山西省春玉米宜机械粒收品种筛选及影响因素分析

为筛选适宜山西机械粒收春玉米品种,明确玉米机械粒收质量影响因素,在山西长治和晋中两个地区不同生产条件下,对33个玉米品种进行连续3年的机械收获,研究了籽粒含水率、产量与机械收获质量的关系。结果表明,机械收获的籽粒破碎率、含杂率和总损失率均值分别为5.50%、2.71%和4.75%,其中,总损失率分为穗损失率与籽粒损失率两部分,前者占比65.89%。籽粒破碎率高是影响山西省春玉米机械收获的主要因素。籽粒含水率与籽粒破碎率、含杂率呈极显著正相关,与穗损失率呈极显著负相关,与落粒损失率呈显著正相关,而与总损失率的相关性不显著。籽粒破碎率与籽粒损失率随籽粒含水率降低而快速降低,后期有所升高。杂质率随籽粒含水率降低而降低,后期趋于稳定。穗损失率随籽粒含水率降低而升高。籽粒含水率与破碎率之间关系符合模型y=0.018x²-0.788x+13.18(R²=0.615^**),当籽粒含水率为21.89%时,破碎率最低。另外,春玉米在籽粒含水率为16.92%~24.85%间进行机械收获,其籽粒破碎率可达到≤5%的国家标准,且通过多环境重复测试并结合产量性状试验证实,长单511、迪卡159、长单716更适合机械粒收。本研究对于推动玉米收获机械化及提升玉米产业核心竞争力具有重要意义。

Variety Screening and Influential Factors Analysis of Spring Maize of Mechanical Grain Harvest in Shanxi Province

In order to screen spring maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Shanxi and clarify the influence factors of mechanical grain harvest quality of maize, 33 maize varieties were employed as experimental materials and had been mechanically harvested for 3 consecutive years under two planting environment(Changzhi and Jinzhong). The data of grain moisture content (GMC), mechanical harvesting quality and yield were collected and analyzed to research the relationship among them.The results showed that the average grain breakage rate (GBR) was 5.50%, the average impurity rate (IR) was 2.71%, and the average total loss rate (TLR) was 4.75%.TLR was composed of ear loss rate (ELR) and grain loss rate (GLR), which the former accounted for 65.89%.The high grain breakage rate is the main factor affecting mechanical harvest of spring maize in Shanxi Province.The grain moisture content was positively and significantly correlated with the grain breakage rate and impurity rate,negatively and significantly correlated with the ear loss rate, positively and significantly correlated with the grain loss rate, but not obviously correlated with the total loss rate.The grain breakage rate and grain loss rate decreased rapidly with the decrease of grain moisture content, and increased at the later stage. The impurity rate decreased with the decrease of grain moisture content, and tended to be stable at the later stage. The ear loss rate increased with the decrease of grain water content. The relationship between grain moisture content (x) and grain breakage rate (y) is consistent with the binomial model as follows: y=0.018x²-0.788x+13.18(R²=0.615^**). When the grain moisture content was 21.89%, the grain breakage rate reached the lowest rate. In addition, the results showed that the grain breakage rate of spring maize could meet the national standard of ≤5% when its grain moisture content was between 16.92% and 24.85% to do mechanical harvesting.Through repeated tests in multiple environments and being combined with yield traits, the experiment proved that Changdan 511, Dica 159 and Changdan 716 were more suitable for mechanical grain harvest. It is of great significance to promote the mechanization of maize harvest and enhancing the core competitiveness of maize industry.