日光温室平板微热管阵列蓄热墙体热性能试验

为提高日光温室复合结构墙体热稳定层的温度并提升温室墙体材料的蓄热性能,该研究提出一种新型日光温室平板微热管阵列蓄热墙体(Micro Heat Pipe Array,MHPA),搭建了小型MHPA墙体温室试验台,采用对比试验的方法,结合温室墙体温度、墙体蓄放热量以及温室环境温度等评价参数,对比分析了典型日MHPA墙体的蓄放热特性及其改善温室热环境效果。结果表明,与普通温室相比,冬季典型晴天,放热时段(17:00至次日9:00)MHPA墙体内表面平均温度提高1.6～2.3℃,由室内向室外沿墙体厚度方向0～370 mm区域内MHPA墙体内部的平均温度提高2.7～4.0℃;MHPA温室的平均温室环境温度提升1.2～1.5℃,地表面平均温度提升0.6～1.0℃;MHPA墙体的日总蓄热量提高了8.93%～14.35%,日总放热量提高了2.24%～8.07%,且在夜间23:00至次日7:00 MHPA墙体的放热速率高于普通墙体的,平均提升11.53%。因此,MHPA墙体引入于日光温室墙体中可提升温室墙体材料的蓄放热性能,改善温室热环境。该结果可为日光温室平板微热管阵列蓄热墙体的应用提供参考。     

日光温室土墙体温度变化及蓄热放热特点

为研究日光温室土墙体温度变化规律及蓄放热特性,以泰安市下挖式土墙日光温室为研究对象,在温室北墙布置5个测试层,通过各测试层最冷季节(30 d)温室内气温、墙体温度、室外气温及室外太阳辐照度测试数据,分析了土墙日光温室内部温度及墙体内温度的分布规律。结果表明:各测试层墙体表面及0.1~0.6 m处测点的温度均呈现出随温室气温周期性变化的规律,且随着墙体厚度的增加温度的波动幅值逐渐减小,相位明显后移;0.7 m以后测点的温度幅值趋于稳定,处于稳态向室外的导热过程。基于墙体温度分布规律,对墙体白天的蓄热量、夜间的放热量及墙体夜间放热效率进行了计算,得出墙体夜间放热效率为43%,表明土墙白天蓄积热量的43%用于改善夜间温室内热环境。对墙体蓄热和放热量计算,综合评价墙体的平均放热效率,可以为土墙日光温室结构优化及热负荷计算提供指导,为各地土墙温室轻简化技术研究提供理论基础。     

日光温室三重结构相变蓄热墙体传热特性分析

针对目前国内日光温室墙体在热工性能设计方法方面存在的不足,该文提出了日光温室三重结构相变蓄热墙体构筑方法;结合试验结果,提出了关于该结构墙体传热性能分析方法及其评价指标。分析结果表明：1）三重结构墙体有着较好的蓄放热性能,利用墙体内侧（温室侧）的相变蓄热材料,可以显著提高墙体太阳能利用率,在太阳日累计辐照量为9.32 MJ/m2下,比参照温室北墙体的有效蓄热量提高了26.6%;夜间,相变温室三重结构墙体的累积供热量比参照温室砌块砖墙体的提高了16.2%,并且该墙体相变材料层的单位体积有效蓄热量为80.0 MJ/m3,是三重结构墙体中砌块砖层有效蓄热量的10倍;2）透过前坡屋面照射在温室北墙内表面太阳能影响墙体温度变化的深度有限,约占0.90 m厚三重结构墙体的33.3%,并且在温室墙体内部存在着温度稳定区,其厚度占0.90 m厚三重结构墙体的61.1%。试验结果表明仅通过增加温室墙体厚度以提高墙体的太阳能显热蓄热效率是非常有限的。该研究结果可为日光温室墙体的合理构筑、相变蓄热技术在日光温室的应用以及温室墙体的相变传热问题分析提供参考。     

墙体高度对日光温室内夜间气温的影响

试验对墙体高度分别为1.26 m、0.96 m、0.66 m、0.36 m的4个温室模型内夜间气温进行了测试, 并通过逐步减少或排除空气蓄热、土壤蓄放热几组试验, 研究了墙体高度对日光温室夜间气温的影响.结果表明, 墙体高度对温室夜间温度能够产生明显影响, 随墙体高度增加, 温室夜间温度提高, 墙体高度为1.26 m的温室夜间平均温度较0.36 m的温室提高1.2～1.8 ℃; 对夜间温度相对变化速率分析结果证实, 温室墙体高度增加, 夜间降温速度减慢; 墙体高度与室内夜间温度相关分析表明, 墙体面积/总表面积的比值每增加0.1, 温室内夜间平均温度提高0.5 ℃左右.故随墙体高度增加, 温室保温性改善.     

基于CFD的日光温室墙体蓄热层厚度的确定

日光温室墙体蓄放热能力的优劣取决于墙体蓄放热特性与蓄热层厚度,确定日光温室蓄热层厚度,对于推进日光温室墙体改进意义重大。该研究以温室内太阳辐射与室外气温作为输入条件,按照试验温室实际尺寸和相关关系进行参数化建模并模拟计算不同月份墙体蓄热层厚度。选择乌鲁木齐地区2018年1月-4月典型晴天进行测试,以温室地面、墙体表面的太阳辐射为输入条件,室外空气温度为边界条件,利用AutodeskCFD软件对晴天9:00至次日9:00的温室砖墙内部温度场进行了模拟,并通过对比墙体内部0、10、20、30、40、50 cm处温度测点的实测值与模拟值验证模拟结果的准确性。结果表明,温室墙体模拟结果与测试结果吻合度较高,1月9日、2月9日、3月6日各层平均误差均在1.5℃以下,4月6日实际值与模拟值误差较大,模拟值较实际值滞后,趋势随着深度与墙体温度的升高而更加明显。在温室墙体材料、结构、室内外的光温环境的共同影响下,温室墙体传热是一个复杂的非稳态过程。砖墙温室与土墙温室类似,墙体可划分为"保温层、稳定层、蓄热层",各层的厚度与墙体蓄热材料、保温材料的热物性有关。对墙体温度场、各层的温度衰减因子以及延迟时间分析可知,墙体厚度在0～30 cm范围内,墙体温度波动较为明显,墙体厚度大于30 cm时,温室墙体一天内温度波动较为平缓,波幅较小。随着气温回升,温室墙体内部温度整体提高,各层温度波动相差不大。在温室结构、保温性能不变的情况下,温室蓄热层厚度及波动情况受外界光温环境的综合影响较小。综上所述,采用CFD模拟温室墙体温度场的变化,并根据温室墙体温度场变化确定温室墙体蓄热层厚度是可行的,可靠性较高。该研究可为其他区域优选温室墙体结构,推进日光温室墙体改进提供依据和参考。     

日光温室土质墙体内热流测试与分析

对山东省寿光市下沉式日光温室的土质墙体内不同厚度处的温度、室内外气温及墙体表面太阳辐射进行连续观测,以分析土墙内温度和热流的变化,探明日光温室后墙热传导规律。结果表明:日光温室土质后墙内热量传递呈现一定的日变化规律,墙体热流传导主要沿厚度方向,表层蓄、放热过程明显。在试验条件下,晴天时,白天通过墙体累计吸热量为2657kJ·m-2,夜间向温室内累计放热量为1865kJ·m-2;雪天时,通过墙体累计吸热量为18kJ·m-2,累计放热量为859kJ·m-2。在下沉式日光温室土质墙体内存在有效蓄热层和保温层,墙体各层功能不同,因此建议在墙体建造时选用不同功能材料分层处理,以发挥日光温室墙体的最大蓄热保温能力。     

制作方式对日光温室相变蓄热材料热性能的影响

日光温室墙体能否在有限的日照时间内高效蓄集太阳能,与日光温室墙体层的构筑方式以及所采用的建筑材料的热工性能（热阻、比热容、体积质量）直接关联。该研究将所研制的相变材料与普通建筑基材分别以直接混合方式和插层方式制成复合相变蓄热墙体材料板,通过比较试验的方法,从蓄热温度、时间、以及蓄热量等方面,比较了2种不同构筑方式对复合相变蓄热墙体材料蓄/放热特性和传热性能的影响规律。结果表明：同样蓄（放）热温度条件下,直混试件比插层试件提前70?min结束蓄（放）热;直混试件的蓄热量比插层试件大10%,放热量大15%,直接混合方式制成的复合相变蓄热墙体材料板的传热性能和蓄放热效率更好。该研究结果可为相变蓄热技术在日光温室建筑墙体的科学应用提供方法与建筑热工理论参考。     

基于日光温室相变材料的梯形墙体热特性分析

将以石蜡为主的固-液复合相变材料喷涂到日光温室梯形北墙体内表面,对相变涂层温室梯形墙体和普通温室梯形墙体的热流量、北墙内的温度,以及室内外气温进行典型天气和月度变化的测试分析,以探究相变材料应用于日光温室梯形墙体后对室内热环境的影响。结果表明：晴天和阴天,相变涂层温室墙体的日间蓄热量和夜间放热量均显著高于普通温室墙体（P＜0.05）。相变涂层温室墙体与普通温室墙体在同一典型时刻相同部位温度存在一定差异,这种差异随着墙体深度的增加而逐渐减弱,0-300mm墙体内差异最显著（P＜0.05）。相变涂层温室墙体的累积蓄热量日平均值比普通温室墙体高8.1%,累积放热量日平均值比普通温室墙体高14.8%,相变涂层墙体表面和墙体内各层的月平均温度与普通温室墙体温度差异显著（P＜0.05）,相变涂层温室、普通温室和室外的月平均气温分别为9.93、8.63和-8.91℃。说明相变涂层墙体可有效增加墙体蓄放热量,提升温室气温尤其是夜间气温。     

日光温室后墙蓄放热帘增温效果的性能测试

为了增加日光温室有效蓄热量,改善日光温室夜间温度环境,保障作物安全越冬,该文设计了一种以日光温室后墙为结构支撑的温室蓄放热帘增温系统,白天利用该系统的集放热板吸收太阳辐射热,并通过水介质将热量储存于蓄热水池中;夜晚通过水介质的循环将蓄积的热量释放到温室中,以提高夜晚温室内空气温度。试验结果表明：晴天时应用温室蓄放热帘增温系统能将温室夜间平均气温提高4.6℃,阴天时能提高温室夜间平均气温4.5℃;试验期间当室外最低气温为-12.5℃时,对照温室最低气温仅为5.4℃,而试验温室最低气温为10.1℃;该系统在阴天平均集热效率为42.3%,在晴天时平均集热效率为57.7%;与电加热方式相比该系统的节能率达到51.1%以上。     

装配加温除湿系统的轻简装配式日光温室设计及性能试验

针对中国传统日光温室土地利用率低、建设成本高、墙体构造各异及温度和湿度环境难以调控等突出问题,该研究设计出一种轻简装配式日光温室,并配套了基于温室主动蓄放热原理的冬季夜晚加温和除湿系统,其温室骨架可与主动蓄放热系统结合为一体。研究结果表明:相比于传统砖墙日光温室,轻简装配式温室冬季夜晚温度提高4.5℃以上;采用基于主动蓄放热系统热能的除湿系统,可将温室夜间相对湿度降低14%,相对湿度控制在80%以下;该温室可实现整体式装配安装,大大减少了施工时间和安装成本,温室后墙厚度为166 mm,与后墙为600 mm厚的砖墙温室相比,墙体占地面积减少72%,显著提高了土地利用率。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.