土壤优先流运动的活动流场模型模拟和敏感性分析

在壤土和砂土条件下分别采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法和亮蓝染色示踪方法各开展了2个染色示踪试验,分别采用活动流场模型和二域模型模拟计算了各试验入渗后染色区内的土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布,通过相对均方根误差分析评价了两个模型模拟预测优先流发展的有效性;此外,通过敏感性分析研究了不同入渗条件（土壤质地、入渗水量和土壤初始含水率）下活动流场模型模拟预测结果（入渗深度）对活动流场模型分形特征参数变化的敏感度。模型检验分析结果显示活动流场模型对土壤水入渗深度、入渗后染色区内土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布的预测精度要明显高于二域模型的模拟预测精度;活动流场模型较好的捕捉到了优先流运动整体的非均匀特征。敏感性分析结果显示,当降雨入渗水量和土壤初始含水率相同时,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着γ的增大而增大;相同活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）值条件下（即流动非均匀程度相同）,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着入渗水量的增大和土壤初始含水率的升高而减小。     

土壤水非均匀流动的碘-淀粉染色示踪研究

在壤土和粉质黏土条件下采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法分别开展了6个和4个不同土壤初始含水率和入渗水量的示踪试验,通过分析入渗深度和染色面积分布模式来研究入渗条件(土壤初始含水率、入渗水量和土壤质地)对土壤水非均匀流动特征的影响。研究表明:①土壤初始含水率升高时,土壤水入渗深度增大,但土壤初始含水率对染色面积分布模式无明显影响;②土壤水入渗深度随入渗水量的增大而增大,但入渗水量的增大对土壤水入渗深度增大的影响有限;③当入渗水量较小时,土壤水流运动以优先流为主;随着入渗水量的增大,土壤水流运动逐渐转变成以基质流为主的流动形态;④土壤水在细质地土壤(粉质黏土)中运动具有更高的非均匀程度,非均匀流通道总宽度较窄。     

运用染色示踪方法研究土壤质地对土壤水非均匀流动特征的影响

为研究土壤质地对土壤水流运动非均匀特征的影响,在砂土、壤土和粉质粘土中采用亮蓝(砂土)和碘离子(壤土和粉质粘土)作为示踪剂分别开展了2个、5个和4个不同入渗条件(土壤初始含水率和入渗水量)的染色示踪试验,通过计算活动流场模型(Active Region Model,ARM)分形特征参数(γ)来定量描述和比较不同入渗条件下土壤水流运动的非均匀特征。研究结果表明,(1)活动流场模型较好的捕捉到了土壤水流运动整体的非均匀信息;(2)当其它入渗条件(土壤初始含水率和入渗水量)相同时,土壤水在细质地土壤中运动的非均匀程度要高于其在粗质地土壤中运动的非均匀程度。     

土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响简

土壤中优先流的存在会造成肥料利用率降低以及土壤深层甚至地下水污染.为确定土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响,通过室内含大孔隙土柱定水头入渗实验,以长武黑垆土及渭河砂土为研究对象,分析不同土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响.结果表明：1）相同质地,当土壤初始含水率大于其斥水性的峰值含水率时,湿润锋运移深度随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大,反之湿润锋运移深度随着初始含水率的增加而减少,不同质地土壤湿润锋运移速度随土壤粉粒质量分数升高而减慢;2）累积入渗量受到土壤储水性及斥水性的双重影响,导致与湿润锋的运移趋势并不一致,黑垆土对照CK组及优先流O-C-30组（除7.04％含水率外）累积入渗量随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,渭河砂土CK组及O-C-30组均呈现2阶段特征,累积入渗量先随着土壤初始含水率的增加而减少,之后随土壤初始含水率的增加而增加;3）Kostiakov入渗模型能很好地拟合累积入渗量随时间的变化过程,适用于存在优先流的土壤入渗模拟.该研究结果对土壤优先流水分模拟具有一定的指导意义.     

山地土壤优先流路径的染色示踪研究

在山地林区开展土壤大孔隙及优先流的实验研究,可深化对森林土壤涵养水源机理的认识,为山区的水土流失防治和植被恢复提供依据。利用剖面染色与图像分析相结合的方法,沿长江三峡大老岭-邓村一线,对山地不同垂直带内土壤优先流特征进行了调查,分析了优先流路径对剖面水分入渗过程的影响。结果显示,中山常绿落叶针阔混交林-山地黄棕壤、低山暖性针叶林-山地黄壤中大孔隙孔径大、分布广,有利于优先流的形成和入渗。受耕作扰动的弃耕土壤中大孔隙结构遭到破坏,优先流路径与森林土壤不同,且渗流强度较弱,染色区域较浅。森林土壤各发生层内优先流特征差异显著,腐殖质层内以洞穴流为主,水分与土壤基质域交换较少,多通过大孔隙快速下渗。淋溶淀积层内洞穴流消失或减弱,侧向渗透增强。低山暖性针叶林-山地黄壤质地较粗,出现以裂隙为主的大孔隙,优先流表现为裂隙流。弃耕土壤各发生层都表现为指流,染色面积随深度减小,侧向渗透基本稳定。植被-土壤垂直地带性分布是山地土壤优先流存在差异的主要原因,山区生态环境建设中应促进土壤优先流路径的发育。     

基于分形理论的土壤优先流运动控制方程

为表征土壤优先流的快速非平衡运动、更准确地预测非饱和带土壤中的水流运动和溶质运移过程,该文在活动流场模型基本理论和土壤优先流表现出的分形特征的基础上,将分形理论引入到连续性模型,根据质量守恒原理建立了描述土壤优先流形式下水流运动和溶质运移过程的控制方程,发展和完善了活动流场模型理论;对比分析了活动流场模型理论与二域模型理论和活动裂隙模型理论之间的联系和区别。研究成果为运用活动流场模型解决优先流条件下土壤水流运动和溶质运移等相关问题提供了参考。     

北方土石山区典型坡面优先流特征研究

以太行山区崇陵流域的典型坡面为研究对象,通过亮蓝(Blue-FCF)与KI染色示踪试验,利用图像处理软件技术,计算优先流形态特征参数,分析5个不同坡位的优先流形态特征变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着坡位升高,坡面土壤厚度、容重逐渐减小,而总孔隙度、渗透系数、饱和含水量逐渐增大,凋萎系数与田间持水量则呈现波动变化趋势;(2)随着坡位的升高,染色剂运移深度不断增加,基质流区域占比减小而优先流区域占比增大;各坡位染色面积比随深度缓慢下降,在40cm以下深度范围高坡位点的土壤水分与周围土体交互作用较低坡位点较弱;染色剂入渗体积随坡位升高而逐渐增大;(3)随着坡位的升高,优先流对实际水分运移的贡献增大,高坡位坡面水分以优先流为主要方式向下入渗;(4)土壤质地与容重是影响土石山区坡面不同坡位优先流差异的主要因素。     

三峡库区森林土壤优先流染色特征

森林土壤优先流在涵养水源和调节径流过程中起着重要作用,林地优先流特征研究对分析森林土壤水分入渗特征和探讨森林对流域水文过程的调节机制具有重要意义。使用染色示踪法在三峡库区不同垂直带内进行森林土壤优先流染色试验,研究不同山地森林土壤的染色特征。结果表明:不同森林土壤的表层(0-10cm)染色比例和染色剂入渗深度差异较大,土壤染色垂直变化趋势也不相同。中山常绿和落叶阔叶混交林表层土壤染色比例最高,染色剂入渗最浅,土壤染色比例随深度变化呈连续下降趋势。中山常绿针叶林表层土壤染色比例和染色剂入渗深度在不同样地间存在着变异,土壤染色垂直分异特征存在一定的差异。低山常绿针叶林表层土壤染色比例最低,染色剂入渗最深,土壤染色比例随深度变化呈波动下降趋势。不同森林土壤中优先流路径数量和分布不同是导致染色特征存在差异的主要原因,而森林土壤中的根系、裂隙以及土壤物理性质等都会影响到优先流的形成。     

基于非均匀性和分形维数的黄土优先流特征定量分析

该文以陕西泾阳南塬边坡黄土为例开展示踪剂试验,通过改进的优先流入渗深度和入渗量非均匀性系数,研究黄土优先流的入渗量、入渗深度、含水率、孔隙率、分形等参数的相互关系及其内在规律。结果表明:1)入渗量越大,优先流入渗深度的非均匀性越明显;2)初始含水率越高,优先流发育程度越低,而湿润锋迹线的分形维数越小;3)黄土孔隙率越大,优先流入渗深度的非均匀性越明显,且入渗深度值波动范围也相对较大;4)同一类型的黄土,其试验尺度大小对湿润锋迹线的分形维数没有明显影响;5)在0.5倍黄土优先流最大入渗深度范围内,分形特征值越大,优先流非均匀程度越强,优先流越发育;6)在没有明显优先流渗流通道情况下,90 mm地表灌溉水量,其最大入渗深度不超过120 cm。考虑正常蒸发和没有裂缝的前提下,地表灌溉水并不容易直接导致地下水位上升。由此推断,优先流在地表水向地下水转换过程中发挥着重要作用。同时,优先流对黄土滑坡的影响不容忽视。研究可为深入揭示黄土优先流渗流特征与黄土优先流滑坡的内在联系提供依据。     

三峡库区高砾石含量紫色土优先流形态特征

以三峡库区王家桥小流域林地、耕地和园地为研究对象,结合染色示踪技术,利用图像处理软件技术,通过计算优先流形态特征参数,分析3种土地利用类型下高砾石含量紫色土的优先流形态发育特征。结果表明:砾石平均含量表现为园地林地耕地,土壤大孔隙平均半径随着深度的增加而减小。林地优先流运动深度可达60cm,剖面染色区域呈现明显的不规则性,耕地染色深度集中在0—15cm土层,染色区域分布均匀,但染色面积小,且存在大量的侧向流,园地染色范围广,优先路径连通性好。染色路径数表现为园地林地耕地,说明园地优先流发育较活跃,优先路径分化程度较高,染色路径宽度20mm的染色路径数量分布特征与染色路径总数分布特征相近,是紫色土壤中流染色路径的主要组成部分,壤中流类型主要为低相互作用大孔隙流。砾石和大孔隙特征共同影响土壤水分运动过程。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI