黑碳添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

通过室内培养试验,向土壤中分别添加不同温度制备的黑碳,热解温度分别为350℃(T350)、600℃(T600)和850℃(T850),研究了黑碳添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同温度条件制备的黑碳在15℃和25℃培养条件下,土壤CO2释放速率总的趋势是前期分解速率快,后期缓慢。在整个培养过程中(112天),随着培养时间的延长,土壤CO2释放速率下降趋势逐渐降低,CO2释放速率相对值的大小随着培养温度的的升高而增大。在不同温度培养条件下,添加黑碳后土壤CO2-C累计量均是T350>T600>T850,T350土壤CO2-C累计量最高分别为415.26 mg/kg和733.82 mg/kg。添加不同黑碳后,土壤有机碳矿化增加率存在极显著差异(p<0.01),表明不同温度制备的黑碳对土壤有机碳矿化的影响显著。     

杨木炭胶合成型速燃炭的制备与燃烧性能

为了研究了胶黏剂的类型、胶炭比、引燃剂的种类和添加量、成型压力、成型时间等因素对速燃炭燃烧性能的影响,该文利用杨木屑经炭化后得到杨木炭,以杨木炭为主要原料,添加适量不同种类的胶黏剂和引燃剂制备速燃炭。结果表明：将胶黏剂A和杨木炭以质量比为0.6︰1的胶炭比混合,并添加占杨木炭质量分数为5%的硝酸钾,在25 MPa的成型压力下保持2 min,制备出的速燃炭有较好的速燃效果。不仅具有一定强度,燃烧时无毒、无烟、无味,并能在 5 s内快速点燃速燃炭。速燃炭的抗压系数达8.60 N/mm2,燃烧剩余物的质量分数为6.33%,燃烧时间可持续11.20 min/g,热值达到35 762.76 J/g。该研究可为粉末燃料的成型胶黏剂研制提供依据。     

Water-extractable soil carbon in relation to the belowground carbon cycle

We investigated the role of water-extractable carbon (C-extr) as potential substrate for forest soil microorganisms by comparing belowground C fluxes at a plot with the forest floor removed (no-litter) and at a control plot. One-third lower soil respiration rates at the no-litter plot gave evidence that the forest floor was the source of considerable amounts of microbially degradable C. Laboratory incubation of C-extr, fractionated into neutral and acid moieties, showed that part of the C-extr was degraded rapidly, and that the high-molecular-weight acid fraction was much less degradable than the neutral C. To the extent that the degradable portion of the water-extractable C can be regenerated quickly, it may supply much of the substrate for heterotrophic soil respiration. Received: 11 December 1995     

低碳农业

农业生产与全球气候变化紧密相关,农业是全球温室气体排放的第二大重要来源,同时,气候变化义影响着农业的发展.面对全球气候变暖,农业作为国民经济的基础产业,在节能减排中应当有所贡献.本文通过农业低碳发展的必然性,提出了低碳农业发展的领域、可能途径以及发展机制,为响应低碳经济,应对全球气候变化提供科学决策,促进现代农业由高碳...     

不同地表覆盖栽培对旱地土壤有机碳、无机碳和轻质有机碳的影响

通过田间长期定位试验,分层采集冬小麦-休闲种植体系0—40 cm土层的土样,研究了常规、地表覆膜和覆草栽培对土壤有机碳、无机碳和轻质有机碳的影响。结果表明,覆膜或覆草可以显著增加地上部小麦生物量和子粒产量。不同地表覆盖对0—40 cm土层的无机碳含量和分布无显著影响,但与常规栽培相比,地表覆膜使0—5 cm土层的有机碳含量显著降低,0—40 cm各土层轻质有机碳表现出明显降低趋势,平均降低 C 6.1~74.5 mg/kg;地表覆草却表现出明显增加土壤轻质有机碳的趋势,0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土层的轻质有机碳含量分别增加C 235.2、190.0和144.9 mg/kg,相当于常规的38.7%,32.9%和34.5%。同时,覆草栽培还表现出降低0—10 cm土层轻质有机质含碳量的趋势,并使0—20 cm土层轻质有机碳占有机碳的比例显著高于常规栽培和地表覆膜处理。可见,地表长期覆膜不利于旱地土壤有机碳累积,覆草不仅可以增加表层土壤的轻质有机碳累积,还可改善土壤碳氮组成。     

Relationship between total organic carbon and oxidizable carbon in calcareous soils

Abstract

The oxidable carbon content of 46 calcareous soils from the South‐East of Spain was determined by the Walkley and Black method and compared with the total organic carbon (C) content obtained by an automatic microanalysis method. The results were fitted to linear, curvilinear, and exponential equations which permit the conversion of the oxidable C values into those of total organic C when no direct means of analysis of the latter is available. A conversion factor of 1.26 is recommended.     

不同碳源对植烟土壤碳平衡的影响

为探索不同碳源对土壤碳的提升作用,开展了不同碳源对烤烟生长季土壤碳平衡影响的研究,旨在为植烟土壤有机肥施用调控提供理论依据。试验设在四川省攀枝花市,以烤烟为供试作物进行田间小区试验。设对照(不施有机肥)、秸秆、农家肥、油枯、农家肥+油枯5个不同施肥处理,3次重复。采用VaisalaMI70土壤呼吸测量系统进行田间监测,并同时观测环境条件。对烤烟根系进行收集,测定土壤根系固碳量。研究结果显示,1)在烤烟生长季,植烟土壤呼吸动态呈倒"S"型的先下降后上升再下降的变化规律,施用有机肥增加了土壤呼吸强度,尤其是在有机肥施用初期。2)烤烟生长季碳排放量平均为385.84 kg·hm^-2,不同处理碳排放量表现为对照293.11 kg·hm^-2,秸秆396.9 kg·hm^-2,农家肥363.36 kg·hm^-2,油枯422.98 kg·hm^-2,油枯+农家肥452.84kg·hm^-2。3)不同碳源分解速率差异较大,生长季分解系数为0.22~0.42,秸秆和农家肥分解系数低于油枯。4)有机肥的施用对烤烟根系碳积累量的提升效果不明显,而各有机肥处理相比,农家肥以及农家肥与油枯混施相对于秸秆处理能够显著增加烤烟根系碳积累量。5)当地耕作模式下,整个生育期有56.42%的烤烟根系残留于土壤,可补偿土壤碳260.56 kg·hm^-2,烤烟根系碳是常规施肥下土壤碳的主要来源。6)常规施肥下,单施化肥植烟土壤表现为碳源,有机无机配施下植烟土壤表现为碳汇。有机肥的施用能够提升土壤碳平衡,减少碳损失;采用农家肥与油枯混施也能够在一定程度上促进烤烟根系碳积累的提升。     

河北省北部森林植被碳储量和固碳速率研究

为了了解河北省北部森林植被固碳能力,本文以该区域阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林和灌丛为研究对象,基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐采用的加拿大林业碳收支模型(CBM-CFS3),利用第7次全国森林资源连续清查数据和野外森林植被调查样地数据,拟合出研究区的蓄积-生物量转换参数和林木器官生物量比例参数,建立研究区内不同森林植被类型的蓄积生长方程、蓄积-干材生物量转换方程、生物量组分比例方程,采用这些方程评估了2010年河北省北部森林生态系统植被碳储量、碳密度和固碳速率。结果表明:拟合的不同森林植被蓄积生长方程的决定系数均大于0.7,蓄积-干材生物量转换方程的决定系数均大于0.8,生物量组分比例方程拟合效果较好,可用于评估该区域森林植被碳汇功能和潜力。2010年河北省北部森林植被碳储量为59.66 Tg(C),平均森林植被碳密度为25.05 Mg(C)×hm~(-2),森林植被固碳速率为0.07~1.87Mg(C)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1);其中阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林碳储量和碳密度分别为30.97 Tg(C)、12.36 Tg(C)、15.73Tg(C)、0.60 Tg(C)和26.09 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、26.14 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、24.50 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、7.53 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)。河北省北部森林植被碳密度与固碳速率均从西北到东南呈升高趋势。造林后森林面积增加6 400 km2,森林植被碳储量增加19.54 Tg(C)(不包括灌丛);林龄结构以中幼龄林为主,未来森林固碳潜力巨大。说明造林在增加森林植被碳储量和提高森林的固碳速率中起到了重要作用。     

不同农业废弃物还田对土壤碳排放及碳固定的影响

在玉米生长季,采用静态箱法,在氮磷钾等养分量(N 240kg/hm~2,P2O5100kg/hm~2,K2O 120kg/hm~2)的条件下,研究秸秆、牛粪、鸡粪与化肥配施还田,对土壤CO_2排放及碳固定的影响。研究结果表明:施肥促进土壤CO_2排放,其中100%秸秆粉碎还田配施化肥(S1)对土壤CO_2排放的促进作用最为明显,平均排放通量达389.0mg/(m~2·h);其次为单施化肥(S4)。S1、S2、S3和S4处理在6,7,8三个月份CO_2平均排放通量表现为S4S1S3S2,分别占整个生长季排放总量的80.1%,78.9%,78.8%和83.7%,表明单施化肥处理(S4)在玉米生长旺季CO_2排放通量最高达624.9mg/(m~2·h)。各施肥处理在玉米生长季出现2个CO_2排放高峰阶段,与2次氮肥(尿素)追施密切相关,2次追施氮肥后CO_2排放通量平均值均表现为S4S1S3S2,表明用农业废弃物中的氮部分代替化肥氮,可减少CO_2排放量。50%牛粪有机氮还田配施50%化肥氮(S2),能明显提高土壤有机碳含量。50%鸡粪有机氮还田配施50%化肥氮(S3)可明显提高玉米各器官及植株含碳量,其中S3处理植株含碳量最高为9.59t/hm~2,促进玉米碳固定;而100%秸秆粉碎还田配施化肥氮(S1),并不能提高玉米各器官及植株含碳量,甚至低于单施化肥(S4)。     

施肥对土壤有机碳含量及碳库管理指数的影响

在华北夏玉米生产体系中,采用田间试验,研究了不同施肥措施下（不施肥、单施有机肥、推荐施肥、习惯施肥和单施化肥）,土壤有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数的变化。结果表明:与不施肥相比,单施有机肥土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量分别增加 11.68%,21.71%。推荐施肥和习惯施肥土壤有机碳含量分别增加 6.57%,7.58%,活性有机碳含量分别增加 8.53%,4.26%。单施化肥土壤有机碳与活性有机碳含量均没有显著增加;施有机肥和推荐施肥土壤碳库管理指数比不施肥分别高 31.79,13.01。单施化肥土壤碳库管理指数没有显著变化;土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳、碳库管理指数、玉米子粒产量均存在极显著相关关系。碳库管理指数与玉米子粒产量极显著相关,能够指示土壤生产力的变化。可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,施有机肥或有机无机适当配施能提高土壤有机碳含量和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力。     

长期施肥对土壤有机碳和无机碳的影响

利用18年长期定位试验,研究了在不同施肥条件下,土壤有机碳和无机碳在0~50 cm土层分布特征。结果表明,施肥对土壤有机碳的影响随着土层深度的增加而下降,0~7.5 cm土层的土壤有机碳比7.5~15 cm、15~30 cm、30~50 cm分别增加了4.6%、22.0%、63.1%,而无机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而增加,与有机碳的变化规律正好相反。不同种类的肥料对土壤有机碳的影响也不相同,化肥、有机肥长期配合施用和长期施用有机肥可以在0~30 cm土层增加土壤有机碳含量,降低土壤中的无机碳含量,而长期单施化肥对土壤的有机碳和无机碳含量无明显差异。     

A review of carbon isotopes of phytoliths: implications for phytolith-occluded carbon sources

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is mainly derived from the products of photosynthesis, which can be preserved in soils and sediments for hundreds-to-thousands of...     

Reproducibility of a soil organic carbon fractionation method to derive RothC carbon pools

Fractionation of soil is undertaken to isolate organic carbon with distinct functional properties, such as stability and turnover times. Soil organic carbon (SOC) fractionation helps us to understand better the response of SOC to changes in land use, management or climate. However, fractionation procedures are often poorly defined and there is little information available on their reproducibility in different laboratories. In a ring trial, we assessed the reproducibility of a SOC fractionation method introduced by Zimmermann et al. (2007). The isolated fractions were linked to the model pool sizes of the Rothamsted carbon model (RothC). We found significant differences between six laboratories for all five defined fractions in three different soils with coefficients of variation ranging from 14 to 138%. During ultrasonic dispersion, the output power (energy per unit time) was identified as an important factor controlling the distribution of SOC within these five fractions, while commonly only the output energy is standardized. The amount of water used to wet‐sieve dispersed soil slurry significantly influenced the amount of extracted dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We therefore suggest using a fixed amount of power for ultrasonic dispersion (20 W) and a minimum amount of water for wet sieving (2000 ml). RothC pool sizes were predicted from the measured fractions and compared with RothC equilibrium pool size distributions. This model initialization using measured SOC fractions, however, led to an over‐estimation of stable RothC SOC pools when compared with pool size distributions derived from RothC equilibrium runs under a bare fallow soil model simulation. To improve the isolation of particulate organic matter from stable mineral‐bound organic matter, we suggest that the density should be increased from 1.8 to 2.0 g cm^?3 in the density fractionation step. We formulated a modified fractionation procedure, which aims specifically to enhance reproducibility across laboratories and to improve the match of the isolated SOC fractions with RothC's SOC pools.     

The fate of soyabean photosynthetic carbon varies in Mollisols differing in organic carbon

The fate of photosynthetically‐fixed carbon (C) in the plant–soil–microbe continuum has received much interest because of its relevance to soil C and the global C cycle. However, information on the flow of this plant C below ground and its contribution to soil C sequestration in soils with contrasting organic C (C_org) is limited. In this study, soyabean (Glycine max L. Merr.) was grown in three Mollisols with low (1.04%), medium (2.90%) and high (5.05%) C_org, respectively. Plants were labelled with ¹³CO₂ to trace the photosynthetic C dynamics in the plant–soil system for up to 288 hours. The total amount of net fixed ¹³C by plants ranged from 66 to 78 mg pot^?1, and there was no difference between soils. The amount of ¹³C in soil organic matter (SOM) increased from 1.9 to 6.1 mg pot^?1 over time in the high‐C_org soil, while it showed a non‐significant change with 2.2 mg pot^?1 (on average) in the medium‐C_org soil, and decreased from 2.9 to 0.1 mg pot^?1 in the low‐C_org soil. In the low‐C_org soil, the amount of ¹³C in soil microbes decreased markedly over time, showing a fast turnover, and had a significant correlation (P ≤ 0.01) with ¹³C in the SOM pool. However, such a relationship was not significant in the soil with high or medium C_org. These results indicate that most of the root‐derived C in the low‐C_org soil is degraded quickly by microbial activity, while the greater input of the photosynthetic C to SOM in the high‐ and/or medium‐C_org soil can probably be attributed to physical sorption of root‐derived C by SOM and minerals, thus protecting it against microbial decomposition.     

矿区复垦土壤碳组分对外源碳输入的响应特征

研究外源碳输入对复垦土壤有机碳及组分的影响,对于深入探究矿区复垦土壤有机碳提升及培肥管理具有重要意义。本文依托山西省襄垣县采煤沉陷复垦区的长期定位试验,研究了矿区复垦土壤碳组分对不同外源碳(生物炭、堆肥、沼渣、牛粪与秸秆)输入的响应特征。分别在2011年与2016年对矿区复垦土壤样品进行采集,测定0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、活性碳库Ⅰ、Ⅱ的含量。结果表明,生物炭处理的土壤有机碳增长率和年变化量较对照(CK,无外源碳添加)分别增加101.80%和0.56g·kg–1·a–1,且均显著高于其他有机物料处理;生物炭、牛粪处理土壤0～20 cm土层固碳量较CK分别提高100.52%和91.52%,二者间差异不显著,均显著高于其他有机物料处理,堆肥、沼渣和秸秆处理间对土壤固碳量的提升作用不显著。添加有机物料均能显著增加复垦土壤易氧化有机碳的增长率和年变化量,均表现为堆肥处理最高,较CK分别增加12.37%和0.16 g·kg–1·a–1。复垦土壤活性碳库Ⅰ、Ⅱ的增长率和年变化量均为牛粪处理显著高于其他有机物料处理。有机物料添加均能提高土壤稳定性有机碳含量,与CK相比,生物炭和牛粪处理的提高幅度最大,显著高于其他有机物料,而牛粪与生物碳之间差异不显著。生物炭处理碳库管理指数最高,分别较堆肥、沼渣、牛粪、秸秆处理提高36.30%、52.23%、41.50%、52.02%。施用生物炭、堆肥、沼渣、牛粪与秸秆都能显著提升复垦土壤各碳组分含量和碳库管理指数,施用生物炭的效果最优,因此施用生物炭可作为矿区复垦土壤有机碳提升的有效管理措施。     

Soil carbon saturation: Implications for measurable carbon pool dynamics in long-term incubations

The efficiency of agricultural management practices to store SOC depends on C input level and how far a soil is from its saturation level (i.e. saturation deficit). The C saturation hypothesis suggests an ultimate soil C stabilization capacity defined by four SOM pools capable of C saturation: (1) non-protected, (2) physically protected, (3) chemically protected and (4) biochemically protected. We tested if C saturation deficit and the amount of added C influenced SOC storage in measurable soil fractions corresponding to the conceptual chemical, physical, biochemical, and non-protected C pools. We added two levels of ¹³C-labeled residue to soil samples from seven agricultural sites that were either closer to (i.e., A-horizon) or further from (i.e., C-horizon) their C saturation level and incubated them for 2.5 years. Residue-derived C stabilization was, in most sites, directly related to C saturation deficit but mechanisms of C stabilization differed between the chemically and biochemically protected pools. The physically protected C pool showed a varied effect of C saturation deficit on ¹³C stabilization, due to opposite behavior of the POM and mineral fractions. We found distinct behavior between unaggregated and aggregated mineral-associated fractions emphasizing the mechanistic difference between the chemically and physically protected C-pools. To accurately predict SOC dynamics and stabilization, C saturation of soil C pools, particularly the chemically and biochemically protected pools, should be considered.     

长期施肥对黑土有机碳矿化和团聚体碳分布的影响

采用我国东北地区的连续施肥28 a的典型黑土,通过颗粒分组的方法,研究了长期不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体形成和有机碳在各级团聚体中的分布规律,以及各粒级团聚体对养分的贡献能力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥促进了土壤中大颗粒团聚体(>0.25 mm)的形成,尤其以2~1 mm粒级增加的比例最大;而当化肥和有机肥配合施用后,主要促进土壤中<1 mm团聚体形成,尤其对0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体形成的促进作用最大。施肥(无论是有机肥还是化肥)能增加土壤有机碳含量,而且,化肥有机肥配合施用较单施化肥和单施有机肥的效果更好。随着团聚体粒级的降低,团聚体中有机碳的分配出现两个峰值,分别在2~1 mm和0.25~0.053 mm两个粒级中出现。单施化肥处理及化肥有机肥配施处理与无肥处理相比均增加了0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率;单施有机肥的处理与无肥处理相比增加了1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率。然而,对于东北的典型黑土,2~1 mm和0.25~0.053 mm两个粒级对土壤有机碳的保护作用最大,表明团聚体对有机碳的保护作用是碳分配和矿化分解作用的综合结果,通过调控施肥种类可以达到有效保护土壤质量和肥力的效果。     

蔬菜连作对铜尾矿土壤中有机碳、腐殖质碳以及可溶性有机碳的影响

Carbon of humus acids （HSAC） and dissolved organic carbon （DOC） are the most active forms of soil organic carbon （SOC） and play an important role in global carbon recycling. We investigated the concentrations of HSAC, water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC）, hot water-extractable organic carbon （HWOC） and SOC in soils under different vegetation types of four copper mine tailings sites with differing vegetation succession time periods in Tongling, China. The concentrations of HSAC, WSOC, HWOC and SOC increased with vegetation succession. WSOC concentration increased with the accumulation of SOC in the tailings, and a linearly positive correlation existed between the concentrations of HSAC and SOC in the tailings. However, the percentages of HSAC and DOC in the SOC decreased during vegetation succession. The rate of SOC accumulation was higher when the succession time was longer than 20 years, whereas the speeds of soil organic matter （SOM） decomposition and humification were slow, and the concentrations of HSAC and DOC increased slowly in the tailings. The percentage of carbon of humic acid （HAC） in HSAC increased with vegetation succession, and the values of humification index （HI）, HAC/carbon of fulvic acid, also increased with the accumulation of HSAC and SOC in soils of the tailings sites. However, the HI value in the each of the tailings was less than 0.50. The humification rate of SOM was lower than the accumulation rate of SOM, and the level of soil fertility was still very low in the tailings even after 40 years of natural restoration.     

Pyrogenic carbon additions to soil counteract positive priming of soil carbon mineralization by plants

Important due to both its role in fire-affected ecosystems, and also its proposed intentional production and application for carbon (C) management, pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is thought to contain very stable forms of C. However, the mechanisms behind its interactions with non-PyOM soil organic C (SOC) remain speculative, with studies often showing short-term positive and then long-term negative “priming effects” on SOC decomposition after PyOM applications. Furthermore, studies of these interactions to date have been limited to systems that do not include plants. This study describes results from a 12-week greenhouse experiment where PyOM-SOC priming effects with and without plants were investigated using stable isotope partitioning. In addition, we investigated the optimal δ¹³C proxies for sources of SOC, PyOM, and plant-derived CO₂ emissions. The two-factorial experiment included the presence or absence of corn plants and of ¹³C-labelled PyOM. In order to control for pH and nutrient addition effects from PyOM, its pH was adjusted to that of the soil and optimal nutrient and water conditions were provided to the plants. The δ¹³C of PyOM sub-components were significantly different. Significant losses of 0.4% of the applied PyOM-C occurred in the first week. We find evidence for a “negative priming” effect of PyOM on SOC in the system (SOC losses are 48% lower with PyOM present), which occurred primarily during the first week, indicating it may be due to transient effects driven by easily mineralizable PyOM. Additionally, while the presence of corn plants resulted in significantly increased SOC losses (“positive priming”), PyOM additions counteract this effect, almost completely eliminating net C losses either by decreasing SOC decomposition or increasing corn C additions to soil. This highlights the importance of including plants in studies of PyOM-SOC interactions.