三峡库区小江流域土壤重金属的分布特征与评价分析

通过对小江流域消落带土壤重金属分布特征和评价分析,结果表明,重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni含量均值分别为23.76mgkg-1、20.78mgkg-1、82.92mgkg-1、36.84mgkg-1、0.064mgkg-1、38.08mgkg-1,均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995),其中Zn、Pb、Ni均高于重庆市土壤背景值。Cr与Cd、Cu与Zn、Cu与Cd,Cu与Ni的相关系数分别为0.9077、0.7969、0.4217、0.4347,呈正相关性。但其他元素间相关性不显著。Ni是本区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子,重金属元素的污染程度依次为Ni>Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb>Cr。土壤重金属单项污染指数均值小于0.7,综合污染指数为0.47,总体上,污染水平为清洁,土壤重金属潜在生态风险为轻度生态危害。不同功能区潜在生态危害程度上以三中最大,其次为中原和铺溪,产生潜在生态危害的主要重金属是Cd、Pb,Cu、Cr次之。     

焦化厂周边土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

为研究某焦化厂周边土壤中重金属(Pb,Cd,Zn,Cu,Cr和Mn)的生态风险,对焦化厂东、西、南和北方向上的500,1000和3000 m处表层土壤进行了采样。采用单因子质量指数法、地累积指数法以及潜在生态危害指数法对各样点土样中重金属的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,所有采样点中Cd含量是土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)Ⅱ级标准中Cd标准值的2.1~7.2倍,其他重金属含量均未超过其标准值,各重金属元素含量均在1000 m处达到最大值;研究区域土壤中各种重金属元素的污染程度由强至弱依次为:Cd >Cr >Cu≈Zn>Pb≈Mn,潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:Cd >>Pb >Cu >Cr >Zn >Mn,北部 >西部 >东北 >南部;焦化厂周边土壤整体存在严重的潜在生态风险,特别是焦化厂北面土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险为极严重,其中Cd在土壤中存在严重的累积效应,是造成潜在生态风险的主导因子。     

郑汴路路旁土壤重金属积累及其潜在风险评估

为研究郑汴路路旁土壤重金属污染状况和潜在风险,选取郑汴路杏花营段和圃田段为研究对象,通过计算表层土壤重金属积累速率、年变化率,分析了路旁土壤中Pb、Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn和Cr的含量与分布、积累状况及潜在污染风险。结果表明:Cu、Cr、Cd、Zn和Pb为交通源重金属,含量峰值出现在距路基10~50 m之间。公路运营时间越长,路旁土壤重金属含量越高;通车密度越大,重金属积累速率越大。2个断面交通源重金属平均积累速率均为ZnPbCrCuCd,年变化率均为CdCrPbZnCu;圃田断面积累率和年变化率均高于杏花营断面。2个断面Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu的潜在风险为正值,其中以Cd的风险最大;圃田断面Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu的潜在污染风险高于杏花营断面。杏花营断面土壤Zn潜在风险为负值,表明已经发生污染。     

松嫩平原产油区农田土壤重金属含量及污染风险评价

  目的  为探明松嫩平原石油开采及石化工业活动区周边农田土壤重金属污染分布及风险状况。  方法  在大庆市让胡路区选择代表性农田采集96份土壤样品,测定重金属（Cd、Hg、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As）含量;在利用地统计学克里金插值法分析重金属含量空间分布特征的基础上,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对该地区农田土壤重金属污染状况及其生态风险进行评价。  结果  该区土壤中Cd和Ni的含量分别为土壤背景值的1.39倍和1.27倍。在对各样点Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr 4种元素含量分析中,均出现不同程度的高于土壤背景值的样点。重金属Cd的地积累指数平均值为0.11,达到轻度~中度污染水平。研究区土壤重金属潜在生态危害风险指数（RI）平均值为84.84,从大到小为Cd > Hg > Ni > As > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr,其中Cd的RI值最大为190.23,达到中等生态危害范围。研究区农田土壤重金属含量在空间分布上表现为:Cd、Zn和Pb含量高值区出现在中部地区,其它重金属元素含量高值区分布比较零散。  结论  研究区域内,8种重金属含量的平均值均低于风险筛选值,Cd和Ni两种重金属平均含量超出了背景值,从地积累指数来看,Cd污染等级为1级,其它7种元素均处于无污染水平。从潜在生态风险分析可知,该区域污染程度属于轻度生态危害范围。     

山东省沂源县土壤重金属来源分布及风险评价

为建设高标准农田及保证食品安全,对土壤重金属污染状况进行精确评估极为关键。选取山东省山地丘陵区典型区域—沂源县为研究区,系统采集427个表层土壤样品(0~20 cm),测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Hg和Zn共10种重金属含量;采用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法,揭示了土壤重金属的主要来源;进一步分析得出研究区重金属的空间分布以及与成土母质、工业排放和农业生产污染之间的关系。研究表明:1)沂源县表层土壤中10种重金属元素的平均含量值均高于土壤背景值但未超过国家二级土壤元素限定值,存在一定程度的重金属富集。2)经主成分分析和单因素方差分析后将研究区重金属的来源主要分为3类:As、Co、Cu和Mn主要来源于成土母质,属自然源因子;Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb受到母质和工农业污染双重控制,属于混合来源;Cr和Ni主要是成土母质影响下的自然来源。3)自然来源重金属含量的高值区主要与石灰岩成土母质类型分布相一致,Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量的高值区与工业区分布基本一致。4)通过潜在生态风险评价,沂源县表层土壤目前处于中度潜在生态风险等级,其中Hg和Cd潜在生态风险最强,达到中度生态危害,其他元素具有轻微的潜在生态危害。研究中通过多元统计-地统计模拟分析法有效的揭示了土壤重金属污染源汇特征,可作为评估该区土壤污染现状和对土壤重金属污染进行风险评价的重要依据。     

博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤重金属的污染风险评价

对新疆博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)地球化学特征进行分析。采用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER)对农田土壤重金属污染与环境风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,As、Cd、Cr和Ni轻度污染,Cu轻微污染,Mn无污染。土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量处于轻微风险水平。Cd是污染程度与生态风险等级最高的重金属元素;(2)湿地边缘带农田土壤PLI平均值为1.43,呈现轻度污染,RI平均值为20.62,呈现轻微生态风险状态,IER的平均值为–4.53,呈现无警态势。湿地边缘带PLI、RI与IER空间分布格局基本一致;(3)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb与Zn来源主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn与Ni来源主要受到土壤地球化学作用的控制,As与Cd受自然因素和人为因素共同影响。     

新疆奎屯垦区土壤重金属风险评价

采用网格法采样,对新疆奎屯垦区3个团场土壤中As、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr和Ni含量进行了测定,系统分析了该地区土壤重金属的含量水平、潜在生态风险程度、主要污染因子和污染来源。结果表明:奎屯垦区土壤重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni的平均值分别为20.21 mg kg-1、35.91 mg kg-1、0.40 mg kg-1、27.18 mg kg-1、77.02 mg kg-1、39.31 mg kg-1,均没有超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但As、Cd有个别样点超标。各元素平均含量值均超过新疆土壤背景值,其中Cd、As、Pb最为显著,呈现出累积趋势。各重金属潜在生态风险由高至低顺序为Cd>As>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr,其中Cd为主要潜在生态风险因子。进一步相关分析和因子分析结果显示,各元素的来源可分为两类,Cd、Pb和As为一类,来源主要受各种人为活动影响,Cu、Cr、Ni为一类,来源主要与成土母质有关。     

新乡市环宇大道工业区周边土壤重金属的污染特征和评价

通过实地采样及室内化学分析的方法,研究了新乡市环宇大道工业区周边土壤Pb、Cd、Ni、Zn、Cu和Cr 6种重金属污染特征和风险评价,并应用Tessier五步连续萃取的方法对土壤中超标的Cd,Ni和Zn进行形态分析。结果表明:(1)土壤中Pb、Cd、Ni、Zn、Cu和Cr的平均含量分别是63.08 mg kg-1、176.85 mg kg-1、307.2 mg kg-1、485.6 mg kg-1,38.7 mg kg-1和47.9 mg kg-1,Pb、Cu、Cr平均含量达标,Cd、Ni、Zn平均含量均超标,分别是国家土壤环境质量二级标准的176.85、5.12、1.62倍。(2)Ni和Zn主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态存在,Cd主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,其次为碳酸盐结合态,3种重金属的迁移能力依次为:Cd>Zn>Ni。(3)每种重金属都存在不同程度的潜在生态风险,Cd的潜在生态风险最大并构成了很强的危害。     

蚌埠市区土壤重金属积累特征及生态风险评价

为了解蚌埠市区土壤重金属污染状况,利用原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了其重金属含量,并依次采用了单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度和潜在风险性进行了评价。结果表明,蚌埠市区土壤中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Mn和Cr的平均含量依次为90.61 mg kg-1、24.69 mg kg-1、37.27 mg kg-1、0.37 mg kg-1、323.45mg kg-1、22.71 mg kg-1,在安徽省各城市中处于中等偏下水平。单因子污染指数法评价结果表明,Cd为重度污染;Zn、Pb、Cu为轻度污染;Mn和Cr为安全等级。综合污染指数法评价结果表明,工业区和交通区土壤重金属为重度污染,商业区、居民区和文教区为中度污染,公园绿地为轻微污染。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明,Cd元素为强生态风险程度;Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和Mn均为轻微生态风险。工业区和交通区为中等生态风险;商业区、居民区、文教区和公园绿地为轻微生态风险。在去除Cd元素以后,各功能区均处于轻微生态风险水平。总的来说,蚌埠市区土壤除了存在Cd的强生态风险外,其它各重金属生态环境较好。     

三峡库区典型农业区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为了解三峡库区农业区土壤重金属污染现状及环境风险水平,该文以重庆市8个典型农业区县(铜梁、云阳、万州、丰都、城口、垫江、南川和江津)土壤为研究对象,共采集表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品160个,依照《土壤环境监测技术规范(HJ/T 166-2004)》和《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》分析了土壤样品中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量,比较了不同区县8种重金属污染现状及差异,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法探讨了研究区土壤重金属的累积特征及潜在生态风险等级。结果表明:该研究区农业土壤8种重金属含量平均值均未超过《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》二级标准,与土壤背景值相比,Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn均具有极显著差异(P0.01),As、Ni和Pb差异不显著,8个区县Cr均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),城口区多种重金属均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),8种重金属地累积指数平均值均小于0,研究区土壤受重金属污染水平为未污染等级,单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为HgCdAsHgCuNiCrZn,Hg元素潜在生态风险指数平均值为43.840,属中等生态风险等级,其余元素生态风险指数值均小于40,属于低生态风险等级,8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为108135,为低生态风险等级。综合研究结果表明:三峡库区典型农业区土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn具有一定程度的累积,且表现为多种重金属复合累积现象,Cr累积具有普遍性,Hg是影响三峡库区农业土壤综合潜在生态风险的主要元素,但研究区土壤重金属总体处于低生态风险水平。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Development of hydromorphism in soils of agrolandscapes in the depressions of Western Ciscaucasia

The current state and rate of hydromorphism development in the soils of flat bottomed depressions in Western Ciscaucasia are assessed. The dynamics of the soil cover pattern on a plain with numerous mesoand microdepressions and on a watershed with weakly pronounced erosion relief were revealed. The relationship between the expansion of the waterlogged areas and the pattern of the soil cover of the agrolandscapes in the depressions was revealed. The dependence of the areas of excessively moistened sites on the changes in the topography was shown. The direction and parameters of the changes in the morphology, chemical composition, and hydrological properties of the degraded hydromorphic soils were investigated. The relationships between the density of the soils and the humus content and the composition of the exchangeable bases were studied. Methods for the assessment of the rates of the degradation processes based on the comparison of aerial photographs and soil maps for typical sites in the territory investigated are proposed. The specific features of decoding the aerial photographs of the soils in the depressions were revealed. The relations between the differences in the photos’ tone and the degree of the hydromorphic degradation of the soils were found. Promising methods for interpretation of aerial photographs with the help of image analysis programs can be recommended.