沘江流域耕地土壤重金属分布及生态风险评价

地处兰坪铅锌矿下游的沘江流域土壤重金属污染问题倍受关注。本文在沘江流域采集了35个耕地土壤样品,分析测定了砷、铜、锌、镉、铅、汞6种重金属污染物累积量,并应用内梅罗综合污染指数法及Hacanson潜在生态风险指数法,对耕地土壤污染状况及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)沘江流域沿岸耕地重金属铅、锌、镉累积量相对处于极高水平,均值分别为1 146.97、579.15、4.85 mg·kg~(-1),污染十分严重;砷的累积量也较大,均值为26.85 mg·kg~(-1);铜、汞累积量较小,污染程度轻;(2)地统计分析结果表明,兰坪周边流域是土壤重金属砷、锌、铅、镉污染的一个主要点源污染源,而铜、汞污染没有显著点源污染源,均来自不同面源污染;(3)流域内梅罗指数均值为17.69(远大于3),存在极其严重重金属污染,同时综合潜在生态风险指数均值为773.38,有很强潜在生态风险。污染物贡献表现为镉铅锌砷汞铜;(4)沘江流域耕地土壤总体表现为水田重金属污染略高于旱地。     

中国耕地土壤重金属污染概况

依托收集的耕地土壤重金属污染案例资料,建立了我国138个典型区域的耕地土壤重金属污染数据库,并利用《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准作为评价标准,测算了我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概况.研究表明:(1)我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概率为16.67％左右,据此推断我国耕地重金属污染的面积占耕地总量的1 /6左右;(2)耕地土壤重金属污染等别中,尚清洁、清洁、轻污染、中污染、重污染比重分别为68.12％,15.22％,14.49％,1.45％,0.72％;(3)8种土壤重金属元素中,Cd污染概率为25.20％,远超过其他几种土壤重金属元素;此外,也有一些区域发生Ni,Hg,As和Pb土壤污染,但是Zn、Cr和Cu元素发生污染的概率较小;(4)辽宁、河北、江苏、广东、山西、湖南、河南、贵州、陕西、云南、重庆、新疆、四川和广西14个省、市和自治区可能是我国耕地重金属污染的多发区域,特别是辽宁和山西的耕地土壤重金属污染可能尤其严重.     

湘西猕猴桃种植基地土壤和猕猴桃中重金属积累状况研究

对湘西主要猕猴桃种植基地的土壤和猕猴桃植株中As、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr等重金属的累积状况进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:6个猕猴桃种植地区的土壤中重金属积累均不明显,湘西有1地区土壤中镉(4.900 mg·kg~(-1))、汞(0.634 mg·kg~(-1))含量有所超标外,其余各地区各重金属含量均在国家标准范围以下;同时各地区重金属的综合污染指数P综均远小于0.7,有5处基地无重金属污染现象发生,符合绿色猕猴桃种植基地土壤所需标准,可以安全生产。各地区猕猴桃枝干、叶片中各种重金属(镉、汞除外)的含量都很小;猕猴桃对土壤中重金属镉具有较强的吸收能力,其枝干中镉含量达到12.73%。6个地区猕猴桃果实中各重金属的含量都低于或远低于国家标准值,属于无污染的绿色水果。通过综合分析可得,湘西猕猴桃主要种植地土壤状况良好,果实无重金属残留现象。     

福建省主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况调查与评价

对全省23个城市46片主要常年蔬菜基地土壤采样分析,测定了53个土壤样品的pH及重金属镉、铅、汞、砷、铬的含量水平。采用重金属污染因子综合指数法进行土壤重金属污染综合评价,结果表明土壤重金属含量超标污染因子依次为汞、铬、铅,有14个调查土壤样品超标,不合格率26.4%。     

紫花苜蓿、海州香薷及伴矿景天对多氯联苯与重金属复合污染土壤的修复作用

随着工业化的发展,有机或无机的有毒有害物质对土壤环境的污染越来越严重,在一些经济快速发展地区耕地土壤中持久性毒害物质已经大量积累,部分农田中重金属(镉、汞、砷等)、农药(滴滴涕     

湖南湘潭市土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对湘潭市土壤、不同土地利用类型及不同土壤类型土壤重金属Cu,Pb,zn,Cd,Cr,Hg,As污染现状进行了调查和分析.结果表明,湘潭市54个样本中镉、汞2种重金属属于重污染;铜、锌属于中污染;铬属于轻度污染;铅、砷属于尚清洁区.不同土地利用类型土壤中镉、汞污染严重,介于重污染与中污染之间,铅属清洁区或尚清洁区,其余介于轻度污染与尚清洁区之间.不同类型土壤中镉、汞污染严重,属重污染,锌属中污染,铅属清洁区或尚清洁区,其余介于轻度污染与尚清洁区之间.总之,湘潭市镉、汞污染严重,污染可能由工业三废、汽车尾气、化肥和污水灌溉造成的.     

湖南地区蚕桑产品重金属污染监测及风险研究

为了加强蚕桑产品质量安全监管,科学指导生产,正确引导消费,对湖南省境内的桑蚕生产基地进行实地调研取样,并进行了重金属风险监测研究。结果表明:湖南地区桑蚕基地的蚕蛹(干样)中的重金属总砷含量较高,但换成鲜样中重金属残留风险较小;桑园土壤中镉污染严重;桑树的叶、枝等重金属污染风险极小;桑树能在镉污染严重的土壤环境中正常生长,且在叶枝中残留污染极小,桑树可作为土壤控镉的有效替代品种。整体上湖南省蚕桑产品重金属污染风险较低,但要重视土壤镉、汞元素的污染及蚕蛹砷的残留,建议对直接食用的蚕蛹进一步进行重点污染监测与评估。     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术,对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价,为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象，通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术，对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价，为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

不同广藿香产区土壤中重金属污染特征及风险评价

[目的] 探明广东和广西两省区不同产区的广藿香种植土壤中重金属污染特征及其风险,为广藿香的安全品质评价及其种植土壤的重金属污染防控提供科学依据。[方法] 协同采集两广代表性产区的广藿香植株及其根区土壤样品,测定铜、汞、砷、铅、镉、铬、镍和锌共8种重金属的全量和有效态含量。运用单因子污染指数法和Nemerow污染指数法,对比评价两广广藿香种植土壤中重金属的污染特征及风险等级。结合广藿香植株的重金属富集系数和广藿香植株中重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量间的相关性,阐明土壤中重金属污染对广藿香安全品质的影响。[结果] ①两广产区广藿香种植土壤的重金属污染均已达警戒线,且广西产区的广藿香种植土壤中重金属污染程度比广东产区的更高。广藿香种植土壤中镉的污染覆盖产地最广,平均单因子污染指数最大（0.95）,需引起重视。②两广地区的广藿香植株中重金属含量均低于《中国药典》的限量值,总体情况安全。③广藿香对砷、汞、铜和铅的吸收能力弱,但易累积镉,且不受产地差异影响。广藿香茎比广藿香叶更容易富集镉。[结论] 控制镉有效态含量是广藿香产区土壤中重金属污染防控的重点。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.