饮用水源区小流域氮素污染负荷估算方法比较

采用输出系数法、通用土壤流失方程估算法、径流试验场法和相关关系法4种方法对密云土门西沟小流域非点源氮污染负荷进行估算。结果表明：输出系数法中的Johnes模型和考虑降雨影响的输出系数模型计算值相对误差比较大,考虑流域损失的输出系数模型计算结果与实测结果相对误差仅为5%;输出系数方法适用于资料比较缺乏的地区,输出系数的确定是提高估算精度的关键。对流域非点源污染发生类型区和类型单元进行详细划分,并将对各类型采用径流试验场法的监测结果推算到小流域就能减小估算相对误差;采用径流试验场法推算密云土门西沟小流域非点源氮污染负荷相对误差仅为8%;相关关系法通过建立降雨和污染负荷的关系,其估算值相对误差达到4%,此方法需要长期的降雨-水质监测数据;通用土壤流失方程估算法主要估算流域土壤侵蚀量,没有考虑径流对污染物输移过程中的沉积、起动和交换等问题,估算值会偏大。     

三峡库区典型小流域非点源氮磷污染的来源与负荷

选择三峡库区典型小流域——忠县石宝镇石盘丘小流域,通过对其2007—2009年主要土地利用类型降雨径流中氮磷流失形态与含量进行连续监测,研究三峡库区非点源氮磷污染的来源与负荷。结果表明,三峡库区非点源氮磷污染的来源主要是居民点、柑橘果园和坡耕地,三者累计贡献了76%以上的小流域氮磷污染负荷,因此非点源污染控制的关键是拦截居民点、柑橘果园和坡耕地的暴雨径流。水稻田作为三峡库区主要的农耕地,对径流、泥沙和养分具有显著的截留和净化作用,对来自居民点的氮磷去除效率都在56%~98%之间,因此水稻田合理管理与化肥高效利用是三峡库区非点源污染负荷减控的重要途径。     

采用AGNPS模型预测小流域磷素流失的分析

AGNPS模型是美国研制的、专用于模拟小流域土壤侵蚀、养分流失和预测评价农业非点源污染状况的计算机模型。为了评价该模型在我国南方丘陵区小流域应用的可行性,利用排溪冲小流域地形、植被、土壤等相关资料对AGNPS模型的磷素流失预测结果与小流域土壤磷素流失的实际周年观测资料进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,预测结果与实际观测结果基本相符,相关程度较高。认为该模型可用于南方丘陵区小流域磷素流失的预测与评价     

GIS支持下三峡库区典型小流域土壤养分流失量预测

土壤养分流失是农田非点源污染的主要形式。以长江三峡库区典型小流域为研究区域 ,根据土壤养分流失规律与土壤侵蚀量预测结果 ,以及表土中养分含量 ,像元土壤侵蚀量和泥沙对养分的富集比 ,建立了可与 GIS结合的侵蚀泥沙携带养分量预测模式。运算结果显示 ,小流域有机质、氮、磷、钾流失总量分别为 5 0 9.8,47.1,14.6 ,1137.4t,平均 30 .5 ,2 .8,0 .9,6 8.1t/ km2。根据正常施肥水平及有机质累积率草拟的土壤养分流失分级标准来判断 ,三峡库区小流域养分流失量 ,以严重流失占的比例较大。     

丹江口库区典型小流域农业非点源污染物输出特征

非点源污染是影响水源地水质的重要原因。研究以丹江口库区五龙池小流域为研究区,基于2014年相关数据,利用输出系数模型,借助地理信息技术,对该小流域农业非点源污染进行模拟,分析流域非点源污染的空间分布特征,解析其主要污染源,以深入理解丹江口水源地农业小流域的非点源输出特征。研究表明,2014年流域内农业非点源总氮污染负荷为5.674 t,流域内平均负荷强度为2.96 t km-2;农业非点源总氮负荷总量主要分布在耕地和居民地,农业用地是主要污染源,贡献率为47.9;人畜粪便农业非点源总氮负荷强度为39.2 t km-2,是流域平均负荷强度的13倍;缓坡区具有较高的非点源输出风险;改变粗放的农业管理模式,合理处理畜禽排泄物和农村生活污水是流域非点源治理的有效措施。     

基于SWAT模型的小流域非点源氮磷迁移规律研究

非点源污染是影响农业水土环境的重要因素。在GIS平台的支持下,运用SWAT模型,以长江下游岔河小流域为研究对象,分析了氮磷流失时空分布规律,并模拟不同灌溉方式下非点源氮磷流失变化。结果表明:率定后的模型适用于小流域非点源污染的模拟;降雨量与径流及有机氮磷流失具有明显的相关关系,汛期(6-9月)的径流量占全年径流量的56.40%,有机氮磷流失量分别占到64.89%和59.70%;在空间尺度上,有机氮与有机磷负荷空间分布相似,呈现出随地表径流向岔河主河道逐渐汇聚的分布特征,大豆和水稻田是非点源污染的主要贡献地区;通过情景模拟发现,不同灌溉方式对小流域氮磷流失影响显著,对水稻田实行优化灌溉,采取浅灌高蓄的控制方法,可以有效改善小流域农业水土环境。     

典型黑土区非点源污染控制途径研究

利用SWAT模型,以东北典型黑土区农业小流域为研究对象,探索流域农业非点源污染的控制途径。根据吴家屯小流域地形和生产力的空间异质性规律,采用流域内施肥空间调整、深松机械除草、修建草地缓冲带等措施的情景模拟分析,并将其与农田粗放管理模式进行对比,结果表明:施肥空间调整和田间管理优化可以有效地降低产流、产沙和N、P养分的流失,是控制流域内农业非点源污染的重要途径。     

三峡库区典型农业小流域溶解态养分输移对“源－汇”景观格局的响应

“源－汇”景观格局反映了流域土地利用配置与空间要素分布，导控流域能源流动与水沙过程，是影响小流域养分流失的重要因素。为探明景观格局对不同降雨类型下，农业小流域溶解态养分输移的影响，以三峡库区石盘丘小流域的传统农业型集水区与农林复合型集水区为研究对象，监测不同强度侵蚀性次降雨事件中，两个集水区出口断面处径流溶解态氮、磷浓度，利用航测数据结合最小累计阻力模型识别“源－汇”景观空间格局，引用景观空间负荷对比指数（Location-Weighted Landscape Index，LWLI）进一步分析小流域溶解态养分输移对“源—汇”景观格局的响应机制。结果表明：(1) 传统农业型集水区内，“源”“汇”景观面积比为1.8:1，以“源”景观为主，景观垂直分异性明显；农林复合型集水区内“源”“汇”景观比例约1:1，且均衡分布，但高陡坡区域占比高、平均坡度大。(2)两种类型集水区内，溶解态氮、磷流失负荷均表现为暴雨>中雨>大雨，而不同降雨事件中，传统农业型集水区养分输出负荷及其变异系数均高于农林复合型集水区，养分输移波动性强，更易受到降雨强度变化的影响。(3)农业用地在两种集水区内均是主要的养分流失来源，但受坡度限制，其他林地可能是农林复合集水区中重要的养分迁出区域；传统农业型集水区的LWLI高达0.75，表征了该集水区的高氮、磷流失风险；农林复合型集水区LWLI为0.28，养分输出量低，这是合理的景观空间格局与农林复合经营模式共同作用的结果。“源－汇”景观格局对小流域养分流失影响显著，可通过“源—汇”景观空间负荷对比指数对小流域养分流失风险进行判别，并为“源—汇”景观格局优化及小流域面源污染防控提供依据。     

二次降雨条件下紫色土壤中流的氮磷流失特征研究

地表径流及壤中流中N、P的流失是造成非点源污染的主要原因。以重庆地区紫色土为研究对象,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了地表径流和壤中流中N、P流失随地面坡度、降雨强度及土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用量的不同而变化的特点,分析了不同土层深度壤中流的N、P流失特征,为防治非点源污染、增加土壤蓄水、提高土壤养分等提供了科学依据。     

AGNPS模型及其应用

AGNPS模型是美国研发的用于模拟小流域土壤侵蚀、养分流失和预测评价农业非点源污染状况的计算机模型。介绍了AGNPS模型的结构、输入输出变量、适用范围，概述了AGNPS模型在美国、欧洲、澳洲和我国南方地区的应用结果。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI