比单作平均增加152.84%,而玉米保持相对稳产;以保水剂拌种的方式接种NM353的间作蚕豆地上部氮素积累量最高,蚕豆结瘤数、瘤重、固氮比例和固氮量均高于本试验中其他3种方式接种的根瘤菌。在盛花期和盛花鼓粒期,接种NM353蚕豆的固氮比例比接种CCBAU的分别高19.1%和11.1%,在各个生育时期两者固氮量之间差异均达显著水平;接种NM353与接种其他菌种间固氮量和固氮比例差异更显著。因此,在新开垦土壤上,用保水剂拌种的方式对间作蚕豆接种NM353根瘤菌,构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮体系,为新开垦土壤合理开发利用的可持续发展模式。     

肉桂酸对蚕豆枯萎病发生的影响及间作缓解机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了肉桂酸不同浓度(C0(0.0 mg kg~(-1))、C1(14.0 mg kg~(-1))、C2(28.0 mg kg~(-1))和C3(56.0 mg kg~(-1)))处理对蚕豆枯萎病发生的影响及小麦与蚕豆间作对肉桂酸自毒效应的缓解机制。结果表明:(1)蚕豆单作条件下,肉桂酸处理显著降低了根系的过氧化物酶(POD)活性并增加了丙二醛(MDA)含量,导致根系脂质过氧化伤害加剧;肉桂酸处理降低了根际微生物的活性(AWCD值)、香农(Shannon)多样性指数(H)和丰富度指数(S)并改变了微生物群落结构;肉桂酸处理显著增加蚕豆根际土壤中镰刀菌数量,提高了枯萎病病情指数并降低根系干重。(2)肉桂酸胁迫下,与单作蚕豆相比,小麦与蚕豆间作提高了蚕豆根系的POD活性,降低了MDA含量,提高了根际微生物对碳源的利用能力及根际微生物的H和S,明显改变了根际微生物群落结构;间作显著降低了蚕豆根际土壤中镰刀菌数量及枯萎病病情指数,显著增加了蚕豆地上部干重和根系干重。表明小麦与蚕豆间作一方面提高蚕豆对枯萎病菌的生理抗性,另一方面有效调节根际微生物活性和多样性,从而缓解了肉桂酸引起的枯萎病危害,促进了蚕豆生长,但间作减轻枯萎病危害的效果受肉桂酸处理浓度的影响。因此,利用非寄主作物小麦的化感效应而采取的间作模式是缓解蚕豆自毒效应的有效措施。     

Legume–barley intercropping stimulates soil N supply and crop yield in the succeeding durum wheat in a rotation under rainfed conditions

Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it.     

接种根瘤菌对蚕豆/玉米间作系统产量及结瘤作用的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮水平下蚕豆接种根瘤菌GS374对蚕豆/玉米间作系统产量及蚕豆结瘤作用的影响。结果表明,不施氮处理接种根瘤菌所获得的单作或间作系统产量与不接种但施N225kghm-2的相应系统产量相当,且施N225kghm-2处理接种仍能促进蚕豆的结瘤作用。统计分析表明,与不接种根瘤菌、蚕豆单作、不施氮相比,接种、蚕豆/玉米间作、施氮均极显著地提高了蚕豆生物学产量,但只有间作能显著增加其籽粒产量;施氮显著增加玉米生物量和籽粒产量。施N225kghm-2后,蚕豆接种、间作对玉米生物量无显著影响;但不施氮时蚕豆接种显著提高了与之间作的玉米籽粒和生物学产量,增幅分别为34.3%和25.6%。接种根瘤菌显著提高了不同氮处理以籽粒产量为基础计算的土地当量比和不施氮处理以生物学产量为基础计算的土地当量比。蚕豆接种根瘤菌与不接种相比,其单株根瘤数和根瘤干重均显著增加;间作与蚕豆单作相比对根瘤数的影响较小,但显著促进了蚕豆单株根瘤干重的增加。因此,本研究认为豆科作物接种合适的根瘤菌,是进一步提高豆科/禾本科作物间作系统间作优势的又一重要途径。     

基于LCA分析的间作小麦土壤酸化气体排放

为综合分析小麦蚕豆间作的环境酸化效应以及产量优势,通过2个试验点为期2年(A和B试验点:2014—2016年)的田间定位试验,分析比较了小麦蚕豆间作产量以及基于生命周期评价(Life cycle assessment,LCA)的能源消耗、环境酸化等指标的差异。结果表明,两个试验点的间作小麦产量均显著高于单作,平均增幅达到了22.04%,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,表现出明显的间作优势。与单作小麦相比,间作小麦的能源消耗和环境酸化影响指数较单作小麦分别平均减少了18.59%和17.45%,硫氧化物(SOX)、氨气(NH_3)和氮氧化物(NO_X)酸化气体分别平均减少了17.42%、17.68%和17.82%,间作小麦的能源消耗和环境酸化的环境影响减缓潜力平均增加了18.96%和17.45%。表明小麦蚕豆间作可显著提高产量,减少酸化气体排放,具有明显的间作优势。     

小麦蚕豆间作体系氮素吸收累积动态及其种间氮素竞争关系

  【目的】  通过研究小麦//蚕豆间作地上部的氮含量和吸收量，明确不同氮水平下小麦//蚕豆间作的氮吸收累积特征，解析间作小麦和蚕豆种间氮素竞争关系。  【方法】  田间试验采用两因素随机区组试验设计，设置3个种植模式 (单作小麦，单作蚕豆及小麦//蚕豆间作) 及4个氮水平 (N0，N1，N2，N3)，其中小麦的4个施氮量依次为0、90、180、270 kg/hm2，蚕豆的4个施氮量依次为0、45、90、135 kg/hm2。测定了单间作小麦和蚕豆的产量、地上部氮累积含量，利用Logistic模型模拟小麦蚕豆的氮吸收关键参数及氮吸收动态，分析了间作小麦和蚕豆的氮素竞争关系。  【结果】  小麦//蚕豆间作整体平均提高小麦产量33.4% (除N3外)、降低蚕豆产量20.7%，N0和N1水平下，间作具有显著产量优势。通过Logistic模型分析发现，间作条件下小麦的氮吸收高峰比蚕豆晚12～19天。4个氮水平下，间作主要提高了小麦最大氮累积量 (A)、最大氮吸收速率 (R_max) 和初始氮吸收速率 (r)，却降低了蚕豆的A、达到最大氮吸收速率所需的时间 (T_max) 和R_max。在营养生长阶段，小麦的氮素竞争力低于蚕豆，施氮可提高小麦的氮素吸收量。从施氮水平和种植模式共同作用角度分析，N0、N1和N2水平下，间作分别提高小麦的R_max 34.1%、44.6%和21.0%。因此，当小麦达到氮吸收高峰后，间作分别提高小麦氮吸收速率和氮素累积量15.1%～48.4%和9.2%～28.9%，却降低蚕豆氮吸收速率和氮素累积量7.3%～28.4%和7.9%～14.0%。此时，间作小麦氮素竞争力大于蚕豆，在N1水平下小麦的氮素竞争力最强。  【结论】  小麦//蚕豆间作提高了小麦的初始及最大氮素吸收速率 (r和R_max)，提高了小麦生殖生长阶段的氮素吸收和累积，是间作小麦产量优势的基础。优化氮肥投入量，可调控小麦和蚕豆的种间竞争及互补关系，是小麦//蚕豆间作体系产量优势形成、氮素高效吸收利用的关键。     

玉米‖甘蓝间作对土壤水分时空分布及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨作物间作的高效用水机制,在寿阳旱地农业试验站,开展了不同行比的玉米与甘蓝间作试验。结果表明,(1)玉米‖甘蓝间作生长季节的耗水量均低于玉米单作而高于甘蓝单作,从而使作物生长中后期的土壤水分以玉米单作最低,甘蓝单作最高,间作居中。对间作而言,土壤水分具有随着玉米行数减少(或甘蓝行数增加)而增加的趋势。(2)在作物生长季节中后期,各处理的土壤水分等值线出现明显的分异规律,表现为玉米单作最深,甘蓝单作最浅,玉米‖甘蓝间作居中。8月中旬以前,玉米日均耗水量高于甘蓝,之后则相反,表明玉米‖甘蓝间作通过两种作物对水分需求在时间和垂直分布上的互补性,实现对水资源的高效利用。(3)玉米‖甘蓝间作提高了玉米相对产量,但不同程度地抑制了甘蓝生长,且这种抑制作用随着甘蓝行数的增加而减弱,直至消失。当间作的甘蓝带≥4行(240cm)时,即≥1倍玉米高度(220cm)时,间作群体的玉米和甘蓝的产量、产值和水分生产效益均高于单作。因此,甘蓝带≥1倍玉米高度的玉米和甘蓝间作是较理想的种植模式。     

地下部分隔对蚕豆/玉米间作氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮残留影响

利用田间试验,探讨了地下部分隔对蚕豆/玉米间作氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,结果表明:蚕豆/玉米间作,蚕豆不分隔条件下籽粒和秸秆吸氮量比分隔分别增加20 10%,34 43%;玉米不分隔条件下籽粒吸氮量与分隔近似,但秸秆吸氮量比分隔减少13 04%;蚕豆和玉米不分隔条件下土壤硝态氮累积量都高于分隔。蚕豆/空带间作,蚕豆不分隔籽粒吸氮量高于分隔,但土壤硝态氮累积量没有差异。空带/玉米间作,地下部分隔与否,作物吸氮量和土壤硝态氮累积量都没有差异。     

基于LCA的不同间作体系产量优势及温室效应研究

为了探究间作体系对农田生态系统温室效应和产量优势的影响,本文选用小麦/蚕豆和玉米/马铃薯间作种植体系,通过为期2年的田间小区试验,采用生命周期评价法(LCA),以小麦/蚕豆间作和小麦单作、玉米/马铃薯间作和玉米单作为研究对象,以生产1 000kg作物为评价的功能单元,建立农资系统和农作系统生命周期资源消耗以及温室气体排放清单,研究了不同种植体系的作物产量、全球增温潜势和能源消耗等指标的差异。结果表明:与单作小麦相比,间作小麦两年的产量分别增加18.04%和39.94%;与单作玉米相比,间作玉米的产量分别增加2.65%和23.16%;小麦/蚕豆间作系统两年平均增幅高于玉米/马铃薯间作系统。小麦/蚕豆间作的土地当量比两年均大于1,玉米/马铃薯间作的土地当量比仅有1年大于1。与单作小麦相比,两年间作小麦的全球变暖潜值分别降低15.28%和28.53%,能源消耗分别减少15.29%和28.53%;与单作玉米相比,间作玉米的全球变暖潜值分别降低2.61%和19.05%,能源消耗分别减少2.61%和18.83%。小麦/蚕豆间作的间作产量优势优于玉米/马铃薯,但玉米/马铃薯间作的增温潜势低于小麦/蚕豆间作。合理间作具有显著增产效应,同时可以降低温室效应以及能源消耗,以更低环境代价获得作物高产高效。     

Nitrogen fixation efficiency,interspecies N transfer,and root growth in barley-field pea intercrop on a Black Chernozemic soil

Summary Barley-field pea intercrops have been shown to increase N yield when grown under cryoboreal subhumid conditions. In this study, we extended previous research by testing the hypotheses that (1) the intercropped field pea fixes a greater proportion of its shoot and root N than does sole-cropped field pea; (2) N is transferred from the annual legume to the cereal during the growing season; and (3) root production is greater under intercropped than sole-cropped conditions. Unconfined microplots seeded to barley, field peas, or a barley-field pea intercrop were fertilized with N at 10 kg ha^-1 as (NH₄)₂SO₄ (5.21 atom % ¹⁵N excess). Both the intercropped and sole-cropped barley derived more than 93% of their N from the soil. In contrast, 40% of N in the intercropped field pea was derived from soil. This study provided no evidence for transfer of N from the legume to the cereal. On average, the proportion of N derived from air by both pea intercrops was 39% higher than that derived by the sole-cropped pea. Root length determined by a grid intersection method following digitization using an image analyzer tended to be higher under intercropping than in sole crops. We conclude that even on fertile soils benefits may accrue from annual intercropping that includes a legume. The benefits arise from (1) increased N production, (2) greater N-fixation efficiency, and/or (3) more shoot and root residue-N mineralization for subsequent crops.     

根瘤菌菌株NM353对小麦/蚕豆间作体系中作物生长及养分吸收的影响

采用不同根系分隔方式(小麦与蚕豆根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔和不分隔)研究了间作蚕豆接种根瘤菌菌株NM353,在施氮和不施氮情况下,蚕豆和小麦的生长和养分吸收状况。结果表明,无论何种分隔方式和施氮与否,接种根瘤菌菌株NM353对蚕豆的生长都好于不接种;同时,间作小麦也通过根系的相互作用受益。在施氮情况下,接种与不接种处理相比,蚕豆生物量在三种分隔方式中依次增加了15%、16%和5%;吸氮量依次增加了17%、9%和12%;而根系不分隔并接种根瘤菌NM353还改善间作小麦的生长,其生物量、吸氮量比不接种时分别增加了13%和22%。因此,小麦/蚕豆间作中通过选择合适的菌株进行接种,并配合适当的氮肥施用,可以充分发挥豆科生物固氮作用,并改善与之间作的作物氮素营养。     

铅胁迫下小花南芥与玉米间作对根系分泌物 有机酸的影响

为了揭示Pb胁迫对间作和单作的超累积植物和作物根系分泌低分子有机酸的影响,研究设置400 mg·L?1Pb胁迫,采用水培曝气法试验,以玉米和小花南芥单作为对照处理,研究Pb胁迫下玉米和小花南芥间作对植物根系形态、根系分泌有机酸及Pb吸收的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,间作小花南芥情况下,玉米根系分泌物检测到乳酸;玉米分根条数、根表面积和根密度与单作相比分别增加60%、15%和42%,地下部和地上部干重生物量分别增加108%和75%,玉米地下部Pb含量下降44%;与单作相比,间作玉米条件下,小花南芥根系分泌物检测到乙酸和乳酸,小花南芥根系分泌物量与单作相比增加103%~1 700%,小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量分别比单作增加49%和75%,转运系数增加22%。相关分析结果表明,单作小花南芥只有地上部Pb累积量与草酸显著相关,而间作小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量与草酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸显著相关。研究表明超富集植物小花南芥与玉米间作体系,根系分泌的有机酸改变了Pb在小花南芥和玉米体内的累积特征,促进超累积植物小花南芥累积Pb,减少农作物玉米植株体内Pb含量。Pb胁迫下超累积植物小花南芥与玉米间作是一种可行的修复模式。     

Effect of intercropping on crop yield and chemical and microbiological properties in rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

In this study, we investigated crop yield and various chemical and microbiological properties in rhizosphere of wheat, maize, and faba bean grown in the field solely and intercropped (wheat/faba bean, wheat/maize, and maize/faba bean) in the second and third year after establishment of the cropping systems. In both years, intercropping increased crop yield, changed N and P availability, and affected the microbiological properties in rhizosphere of the three species compared to sole cropping. Generally, intercropping increased microbial biomass C, N, and P availability, whereas it reduced microbial biomass N in rhizosphere of wheat. The rhizosphere bacterial community composition was studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA. In the third year of different cropping systems, intercropping significantly changed bacterial community composition in rhizosphere compared with sole cropping, and the effects were most pronounced in the wheat/faba bean intercropping system. The effects were less pronounced in the second year. The results show that intercropping has significant effects on microbiological and chemical properties in the rhizosphere, which may contribute to the yield enhancement by intercropping.     

小麦/蚕豆间作体系中的氮节约效应及产量优势

通过田间小区试验,研究了小麦/蚕豆间作条件下作物的产量优势及不同施氮水平和种植方式中土壤硝酸盐累积。研究表明,间作可以提高作物单位面积复合产量,增产幅度在6%3～3%之间,不施氮处理间作小麦产量比单作增加达84%;间作和施氮对蚕豆产量没有显著影响。不同种植方式下土壤剖面中硝酸盐累积量趋势表现为蚕豆单作>小麦、蚕豆间作>小麦单作。不施氮、施氮量为20、406、0.kg/hm2条件下,种蚕豆的土壤硝酸盐累积量分别比种小麦的土壤增加了25.4、63.5、50.9、93.4.kg/hm2,间作降低了土壤中硝酸盐累积。小麦、蚕豆间作体系中的产量优势主要是种间氮营养生态位发生了分化,蚕豆通过固定空气氮而减少对土壤有效氮的吸收,把土壤中的有效氮节约供给与之相伴的作物小麦利用。     

小麦||蚕豆间作提高间作产量的优势及其氮肥响应

为探明小麦||蚕豆间作体系种间互补和竞争与产量优势的关系及其氮肥响应，为豆科禾本科间作最佳氮素管理提供指导，本研究通过为期2年（2015—2017年）的田间定位试验，在不施氮（N0）、低氮（N1，90 kg·hm^-2）、常规施氮（N2，180 kg·hm^-2）和高氮（N3，270 kg·hm^-2）4个施氮水平下，研究小麦||蚕豆间作的产量优势及其相关种间关系。结果表明，与单作相比，两年的间作小麦产量平均显著增加23.50%，单、间作蚕豆的产量均维持在4 000 kg·hm^-2左右，土地当量比均表现为N0 > N1 > N2 > N3 > 1的趋势，系统生产力平均达5 023 kg·hm^-2。与单作相比，间作小麦和蚕豆的花后干物质累积比例、干物质转移率和贡献率均不同程度增加，增幅随着施氮量增加而降低。不同施氮水平下，小麦的种间相对关系指数均表现出明显的互利效应，相对种间竞争强度在低氮水平为种内竞争，常规氮和高氮水平为种间竞争；蚕豆的种间相对关系指数则表现出竞争效应，相对种间竞争强度表现为种内竞争。较蚕豆而言，小麦的相对种间竞争力表现出不同程度的竞争优势，在种间竞争力为0.629 2时可获得最大的间作体系混合干物质量16 093 kg·hm^-2。综上，小麦||蚕豆间作降低了低氮水平下的种间竞争强度，扩大了小麦的互利效应和竞争优势，增加了间作作物的花后干物质累积比例以及干物质贡献率，表现出明显的间作产量优势。     

不同磷水平下小麦蚕豆间作对根际有效磷及磷吸收的影响

【目的】探明不同磷水平下小麦–蚕豆间作对根际有效磷含量及作物磷吸收量的影响,提高磷肥利用率。【方法】2015—2016和2016—2017两季田间试验在云南农业大学试验基地耕作红壤上进行,供试小麦品种为云麦-52,蚕豆品种为玉溪大粒豆。设施P2O5 0 (P0)、45 (P45)和90 kg/hm^2 (P90)三个水平,和单作(M,包括小麦单作MW和蚕豆单作MF)和间作(I)两种种植模式。每季在小麦分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期、籽粒膨大期、收获期采取根际土样测定有效磷含量。在小麦蚕豆收获期测定单、间作小麦、蚕豆产量,并测定作物地上部磷含量。计算土地当量比(LER)来衡量间作优势,并用磷肥农学利用率来反映磷肥的吸收效率。【结果】与单作相比,在P0、P45、P90水平下,2016年间作种植显著提高了小麦籽粒产量12.5%、21.7%和17.3%,2017年间作蚕豆产量较单作分别降低了16.8%、11.7%和8.2%。三个磷水平下,小麦–蚕豆间作具有产量优势,土地当量比(LER)为0.95~1.18。与常规施磷水平(P90)下的单作相比,小麦–蚕豆间作条件下,磷肥减施1/2 (P45)并未降低小麦和蚕豆产量。间作种植对小麦根际有效磷含量无显著影响(除2016年成熟期外),但2017年,在蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期,间作则分别降低蚕豆根际有效磷含量20.8%、44.5%和18%。与P90单作相比,间作P45处理几乎不会降低小麦、蚕豆根际有效磷含量。小麦、蚕豆磷吸收量主要受磷水平的调控,种植模式对小麦和蚕豆磷的吸收量及磷肥农学利用率均没有影响。【结论】在本试验条件下,小麦–蚕豆间作提高了小麦籽粒产量,降低了蚕豆产量;间作种植主要是改变了蚕豆生育前期根际有效磷含量,但对作物的磷吸收量没有影响。小麦–蚕豆间作具有减施磷肥、维持作物产量和根际土壤有效磷的潜力。