皖浙闽赣丘陵山地植被遥感知识库的建立与应用

 应用遥感数据解译地表植被覆盖情况,从而进一步评价土壤侵蚀现状。采用人工调查与遥感判读相结合的方法,建立地表植被覆盖度的遥感识别样本知识库。通过建立知识库,并使用GPS对其加以检查、更新,提高了样本的广泛性与精确度,从而提高了土壤侵蚀动态遥感监测的精度与速度,并使遥感影像的植被判读具有一定的系统性。     

照相法结合数字图像技术计算植被覆盖度精度研究

植被覆盖是影响土壤侵蚀的一个重要因子,植被覆盖度的测量精度直接影响到土壤侵蚀模型参数的滤定或侵蚀量的估算。用0.1 m×0.1 m的绿色硬纸块铺设在面积已知的水平小区和坡度小区上模拟植被覆盖,用自行设计的照相装置对铺有模型的小区进行垂直照相。用GIS软件IDRISI分类计算和Pho-toshop软件环境下目视解译提取照片植被覆盖度。试验结果表明,这2种方法计算得出的覆盖度与实际覆盖度相差不大,分类计算得出覆盖度的绝对误差在0.6%~4.3%之间;从绝对误差的最小值、最大值、均值和方差来看,目视解译值比分类计算值更接近于实际覆盖度,但考虑到工作量和植被覆盖度计算精度的要求,选择GIS软件IDRISI来进行照片植被覆盖信息的提取是可行的。     

黄土高原典型地区不同植被覆盖下坡面土壤侵蚀阈值研究

为了分析植被覆盖对黄土高原坡面水土流失的影响，量化土壤侵蚀的植被覆盖阈值，基于模拟降雨数据分析了植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀的作用机制，利用绥德、西峰、天水等黄土高原高原典型地区的野外径流小区定位观测资料，探讨了不同覆被类型下植被覆盖控制径流和土壤侵蚀的有效性，确定了不同覆被类型下植被覆盖调控径流和防治土壤侵蚀的植被覆盖下限阈值和上限阈值。结果表明：(1)植被覆盖度的提高增加了土壤入渗、减少了径流量、延缓了径流流速、增加了土壤抵抗侵蚀的能力。(2)坡面径流量随植被覆盖度呈幂函数或指数函数下降，土壤侵蚀量随植被覆盖度呈指数函数、幂函数或者对数函数下降。(3)总体而言，不同地区植被控制土壤侵蚀的下限阈值在20%～30%,上限阈值在50%～70%。(4)土壤质地、植被类型、甚至植被的根系特征对植被控制径流和土壤侵蚀的效益有重要影响。研究结果为黄土高原水土保持工作提供研究依据。     

坡面径流冲刷侵蚀的植被覆盖阈值现象研究

提高植被覆盖度是防治坡面土壤侵蚀的主要途径之一。一般而言,随着植被覆盖度的增加,侵蚀产沙量会呈负指数下降。植被覆盖度与侵蚀的发展之间存在多种多样的阈值现象。采取GIS模拟技术和野外控制试验相结合的方法,揭示植被覆盖度与坡面径流冲刷侵蚀之间的阈值现象。研究结果表明,在植被覆盖度较低、植被分布分散的情况下,植被汇聚径流的作用会导致侵蚀风险的升高;当植被覆盖度达到一定的阈值后,随着植被覆盖度的继续增加,侵蚀产沙量逐渐减小,并最后趋于稳定。该研究结果有助于增强对植被覆盖度和土壤侵蚀之间阈值现象的认识,也表明简单地认为植被覆盖度和土壤侵蚀之间是负指数关系存在不严谨的地方,即在植被覆盖度较低时是不准确的。     

北运河地区植被覆盖的遥感估算及变化分析

植被覆盖度作为衡量地表植被覆盖的一个重要指标,是计算土壤侵蚀模数、分析土壤侵蚀的必要参数。根据1994年和2004年两期同时相的Landsat TM遥感图像资料,处理和分析并提取北运河地区的NDVI指数,利用像元二分模型原理定量估算植被覆盖度,得出其植被覆盖分类图。在此基础上分析了北运河地区10年来的植被覆盖变化特征。     

植被叶面积指数与覆盖度定量表征红壤区土壤侵蚀关系的对比研究

选择较合理的植被指标,对提高植被水土保持效益评价精度具有重要理论与现实意义。本研究基于福建省长汀县河田镇12个土壤侵蚀试验小区2007年和2008年2 a的降雨、径流、泥沙数据及各小区的植被叶面积指数(LAI)、植被覆盖度(VFC)资料,利用对比与统计分析方法,研究了2种植被覆盖类型(纯马尾松林、马尾松林草)和不同覆盖度(80%、60%、45%、30%、15%和5%)的红壤水土流失特点,探讨了LAI与VFC定量表征水土流失关系的稳定性和可靠性。结果表明,与裸地小区比较,马尾松纯林覆盖一定程度上降低了土壤侵蚀模数,对径流的减少作用并不明显;而马尾松林草覆盖可显著减少25%左右的径流,土壤侵蚀模数减少也在90%以上,林草结合的植被覆盖结构具有更强的水土保持功能。以LAI表征2种植被覆盖类型的土壤侵蚀模数,均能达到显著水平(p0.05);而以VFC来表征土壤侵蚀模数,仅马尾松林草覆盖类型达到了显著水平。选择LAI表征土壤侵蚀模数来评价植被水土保持效益,将更为稳定和可靠。     

试验研究中尺度流域土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响——以孤山川流域为例

[目的]探究中尺度孤山川流域土地利用／覆盖变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,为认识理解黄河泥沙变化,完善土壤侵蚀模型提供理论支持.[方法]根据TM影像及中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)获取流域土地利用／覆盖数据与表征土壤侵蚀的植被作用因子,通过土地利用变化转移矩阵,重点分析流域土地利用／覆盖变化引起的植被作用因子的变化.[结果] 1975-1997年间,孤山川流域植被作用因子随着草地减少,耕地增加和植被覆盖度降低而增大,而在1997-2012年间,流域植被作用因子随着草地增加,耕地减少和植被覆盖度升高而增大.[结论]林地和草地是重要的林草措施,因此增加林草种植面积,对于减少土壤侵蚀具有重要意义.     

红壤丘陵区不同植被覆盖阈值小流域时空分布规律

植被覆盖度是反映土壤侵蚀状况的关键指标,实施植被恢复是防治小流域土壤侵蚀的重要措施,但小流域植被覆盖度到底恢复到多少才能有效控制土壤侵蚀尚不清楚。基于土壤侵蚀治理的小流域植被覆盖度阈值效应,对红壤丘陵区33 157个小流域2000—2015年植被覆盖度的时空变化进行了分析,评估不同植被覆盖阈值小流域时空分布规律与格局,以期精准制定小流域土壤侵蚀治理方式与对策。结果表明：(1) 2000—2015年,84%的小流域植被覆盖呈不断增加趋势,植被覆盖下降的小流域占15%,植被覆盖度基本不变的小流域仅有1%;(2)植被覆盖小于40%(低阈值带)的小流域占比小且相对稳定(3%～7%),说明大规模人工治理小流域土壤侵蚀的局面已扭转,但耕地依然是重点关注的对象;(3)植被覆盖位于40%～80%(过渡带)的小流域占比一直最高(超过83%),应采取以“自然恢复为主,人工修复为辅”的治理方式,重点关注土地利用结构和植被结构的优化配置;(4)植被覆盖大于80%(高阈值带)的小流域占比从2010年前的1%～2%上升到2015年的14%,可见具有自我修复植被覆盖条件的小流域显著增加,实施自然恢复(如封禁)是高阈...     

中尺度流域土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响——以孤山川流域为例

[目的]探究中尺度孤山川流域土地利用/覆盖变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,为认识理解黄河泥沙变化,完善土壤侵蚀模型提供理论支持。[方法]根据TM影像及中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)获取流域土地利用/覆盖数据与表征土壤侵蚀的植被作用因子,通过土地利用变化转移矩阵,重点分析流域土地利用/覆盖变化引起的植被作用因子的变化。[结果]1975—1997年间,孤山川流域植被作用因子随着草地减少,耕地增加和植被覆盖度降低而增大,而在1997—2012年间,流域植被作用因子随着草地增加,耕地减少和植被覆盖度升高而增大。[结论]林地和草地是重要的林草措施,因此增加林草种植面积,对于减少土壤侵蚀具有重要意义。     

黄土高原典型区降雨植被耦合对侵蚀产沙影响的临界研究

降雨植被耦合对土壤侵蚀的影响是研究地表侵蚀过程的重要内容。根据1954—1986年西峰水土保持科学试验站人工草地和自然草地径流场观测资料,从微观角度分析了降雨植被耦合对土壤侵蚀的影响。研究结果是:当牧草覆盖度<10%时,极端侵蚀模数随着植被覆盖度的增大而增大,这说明要使植被起到有效的抗蚀作用,其覆盖度不应低于10%;当植被覆盖度>10%时,极端侵蚀模数与植被覆盖度呈良好的幂函数关系;如果要使植被抗蚀力起主导作用且达到最优效果,则其覆盖度至少要达到70%。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI