谷子籽粒压缩力学性质及损伤裂纹形成机理

在谷子联合收获机及谷子加工机械装备设计研制中需要掌握谷子籽粒的基本物性参数和力学性质,以及受压致谷子谷壳与米粒损伤及裂纹形成过程,从而确定和优化工作参数.为此该文测定了不同含水率下(25.1％,20.9％,17.5％,15.2％)4种优质谷子品种(晋谷21,张杂10号,吨谷,长谷)籽粒的基本物性参数,包括千粒质量、三轴尺寸等,并研究了不同含水率、品种和压缩方位(长度、宽度和高度方向的压缩方位)对谷子籽粒的压缩力学性质的影响,对试验数据进行了多响应完全随机区组分析.结果表明:同一品种谷子籽粒的长、宽、高、千粒质量、算数平均径、几何平均径均随含水率的降低而减小,不同品种间的物性参数差异显著(P＜0.001);影响屈服载荷、变形量、破坏能以及表观弹性模量的主要因子依次是压缩方位、含水率、品种.对于同一种谷子,籽粒的长度、宽度和高度方位压缩时的屈服载荷和表观弹性模量都随着含水率的升高而减小,压缩变形量和破坏能随着含水率的降低呈先减小后增大的趋势.长度、宽度和高度方位压缩时,损伤裂纹的形成过程及发生机理、扩展形态和部位均不同,分别是:从籽粒的尖冠处沿着胚和胚乳连接处扩展,形成几乎贯穿籽粒长度方向的裂纹:从上下两接触点处由应力集中形成的贯穿籽粒宽度方向的裂纹;从腹面的种脐处沿胚乳抗压性最弱的部位延伸且贯穿籽粒一半的裂纹.研究结果为谷子播种,联合收获机及相关加工机械的设计、参数优化提供依据.     

谷子摩擦特性试验及其影响因素分析

为了给谷子机械化播种、收获、加工、储运等作业装备设计及相关技术应用提供摩擦特性参数,该文运用自制的小籽粒休止角测定装置、摩擦系数仪、直剪仪等试验设备,测定了含水率分别为10.7%、13.7%、16.0%、19.8%的谷子的形态尺寸和休止角、滑动摩擦系数、内摩擦系数等摩擦特性参数。分别分析了含水率对谷子各摩擦力学特性参数的影响规律,不同接触材料对谷子滑动摩擦系数的影响,以及剪切速度和垂直应力对谷子内摩擦系数的影响规律。试验结果表明：含水率的变化对谷子形态尺寸的影响不显著（P>0.05）;谷子休止角随含水率增加而线性增大（R2=0.9875）;谷子与钢板、铁板、亚克力板间的动、静滑动摩擦系数均随含水率的增加而线性增大（R2≥0.9795）,与钢板间的滑动摩擦系数最小,亚克力板次之,铁板最高;谷子内摩擦系数受剪切速度的影响并不显著（P>0.05）,随着含水率的增加而线性增大（R2≥0.908）,随着垂直应力的增大而减小。研究结果可为谷子机械化装备的研发与设计提供参考。     

荞麦籽粒生物力学性质及内芯黏弹性试验研究

针对可供相关作业机械设计参考的荞麦籽粒生物力学性质指标可用参数缺乏的现状,该文研究了优种荞麦籽粒的常规力学性质及芯粉黏弹性力学性质,并对相关影响因素进行了分析。试验测定了不同品种荞麦籽粒在不同含水率下的三轴尺寸、千粒质量、容重等基本物性参数,采用斜面仪、休止角测定装置测定了荞麦籽粒的滑动摩擦系数及休止角,应用DMA(Q800)动态力学性能分析仪测定了荞麦(粉状)的动态黏弹性,运用物性分析仪测定了荞麦籽粒的破坏力、破坏能等力学性质,利用摆锤式动载试验机测定了荞麦籽粒所能承受的最大撞击载荷。结果表明:同一品种荞麦籽粒的长、宽、高、千粒质量、几何平均径均随含水率的降低而减小,容重随着含水率的降低而增大;摩擦系数随含水率的降低而减小,籽粒与Q235钢板的摩擦系数最大,与7075铝合金板的次之,与304不锈钢板的最小;休止角随含水率的降低而减小;随着含水率的降低,破坏力、表观弹性模量和最大接触应力逐渐增大,变形量逐渐减小,破坏能呈上升趋势。而在相同含水率下,不同品种荞麦籽粒的物性参数及上述力学特性参数均呈现极显著差异(P0.0001)。荞麦粉末的储能模量随含水率的降低而增大,弹性性能提高,损耗模量和损耗正切随含水率的降低而减小,黏性性能降低。同一品种荞麦在相同含水率下,撞击载荷越大,破碎率越高;同一撞击载荷下,随着含水率的降低,籽粒的破碎率先减小后增大。研究结果可为荞麦收获及加工装备研制、参数优化提供基础依据。     

品种及含水率对谷子籽粒力学性质的影响

谷子籽粒群是具有黏弹性性质的生物材料,谷子加工储藏和机械收获等作业环节需考虑其黏弹性,该文研究了不同品种、不同含水率对谷子籽粒群黏弹性力学指标的影响。该试验以不同品种、不同含水率为试验因素,以谷子籽粒群的瞬时弹性模量、迟滞弹性模量、松弛时间和黏度系数为试验指标进行蠕变试验,并对试验结果进行方差分析。结果表明:谷子籽粒群的蠕变特性可由四元件Burgers模型描述,不同含水率、不同品种谷子籽粒群的蠕变参数各异。品种对谷子籽粒群的迟滞弹性模量影响显著,晋谷21号谷子籽粒群的迟滞弹性模量均值为0.609 3 MPa,显著高于张杂10号的0.522 2 MPa。含水率对谷子籽粒群的瞬时弹性模量、迟滞弹性模量和黏度系数影响均显著,均呈随含水率升高而降低的趋势,含水率为12.10%的谷子籽粒群的瞬时弹性模量0.752 6 MPa显著高于含水率为16.05%的0.613 6 MPa和20.00%的0.569 7 MPa,含水率为12.10%、16.05%、20.00%的谷子籽粒群的迟滞弹性模量分别为0.706 4、0.583 5、0.407 5 MPa,含水率为12.10%的谷子籽粒群的黏度系数1 234.7 MPa·s显著高于20.00%的796.8 MPa·s,含水率对谷子籽粒群的松弛时间影响不显著。该文通过试验研究了不同品种和不同含水率的谷子籽粒群的蠕变特性,为谷子低损收获、加工储藏及参数优化提供了理论支持。     

不同温度及含水率稻米籽粒加工过程破裂载荷分析

稻米籽粒在收获后干燥、仓储和碾米加工过程中受到不同程度压缩载荷,过大压缩载荷将造成籽粒发生破裂(爆腰),从而降低稻米整米率和经济价值。籽粒压缩破裂载荷是稻谷加工1个重要物性参数,该文从统计学角度对稻米籽粒压缩破裂载荷进行试验研究。通过机械压缩测量试验及大样本分析,得到稻米籽粒在同一温度、含水率下,其压缩破裂载荷存在统计分布特性。定义并采用稻米籽粒中值F50和大端破裂载荷F90表征稻米压缩破裂载荷;在低温低含水率(16℃,14%)时,稻米籽粒的中值F50为63 N,F90为80 N。研究了稻米加工过程两大重要工艺参数-温度和含水率对籽粒破裂载荷的影响,发现破裂载荷随温度升高而下降,随含水率下降而增大;相比温度,含水率对破裂载荷影响更大。当稻米从高温高含水率(60℃,21%)到低温低含水率(16℃,14%)时,其由橡胶态转变为玻璃态,相应地破裂载荷从35增加到80 N。统计学意义下稻米压缩破裂载荷数值接近生产实际,更能精确指导稻米加工过程优化和产品品质提高。     

全喂入谷子联合收获机脱出物含水率对其悬浮特性的影响

谷子脱出物的悬浮特性是研究谷子收获清选参数优化及装备改进设计的基础特性。该文采用气吹式粮油作物脱出物悬浮速度测量装置,根据悬浮速度测定方法国家标准要求,设计分段悬浮试验测量了谷子经联合收获时的待清选脱出物各组分的悬浮速度及其在不同含水率下的悬浮速度,探究了谷子脱出物悬浮速度与其含水率的关系,预估了适宜的清选风速范围,并通过清选试验进行了验证。试验结果表明:收获的谷子脱出物籽粒、穗瓣、茎秆和叶子的悬浮速度分别是4.29～8.88、1.03～5.48、1.71～5.33、1.03～3.09 m/s,籽粒的悬浮速度大于叶子的悬浮速度,但与穗瓣、茎秆的悬浮速度数值区间有极小部分重叠。随着谷子作物含水率的降低,谷子籽粒悬浮速度与穗瓣、茎秆、叶子悬浮速度的差距在增大。含水率均显著影响谷子脱出物各组分的悬浮速度(P≤0.05),谷子籽粒、穗瓣、茎秆和叶子的悬浮速度均随其含水率的增高而增大,且均与其含水率呈二次函数关系(R2≥0.95)。清选试验结果证明预估是合理的,谷子脱出物的适宜清选风速范围为4.29～5.48m/s,最佳清选风速为4.47m/s,此时籽粒损失率为4.68%,籽粒清洁度为98.83%。该研究可为谷子适时收获时期和最优清选工作参数的确定提供参考。     

玉米种子的跌落式冲击试验

为降低玉米种子脱粒过程中的机械损伤,掌握玉米籽粒冲击破碎机理,在跌落式冲击试验台上,对不同品种的玉米籽粒进行了冲击破碎试验,分析了在不同籽粒含水率、不同冲击位置下玉米种子籽粒的力学性质。试验结果表明：籽粒破碎的最大冲击力随籽粒含水率的增加而降低;玉米籽粒在不同冲击面下所能承受的最大冲击力有显著差异,在同一籽粒含水率下,腹面承受的最大冲击力最大,侧面次之,顶面最小;在同一冲击面下,不同品种玉米籽粒抵抗冲击破裂的能力不同,其原因与籽粒的内部结构、形状等因素有关。研究成果对进一步研究玉米种子的力学性质、损伤机理、开发有序脱粒工艺具有重要的意义。     

山西省春玉米宜机械粒收品种筛选及影响因素分析

为筛选适宜山西机械粒收春玉米品种,明确玉米机械粒收质量影响因素,在山西长治和晋中两个地区不同生产条件下,对33个玉米品种进行连续3年的机械收获,研究了籽粒含水率、产量与机械收获质量的关系。结果表明,机械收获的籽粒破碎率、含杂率和总损失率均值分别为5.50%、2.71%和4.75%,其中,总损失率分为穗损失率与籽粒损失率两部分,前者占比65.89%。籽粒破碎率高是影响山西省春玉米机械收获的主要因素。籽粒含水率与籽粒破碎率、含杂率呈极显著正相关,与穗损失率呈极显著负相关,与落粒损失率呈显著正相关,而与总损失率的相关性不显著。籽粒破碎率与籽粒损失率随籽粒含水率降低而快速降低,后期有所升高。杂质率随籽粒含水率降低而降低,后期趋于稳定。穗损失率随籽粒含水率降低而升高。籽粒含水率与破碎率之间关系符合模型y=0.018x²-0.788x+13.18(R²=0.615^**),当籽粒含水率为21.89%时,破碎率最低。另外,春玉米在籽粒含水率为16.92%~24.85%间进行机械收获,其籽粒破碎率可达到≤5%的国家标准,且通过多环境重复测试并结合产量性状试验证实,长单511、迪卡159、长单716更适合机械粒收。本研究对于推动玉米收获机械化及提升玉米产业核心竞争力具有重要意义。     

玉米机械粒收籽粒含杂率与穗轴特性关系分析

明确玉米机械粒收籽粒含杂率及其与穗轴特性的关系,对于实现高质量粒收,推动玉米机械粒收技术发展具有重要意义。该研究于2018—2020年在四川中江同一地块,采用同一机械、操作人员进行分期收获试验,调查籽粒含杂率、各杂质组分绝对含量、穗轴弯曲强度和含水率,探讨各收获期杂质组分和穗轴特性变化规律,以期明确籽粒含杂率与穗轴特性的关系。结果显示,随收获期推迟,籽粒含杂率、杂质中穗轴绝对含量和穗轴含水率显著降低,穗轴弯曲强度先升高后降低。不同收获期穗轴均是主要的杂质成分,比例达32%～79%,平均为51.45%。籽粒含杂率与穗轴弯曲强度和穗轴含水率关系分析结果显示,籽粒含杂率与穗轴弯曲强度不相关,与穗轴含水率呈指数关系(y=0.045 6e~(0.063 7x),R~2=0.774 7, n=75),玉米穗轴含水率降低至65.72%以下收获机械粒收籽粒含杂率可降至3%以下。进一步分析发现,在相同收获期或穗轴含水率相近时,籽粒含杂率与穗轴弯曲强度关系不大。穗轴作为玉米机械粒收主要的杂质成分,其含水率能很好解释籽粒含杂率的变化。生产上选择和选育玉米穗轴脱水快、含水率低或通过推迟收获期在玉米穗轴含水率较低时进行机械粒收,可显著降低机械粒收含杂率。     

莲仁力学特性参数测定及挤压破碎特性试验

为探讨莲仁在挤压载荷作用下的破碎机理,该文用压缩试验方法对莲仁相关力学参数进行了试验研究。首先,用万能试验机对莲仁试样进行了弹性模量和抗压强度测试,测得5种不同含水率莲仁在纵向、横向2个方向上的弹性模量、抗压强度及应力-应变曲线;测试结果表明,莲仁弹性模量、抗压强度的纵向值均大于横向值,且弹性模量、抗压强度均随莲仁含水率增大而显著减小;用回归分析方法建立了莲仁弹性模量、抗压强度与含水率关系的回归方程,得到了合格莲仁(含水率小于11%)的最小弹性模量为37.12 MPa,最低抗压强度为5.12 MPa。其次,研究了莲仁整体挤压时裂纹的产生规律,测得了5种不同含水率莲仁在平压与侧压2种受载方式下的挤压极限载荷;测试结果表明,莲仁的挤压极限载荷随含水率的增大而减小,对于相同含水率莲仁,侧压比平压更容易引起莲仁破碎;用回归分析方法建立了挤压极限载荷与含水率的回归方程,得到了合格莲仁(含水率小于11%)的最大挤压载荷应小于53.6 N。最后,用有限元法建立了莲仁的压缩力学模型,分析了莲仁整体受压时的应力分布,仿真结果与莲仁压缩试验结果基本吻合,验证了所测莲仁力学参数的正确性。研究结果可为莲仁加工和输送设备的设计提供参考。     

Evaluation of Degree of Elasticity and Other Mechanical Properties of Wheat Kernels

Three samples were selected representing bread, soft, and durum wheat. Uniaxial compression and stress relaxation tests were performed on wheat kernels. Force‐deformation curves from intact wheat grain typically exhibited at least two points of inflection (PI) at ≈0.1 and 0.2 mm displacement. The first PI is related to the mechanical properties of all the bran layers. The second PI (0.2 mm) seems to be the endosperm boundary near the aleurone layer. These structures had higher degree of elasticity (DE) compared to the inner endosperm (0.5–0.6 mm). Besides wheat class and specific structures of the caryopsis, moisture content is a prominent factor affecting the mechanical strength of kernels. Stress relaxation tests show that bread wheat kernels with 69.2% DE at 13% moisture decreased to 31.6% DE with additional 6% moisture content. Soft wheat kernels DE of 61.0% at 13% moisture decreased to 22.7% at 19.7% moisture. Stress relaxation revealed pronounced time‐dependence. However, the differences of stress values at 120–180 sec were not significant in all wheat classes and moisture contents evaluated. The stress values after 120 sec might be attributed to the elastic deformation of the kernels.     

Effect of Moisture Content on the Viscoelastic Properties of Individual Wheat Kernels Evaluated by the Uniaxial Compression Test Under Small Strain

Wheat product quality is related to its physicochemical properties and to the viscoelastic properties of the kernel. The aim of this work was to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of individual wheat kernels using the uniaxial compression test under small strain (3%) to create experimental conditions that allow the use of the elasticity theory to explain the wheat kernel viscoelasticity and its relationships to physicochemical characteristics, such as weight tests, size, and ash and protein contents. The following viscoelastic properties of the kernels of hard and soft wheat cultivars at two different moisture contents (original and tempered at 15%) were evaluated: total work (W_t), elastic work (W_e), plastic work (W_p), and modulus of elasticity (E). There was a significant decrease in W_t as the moisture content increased. In the soft wheat Saturno, W_t decreased 80% (from 0.217 to 0.044 N·mm) as the moisture content increased. Individual wheat kernels at their original moisture content showed higher W_e than under the tempered condition. W_p increased as the moisture content increased. E decreased as the moisture content increased. The soft wheat Saturno showed the highest decline (54.9%) in E (from 14.18 to 6.39 MPa) as the moisture content increased. There were significant negative relationships between the viscoelastic properties and the 1,000‐kernel weight and kernel thickness. The uniaxial compression test under small strain can be applied to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of individual wheat kernels from different classes and cultivars.     

含水率对大豆静压机械特性的影响

为探明不同含水率的大豆物理机械性质、揭示脱粒与输送过程中大豆机械损伤机理,以沈农12大豆为试验对象,应用万能生物材料试验机进行了5种含水率下的大豆破裂强度、弹性模量和压缩功等准静压力学特性试验,获得了6.84%～21.37%含水率范围内、3个方向的大豆破裂强度、弹性模量和压缩功及其变化规律,研究结果可为改进大豆脱粒和输送装置、确定工艺参数提供参考。     

Detection of Fragments from Internal Insects in Wheat Samples Using a Laboratory Entoleter

A simple, rapid method that uses a small mechanical rotary device (entoleter) was developed for estimating insect fragment counts in flour caused by hidden, internal‐feeding insects in whole grains of hard red winter and soft red winter wheat. Known counts of preemergent adults, pupae, and larvae of lesser grain borers and rice weevils were blended with 500 g samples of uninfested wheat. The entoleter impeller speed was adjusted based on grain hardness and moisture content to obtain about ≈98% intact and ≈2–2.5% broken kernels in an uninfested sample. The entoleter flung the wheat kernels against a surrounding steel ring. Approximately 70–90% of the insect‐infested kernels, being weaker, released internal insect pieces upon impact. The broken kernels were sieved with number 10 and number 20 sieves to obtain large‐sieved and small‐sieved fractions, respectively. Insect pieces in sieved fractions were counted. The insect piece counts were correlated with the estimated flour fragments (R² = 0.94). The entoleter method can distinguish samples of grain containing 0, 25, or 75 fragments in 50 g of flour, with greater than 95% confidence. The method can be performed in approximately 5 min per 500 g sample and could potentially be a cost‐effective method that grain handlers can use to inspect wheat loads for detecting insect damage and estimating insect fragments in flour.     

Occurrence and Location of Tannins in Finger Millet Grain and Antioxidant Activity of Different Grain Types

Grain of 22 finger millet types obtained from Southern and East Africa were analyzed to determine the influence of grain type on tannins, antioxidant properties, and tannin localization in the grain. Four grain types were creamy white and 18 were brown. A high proportion (80–100%) of kernels of all but two of the pigmented types stained black with the bleach test, while the light types did not stain black. There was a wide range of total phenolics, condensed tannin content, and antioxidant activity across the grain types. Light-colored grain types had much lower total phenolics and tannins relative to the pigmented types, and types that stained black with the bleach test had much higher tannin content and much higher antioxidant activity. Light microscopy revealed that kernels that stained black with the bleach test and had high tannin content had a dark-colored testa layer, indicating that the tannins were located in that layer as in sorghum. This is the first report that the bleach test can be used to detect tannin in finger millet types. The work demonstrates that occurrence of tannins in finger millet grain is a varietal property, as in sorghum.     

气吸式谷子排种装置吸种孔的结构设计与试验

为实现气吸式谷子排种装置的精少量穴播,解决播种时伤种、吸种孔堵塞、成穴性差等问题,在研究了谷子机械物理特性的基础上,对气吸式排种装置的排种盘进行了设计,设计了圆柱孔、倒角截顶圆锥体孔、截顶圆锥体孔和四棱台孔4种结构,并对排种装置进行了谷子排种效果对比试验以及排种性能试验。试验结果表明,在所设计的多种排种盘结构中,吸种效果最好的排种盘吸种孔为四棱台结构,堵塞情况最少,相对成穴性最好,此时平均穴粒数3.3个,穴粒数合格率89%,穴距合格率94%,平均成穴距离1.24 cm。同时确定了排种器的最佳工作参数:真空度?2 k Pa,排种轴转速28 r/min。初步实现了采用气吸式排种装置下的谷子精少量穴播,对以后设计谷子精密排种装置及相关研究提供参考。