含寡糖水溶肥对菠菜生长、品质和生理生化指标的影响

探讨以牛蒡提取液为溶剂,以牛蒡寡糖(水溶肥1)或壳寡糖(水溶肥2)为主成分的水溶肥在菠菜上的应用效果。采用盆栽试验,研究了水溶肥和寡糖对菠菜生长、品质、生理生化指标及地上部组织显微结构的影响。结果表明,与喷清水处理相比,市购叶面肥、水溶肥1、水溶肥2、牛蒡寡糖、壳寡糖处理的菠菜鲜重增加8.70%~16.77%;叶绿素含量增加5.18%~29.60%;硝酸盐含量降低10.82%~60.04%;草酸含量降低11.99%~67.61%;丙二醛含量降低11.94%~30.91%;氧自由基产生速率降低43.58%~72.99%。与市购叶面肥处理相比,水溶肥1处理的菠菜鲜重增加4.41%;水溶肥1、水溶肥2处理的菠菜硝酸盐和草酸含量分别降低49.03%、42.80%和11.32%、52.20%;水溶肥1处理的丙二醛含量和氧自由基产生速率分别降低4.09%和6.26%。总之,喷施水溶肥、牛蒡寡糖和壳寡糖处理均可增加菠菜生物量,提高叶绿素含量,降低硝酸盐及草酸含量,从而提高了菠菜品质。而且喷施牛蒡寡糖和壳寡糖处理的菠菜叶片丙二醛含量和氧自由基产生速率均降低,表示菠菜抗氧化能力提高,细胞膜完整性好。叶细胞排列紧密、规则,表皮整齐。综合菠菜各项指标,在本试验中水溶肥1处理的效果最好。     

几种植物提取物对菠菜生长和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了牛蒡提取物、大豆提取物、大蒜提取物对菠菜生长及品质的影响。结果表明,喷施牛蒡提取物、大豆提取物、大蒜提取物均可增加菠菜鲜重,增重幅度分别为19.76%、4.95%、0.15%;三种提取物处理的Vc含量与清水处理相比有不同程度的降低,降幅分别为7.43%、9.34%、1.53%;牛蒡提取物处理的菠菜其硝酸盐含量与清水对照相比,降幅为2.80%;而大豆提取物、大蒜提取物处理的菠菜硝酸盐含量与清水对照相比,其增幅分别为8.56%、13.09%。牛蒡提取物处理的菠菜其可溶态草酸含量降低,与清水对照相比,降幅为5.46%;而大豆提取物、大蒜提取物处理的菠菜可溶态草酸含量升高,增幅分别为32.26%、16.41%。所以,综合来说,牛蒡提取物的施用效果最好,不仅能促进菠菜生长,而且能提高菠菜品质。     

牛蒡提取物对菠菜生长及品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了牛蒡粗提液、牛蒡寡糖两种牛蒡提取物对菠菜生长及品质的影响。结果表明,喷施牛蒡粗提液和牛蒡寡糖均可增加菠菜鲜重,分别比清水处理的高38.3%、24.7%;同时,提高菠菜Vc、总糖含量,降低菠菜体内硝酸盐、草酸含量。说明牛蒡粗提液和牛蒡寡糖不仅能促进菠菜生长,而且能改善菠菜品质。牛蒡粗提液和牛蒡寡糖相比,牛蒡粗提液的效果优于牛蒡寡糖,而且牛蒡粗提液的成本约为牛蒡寡糖的1/10～1/15。因此,从使用效果及经济效益考虑,牛蒡粗提液的应用前景更佳。     

供氮水平对菠菜产量、硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究了不同供氮水平对菠菜生物量、硝酸盐和不同形态草酸含量的影响。结果表明,供氮水平由4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,菠菜产量显著增加,继续提高氮水平对产量没有显著影响。叶片中的维生素C(Vc)含量随着供氮浓度从4.mmol/L提高到8.mmol/L而显著增加,再增加氮水平,叶片中的Vc含量明显下降;而菠菜叶柄Vc的含量则随供氮水平的提高显著下降。叶片硝酸盐含量随着氮浓度的提高而增加,当供氮水平由4mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量显著下降,而氮水平由8.mmol/L提高到20.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量则随之升高。供氮浓度从4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,叶片可溶态草酸含量略有下降,再提高供氮水平则明显上升,供氮水平低于12.mmol/L时,叶柄中的可溶态草酸和菠菜叶片和叶柄中的草酸总量则随着氮水平的提高而升高,高于12.mmol/L草酸含量反而降低。由此可见,菠菜在供氮浓度为8mmol/L(N2)时能够获得较高的产量和Vc含量,较低的硝酸盐和草酸含量,表明适宜的供氮水平下可获得高产优质的菠菜。     

同铵硝比对菠菜生长、安全和营养品质的影响

通过水培试验,研究了等氮条件下5种不同铵硝比对菠菜生长和品质的影响.结果表明：（1）从铵硝比100∶0到0∶100,菠菜地上部鲜重不断增加,铵硝比为0∶100时,菠菜的鲜重达最大值;但铵硝比25∶75和0∶100两个处理菠菜的干物重没有显著差异（p＜0.05）.（2）随着铵硝比的降低,菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量均表现为线性增加;菠菜茎叶中可溶性草酸的含量和营养液中铵硝比之间呈现出二次曲线相关,在铵硝比为25∶75时,菠菜茎叶中草酸含量最低.适当增施铵态氮有利于降低菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及草酸的含量.（3）增铵可以提高菠菜Vc含量,铵硝比为50∶50的处理菠菜Vc含量最高;随着铵硝比的下降,菠菜茎叶中可溶性糖的含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白的含量则以铵硝比25∶75处理最高.     

沼液沼渣对温室迷你黄瓜品质的影响

试验以化肥、农家肥为对照,研究了沼液、沼渣对迷你黄瓜品质的影响。结果表明,以沼渣为基肥,辅以植株叶面喷施沼液,对提高迷你黄瓜品质有明显的作用。其中施沼渣A2的处理对降低硝酸盐含量作用最明显,比CK1、CK2分别降低了14%和41%的硝酸盐。100%沼液(B2)叶面喷施可显著降低硝酸盐的含量,一次喷施可降低45%左右,其中A1B1、A1B2处理喷沼液后叶绿素含量平均提高了89%,A1B2处理的Vc上升了77%,综合评价后尤以A2B2处理效果最好,在保证高产的同时,Vc含量达48.63 mg/100 g鲜重,可溶性糖含量达22.16%,硝酸盐含量为90.74 mg/kg。     

不同铵硝比对菠菜生长、安全和营养品质的影响

通过水培试验,研究了等氮条件下5种不同铵硝比对菠菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)从铵硝比100∶0到0∶100,菠菜地上部鲜重不断增加,铵硝比为0∶100时,菠菜的鲜重达最大值;但铵硝比25∶75和0∶100两个处理菠菜的干物重没有显著差异(p<0.05)。(2)随着铵硝比的降低,菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量均表现为线性增加;菠菜茎叶中可溶性草酸的含量和营养液中铵硝比之间呈现出二次曲线相关,在铵硝比为25∶75时,菠菜茎叶中草酸含量最低。适当增施铵态氮有利于降低菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及草酸的含量。(3)增铵可以提高菠菜Vc含量,铵硝比为50∶50的处理菠菜Vc含量最高;随着铵硝比的下降,菠菜茎叶中可溶性糖的含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白的含量则以铵硝比25∶75处理最高。     

氮肥不同用量及基追肥比例对芹菜产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究氮肥不同用量和基追比例对芹菜的产量效应和品质效应。本试验条件下,施氮量为150mg/kg土时(约相当于337.5 kg/hm2)芹菜产量最高,继续增施氮肥,产量显著降低。施氮量为100 mg/kg土时(约相当于225 kg/hm2),Vc含量和可溶性糖含量最高,施氮量增加,芹菜品质显著降低。芹菜叶绿素、硝酸还原酶活性和硝酸盐含量与氮肥用量呈极显著的线性正相关。不同氮肥用量处理的芹菜在不同生育期的硝酸盐积累量均呈明显的“S”曲线。基肥N占100%时,芹菜的生长情况最好,基肥N占50%时,芹菜的叶绿素含量,硝酸还原酶活性,Vc和可溶性糖含量均最大。追施一次肥处理的芹菜叶片硝酸盐含量显著低于追两次肥的处理。     

几种化学物质配施对莴笋产量、硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响研究

采用L8(27)正交设计研究了3种化学物质赤霉素(GA)、钼酸铵(Mo)、双氰胺(DCD)对盆栽莴笋产量、硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,3种化学物质配施使莴笋增产10.7%～41.6%,其效应为Mo>GA>DCD;莴笋茎、叶硝酸盐含量分别降低21.8%～54.5%和4.3%～40.2%,其作用均为GA>DCD>Mo;莴笋茎Vc和氨基酸含量降低,水分增加;叶片Vc和氨基酸含量增加,水分无明显差异;莴笋施Mo明显增加茎和叶Mo含量,但食用安全。综合评价莴笋的产量、卫生安全和营养品质,以A1B1C1处理(GA25mg/L Mo150mg/L DCD12.5mg/盆)最理想。     

三种氨基酸对菜心产量和品质的影响

【目的】氨基酸能被作物吸收利用,影响作物的养分吸收和品质形成。采用盆栽试验, 通过三种氨基酸组氨酸（His）、 甘氨酸（Gly）和甲硫氨酸（Met）喷施,研究三种氨基酸对菜心生长及品质的影响。【方法】试验设置六个浓度梯度为0、 50、 100、 200、 400、 800 mg/kg。氨基酸喷施时间为34叶期、 78叶期和抽苔期。喷施5天后测定株高、 倒4叶叶长、 叶宽等生长指标。收获期地上部测重,测定Vc含量、 可溶性糖含量、 蛋白质含量,离子色谱法测定硝酸盐和草酸含量。【结果】三种氨基酸对菜心生长、 产量、 地上部蛋白质、 硝酸盐和草酸的影响如下, 1） 50~400 mg/kg的组氨酸和甲硫氨酸有增产效果,其中喷施100 mg/kg甲硫氨酸菜心产量增幅最大,达17.3%,氨基酸高浓度（800 mg/kg）喷施时,产量下降。2）三种氨基酸处理的菜心地上部蛋白质含量明显升高,且氨基酸喷施浓度和蛋白质含量之间呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.4026）。3）菜心地上部硝酸盐含量随氨基酸喷施浓度的提高先下降后上升,其中喷施100 mg/kg的甘氨酸对降低菜心地上部硝酸盐含量的效果最显著,比对照降低30.7%; 喷施高浓度氨基酸（800 mg/kg）其硝酸盐含量反而比对照高。4）草酸在植物体中普遍存在会影响蔬菜的品质,喷施氨基酸后菜心地上部草酸含量均下降,甲硫氨酸处理与对照相比可降低54.5%~68.3%。【结论】50~200 mg/kg的组氨酸、 甘氨酸和甲硫氨酸喷施能在不同程度上促进菜心生长和增产,提高菜心地上部蛋白质含量,降低硝酸盐和草酸含量。该研究结果可为氨基酸在蔬菜生产上的应用,尤其是如何降低草酸含量、 提高蔬菜品质提供依据。     

不同土壤因子对中药牛蒡子品质的影响

牛蒡子为菊科2年生草本植物牛蒡(Arctium lappa L.)的成熟果实。牛蒡的生长情况与环境之间有密切的联系,其品质是由多种因子决定的,主要包括气候因子、地形因子、土壤因子等。本文采用双变量相关和偏相关分析相结合,因子分析和逐步回归法相结合的方法,对牛蒡子品质与土壤因子之间的关系进行了充分研究,结果表明:牛蒡子的品质受气候因子与土壤因子(特别是一些微量元素)影响,选取气候因子中的年均温作为控制变量,对牛蒡子品质指标与土壤因子进行偏相关分析,得到气候因子影响土壤因子与牛蒡子品质指标的相关性程度;进行因子分析之后,可以发现土壤因子对牛蒡子的品质指标有显著的影响,且各个土壤因子影响不同,其中发现牛蒡子的生长虽然受到N、P、K等主要生长元素的影响,但微量元素如As、Hg、Ca、Zn、Pb等对牛蒡子的生长影响也较大。因此在引种栽培过程中,注意根据实际情况增减微量元素。     

水培条件下硼对青蒜苗光合特性及品质的影响

在水培条件下,设置4个硼水平（B 0、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/L）,研究硼对青蒜苗硼含量、生长、光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明,青蒜苗硼含量随着硼浓度的提高而增加,在1.5mg/L硼浓度处理下含量最高;在硼水平0～1.0mg/L范围内,青蒜苗生长量、色素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率 （Tr） 和气孔导度（Gs）随硼浓度的升高而增加,至硼浓度1.0mg/L时达最大,此时青蒜苗叶身和假茎中维生素C（Vc）、可溶性蛋白、大蒜素含量也达最大,分别比不施硼处理提高33.5%和14.5%、40.5%和35.9%、41.0%和57.2%,当硼浓度升至1.5mg/L时,上述各指标呈下降趋势;同时硼浓度为1.0 mg/L时,可显著降低叶身中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量,提高其在假茎中的含量,其中叶身较不施硼处理分别降低了34.3%和22.8%,假茎则增加了160.5%和43.6%。     

外源硒对镉胁迫下绿豆幼苗生理特性的影响

采用水培试验方法研究不同浓度Se4+(0.8,1.6,2.4,3.2,4.0mg/L)对Cd2+(10,20mg/L)胁迫下绿豆幼苗超微弱发光及幼苗叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间延长,不同浓度Se4+对2种浓度Cd2+胁迫下绿豆幼苗的超微弱发光强度均呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势,0.8,1.6mg/L的Se4+对2种浓度Cd2+胁迫下绿豆幼苗的超微弱发光强度均有促进作用,但是1.6mg/L浓度的Se4+对2种浓度Cd2+的缓解作用最佳。随着Se4+浓度的增加,2种浓度Cd2+胁迫下,绿豆幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均呈现出先增加又减小的趋势,当Se4+浓度低于4.0mg/L时,叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均高于单一Cd2+胁迫下叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量,且在Se4+浓度为1.6mg/L时达到最大。在10mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,随着Se4+浓度的增加,绿豆幼苗叶片中的脯氨酸含量先增加后减小,当Se4+浓度低于4.0mg/L时,脯氨酸含量高于单一Cd2+胁迫下脯氨酸含量,且Se4+浓度为1.6mg/L时脯氨酸含量达到最大;在20mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,随着Se4+浓度的增加,绿豆幼苗叶片中的脯氨酸含量逐渐降低,当Se4+浓度低于2.4mg/L时,脯氨酸含量高于单一Cd2+胁迫下脯氨酸含量,且Se4+的浓度为0.8mg/L时脯氨酸含量最大。研究表明在试验浓度范围内,Se4+浓度低于2.4mg/L时,对10,20mg/L Cd2+胁迫下的绿豆幼苗的毒害均有缓解作用,且浓度为1.6mg/L时缓解作用最佳。     

Protective effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract on restraint stress-induced liver damage in mice

Our experiments showed that 18 h restraint stress could induce serious liver damage, with an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (107.68 +/- 3.19 U/L vs 18.08 +/- 1.46 U/L). Meanwhile, we observed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and lowered oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values in plasma and liver of restraint mice compared with starved mice. Bilberry extract (containing 42.04% anthocyanins) was oral administrated to mice at 50, 100, and 200 mg/(kg x day) for five days, which remarkably decreased plasma ALT level to 17.23 +/- 2.49 U/L at the dose of 200 mg/(kg x day) and thus alleviated stress-induced liver damage. In addition, bilberry extracts increased glutathione (GSH) and vitamin C levels and significantly decreased MDA and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the liver tissues. These results suggest that bilberry extract plays an important role in protecting against restraint stress-induced liver damage by both scavenging free radicals activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect. This study showed the beneficial health effects of bilberry extract through its antioxidative action.     

造纸废水灌溉对芦苇不同生育期土壤中硝态氮含量的影响

在沈阳农业大学综合试验场内构建小试装置模拟盘锦双台河口天然湿地,用50,175,300mg/L浓度的造纸废水进行灌溉,研究造纸废水灌溉对土壤硝态氮含量的影响,为盐碱化湿地修复提供可参考的废水灌溉方式。结果表明,在3种浓度造纸废水灌溉下,0-40cm土壤剖面硝态氮含量随深度增加呈"S"形变化趋势,造纸废水与清水相比能增加土壤硝态氮含量。经双因素方差分析和多重比较,在发芽期灌溉浓度为50mg/L废水时土壤硝态氮与初始值相比增加最大。在发芽期灌溉废水大大增加了收获芦苇后土壤中的硝态氮含量,宜使用50mg/L浓度废水灌溉。     

Comparative analysis of caffeoylquinic acids and lignans in roots and seeds among various burdock (Arctium lappa) genotypes with high antioxidant activity

Caffeoylquinic acids and lignans in the crude extracts of both roots and seeds from different burdock ( Arctium lappa L.) genotypes were simultaneously characterized and systematically compared by LC-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-QIT-TOF MS), and their antioxidant activities were also investigated. A total of 14 lignans were identified in burdock seeds and 12 caffeoylquinic acids in burdock roots. High levels of caffeoylquinic acids were also detected in burdock seeds, but only trace amounts of lignans were found in burdock roots. Burdock seeds contained higher concentrations of lignans and caffeoylquinic acids than burdock roots. Quantitative analysis of caffeoylquinic acids and lignans in roots and seeds of various burdock genotypes was reported for the first time. Great variations in contents of both individual and total phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activities were found among different genotypes. Burdock as a root vegetable or medicinal plants possessed considerably stronger antioxidant activity than common vegetables and fruits.     

菜籽蛋白加工废液中多酚和多糖同步提取工艺优化

为开发利用菜籽蛋白加工废液中的生理活性物质,该研究在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验设计法,对菜籽蛋白加工废液中多酚和多糖提取工艺条件进行优化,同时探究两种物质的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,影响菜籽蛋白加工废液中多酚和多糖得率的因素大小顺序为:乙醇体积分数浸提温度浸提时间,最佳提取工艺为:浸提温度60℃、乙醇体积分数65%、浸提时间31 min,在此条件下多酚得率为2.19%,多糖得率为8.14%;多酚提取物对DPPH·具有较强清除能力,其半抑制质量浓度为0.20 mg/mL,多糖提取物对DPPH·和·OH均具有较强的清除能力,其半抑制质量浓度分别为1.45、2.38 mg/mL;高效液相色谱法初步检测表明,菜籽蛋白加工废液中含有香豆酸、丁香酸、对香豆酸、芥子酸和苯甲酸。研究结果为菜籽蛋白加工废液的再利用提供参考。     

Identification of hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids of arnica flowers and burdock roots using a standardized LC-DAD-ESI/MS profiling method

A screening method using LC-DAD-ESI/MS was developed for the identification of common hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids based on direct comparison with standards. A complete standard set for mono-, di-, and tricaffeoylquinic isomers was assembled from commercially available standards, positively identified compounds in common plants (artichokes, asparagus, coffee bean, honeysuckle flowers, sweet potato, and Vernonia amygdalina leaves) and chemically modified standards. Four C18 reversed phase columns were tested using the standardized profiling method (based on LC-DAD-ESI/MS) for 30 phenolic compounds, and their elution order and retention times were evaluated. Using only two columns under standardized LC condition and the collected phenolic compound database, it was possible to separate all of the hydroxycinnamoylquinic acid conjugates and to identify 28 and 18 hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids in arnica flowers (Arnica montana L.) and burdock roots (Arctium lappa L.), respectively. Of these, 22 are reported for the first time.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extract of Hippomarathrum microcarpum (Bieb.) from Turkey

Hippomarathrum microcarpum grows wild in eastern Anatolia, Turkey, and is a plant utilized as food by people. In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extract from H. microcarpum and its essential oil composition were investigated. The essential oil, which has bornyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, and beta-caryophyllene as its main components, exhibited activity against eight bacteria, nine fungi, and a yeast, Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 62.50 to 125 muL/mL; the methanol extract showed weak activity. The antioxidant activity of these extracts was assessed by the beta-carotene bleaching test and the 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test. The inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation was very weak for both extracts tested. The inhibition percentages were found to be 22.9 and 33.5% for methanol and essential oil, respectively, at the concentration of 2 g/L. The oil scavenged DPPH at higher concentrations (IC50 = 10.69 +/- 0.05 mg/mL), but the methanol extract exhibited no activity. The total phenolic content of the methanol extract was found to be 4.7 +/- 0.1%.