河南省夏玉米花期高温热害风险分析

根据河南省110个气象站1970−2019年逐日最高气温观测资料和19个农业气象观测站夏玉米生育期数据,以32℃和35℃作为轻度和重度夏玉米花期高温热害发生阈值,选取花期日最高气温≥32℃和≥35℃发生频率和日最高气温≥32℃和≥35℃的积热量4个关键致灾气象因子,构建高温热害综合指数,开展河南省夏玉米花期高温热害风险区划,为夏玉米生产趋利避害和防灾减灾提供参考依据。结果表明：（1）1970−2019年河南省夏玉米花期高温日数呈先减小后增加的趋势,21世纪10年代（2010s）后高温日数和频率明显增加,与高温发生频次最低的1980s（20世纪80年代）相比,高温日数增加1.4d（≥32℃）和1.5d（≥35℃）,高温频率增加20.6个百分点（≥32℃）和20.5个百分点（≥35℃）。河南省夏玉米花期高温日数50a平均值在1.8～4.5d（≥32℃）和0.4～1.9d（≥35℃）,高温发生频率在24.3%～64.3%（≥32℃）和2.5%～31.1%（≥35℃）,豫东南为高温热害发生的高频区。（2）近50a轻度和重度高温积热均呈先减弱再增强的趋势,21世纪10年代（2010s）高温积热较1980s（20世纪80年代）增加52.8℃·d（≥32℃）和52.5℃·d（≥35℃）。空间分布上基本呈现出南高北低、东部平原高于西部山区的态势。（3）结合高温强度和发生频率的致灾高风险区主要集中在南阳南部、漯河、许昌东部、周口、驻马店,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的28.5%;研究区域大部地区为中风险区,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的56.2%;而三门峡、洛阳西部、济源西部、安阳等地夏玉米花期高温热害风险相对较低,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的15.3%。     

淮北平原夏玉米花期高温热害综合气候指标研究

夏玉米花期高温热害气候指标及其分级标准,是灾害监测预警和田间调查与评估等工作的基础。为研究确定夏玉米花期高温热害气候指标,本文选取决定高温热害致灾程度的4个关键致灾气象因子:极端最高气温、日最高气温≥35℃的日数和日最高气温高于35℃的积害量及其期间的平均最小相对湿度,采用主成分分析法,构建1个高温热害综合气候指数(D)。通过聚类分析法,结合典型高温热害年减产率的修正和2013年定点跟踪调查夏玉米田块的减产率、秃尖率和植株受害症状等资料的验证,确定了高温热害的综合气候指数(D)不同等级及其阈值。结果表明,夏玉米花期高温热害可分为轻、中、重、特重4个等级,对应阈值分别为0.11D≤0.21、0.21D≤0.45、0.45D≤0.72、D0.72。综合气候指数(D)和高温热害减产率显著正相关,相关系数为0.967 1。花期高温热害主要危害雌雄穗,受害程度与秃尖率、籽粒与茎秆比等密切相关,相关系数分别为0.819 8和?0.872 7。淮北平原夏玉米花期高温热害综合发生频率约1.7年一遇,其中以中度与重度等级高温热害发生频率相对较高,分别高于15%与20%。在全球气候变暖的背景下,在品种选育、布局和栽培管理上,应选择抗高温的优良品种,或在高温热害发生期间,采取人工辅助授粉或喷洒药剂等措施减轻影响与危害。     

气候变化背景下华北平原夏玉米花期高温热害特征及适宜播期分析

利用华北平原夏玉米种植区55个气象站点1981−2017年逐日地面观测资料,以日最高气温≥35℃持续3、4、5d,且相对湿度≤70%为一次轻、中、重度高温热害,从年代际尺度、年尺度、旬尺度分析37a来华北平原不同播期下夏玉米花期高温热害的时空变化特征;以开花期避开中度高温热害为标准,推算夏玉米花期规避高温的适宜播期。结果表明:6月上旬播种,夏玉米花期遭遇高温热害的频率最大,河南省南部的信阳、固始等地区遭遇高温热害频率超过20%;6月中旬播种,夏玉米花期遭受高温热害频率为9%~12%。2011年以来华北平原夏玉米花期高温热害加重,发生频率高于P1−P3时段(1981−2010年)。华北平原早熟玉米平均适宜播种期在6月15日−7月5日,中熟玉米平均适宜播种期在6月15−27日,晚熟玉米平均适宜播种期在6月15−20日。在各适宜播种期范围内,华北平原南部应适当晚播,北部则应适当早播。     

基于统计降尺度和CMIP5模式的泾河流域气候要素模拟与预估

为了明确变化环境下流域未来气候要素时空变化趋势及特征,该文以泾河流域为研究对象,利用流域1960-2010的逐月降水、气温和NCEP再分析等资料,建立了流域气候要素月序列降尺度模型;然后,将模型应用于CMIP5中CNRM-CM5模式下的RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景,得到了流域未来气候要素的变化趋势。主要成果如下:1)该方法对气温的模拟效果较好,降水次之;2)RCP8.5情景下泾河流域未来年均降水量是356.41 mm,小于RCP4.5情景下的374.19 mm;除冬季外,流域未来春、夏及初秋的降水将有所减少,空间分布在南北方向呈现递减趋势;3)RCP8.5情景下泾河流域未来年均温度是9.32℃,高于RCP4.5情景下的8.96℃;流域未来气温除了深冬初春降低外,其余时期尤其是夏季将显著上升,空间分布为南高北低、西高东低。对泾河流域气候要素模拟与预估表明,泾河流域未来气候演变中存在着降水减少以及极端天气事件发生的风险,这在流域未来水资源管理运行等方面应当引起重视。     

基于信息扩散理论分析华北平原夏玉米花期高温热害的风险概率

利用1980−2019年华北平原40个站点的气象数据,将夏玉米花期日最高气温≥35℃持续3d及以上作为高温指标,综合考虑频次和持续时间,制定轻度、中度、重度高温热害等级;利用灾害发生次数和站次比分析夏玉米花期高温热害的变化规律;基于信息扩散理论评估高温热害风险概率,为科学应对夏玉米花期高温热害,保障夏玉米的高产稳产提供依据。结果表明：（1）2010−2019年是华北平原夏玉米受花期高温热害影响加重的阶段,呈现连年发生、范围明显扩大的特征,河南省表现明显。（2）夏玉米花期高温热害高风险区主要为山东西部和河南省,山东西部以轻度热害为主,风险概率在10a一遇以上（≥10%）。河南省受灾范围广、频次高、程度重,重度高温热害的风险概率在10a一遇以上（≥10%）的面积占比为66%,5a一遇以上（≥20%）的面积占比为18%。     

RCP情景下中国一季稻热量资源变化动态

本文基于20个统计降尺度的高分辨率全球气候模式模拟数据,以平均气温、≥10℃积温和温度适宜度作为热量资源指数,分析了未来2种典型浓度路径情景下全国不同产区一季稻热量资源的变化特性,以期掌握未来水稻热量资源动态调整水稻生产。结果表明:一季稻主要生长季平均气温、≥10℃积温和温度适宜度地区间差异明显;RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,不同地区平均气温、≥10℃积温呈现不同程度的增加,且RCP8.5情景下的增幅较RCP4.5更为明显。1986—2005年,四川盆地和长江中下游地区一季稻温度适宜度较其他地区高;RCP4.5情景下,东北、宁夏、西南地区南部和东南部温度适宜度呈增大趋势,RCP8.5情景下这种变化趋势更为显著,可见热量资源的变化将利于这些地区一季稻生长;而四川盆地和长江中下游地区温度适宜度呈减小趋势,主要归因于高温日数的显著增加,因而热量资源变化并不利于该两地的一季稻生长。未来不同地区热量资源的变化特征将有助于指导不同地区合理优化水稻生产,趋利避害以应对气候变化。     

基于物候模型研究未来气候情景下陕西苹果花期的可能变化

陕西苹果种植面积大、产量高,但产量易受晚霜冻影响。冻害的发生与苹果花期和晚霜冻时间密切相关,因此准确预测苹果花期,研究苹果花期的变化规律对苹果生产防灾减灾具有重要意义。本研究利用物候模型（春暖模型、连续模型、重叠模型和平行模型）研究气候变化背景下陕西苹果花期（包括始花期和末花期）的变化规律。首先,评价4种物候模型在陕西苹果产区模拟苹果花期的效果,筛选出研究区最佳花期预测模型。然后,基于所选最佳花期模型模拟历史（1980−2019年）时期各代表站（洛川、白水、凤翔和长武）的苹果花期。最后,基于33个全球气候模式（Global Climate Models,GCMs）生成的未来气象数据集,利用所选最佳模型分别模拟RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种情景下2021−2100年各代表站的苹果花期并研究花期时空变化规律。结果表明,连续模型是模拟渭北东部和西部苹果花期的最佳模型,而延安和关中西部苹果花期的最佳模型为平行模型。1980−2019年各代表站始花期提前速率为3.4～4.7d·10a−1,末花期提前速率为3.3～4.6d·10a−1,空间分布上,研究区苹果花期从东南到西北逐渐推迟,年平均花期持续时间为10～11d。在RCP4.5情景下,各代表站2021−2100年始花期提前速率为0.7～0.9d·10a−1,末花期提前速率为0.6～0.8d·10a−1;与1980−2019年相比,各代表站2021−2060年平均始花期提前0～4.4d,末花期提前0～5.0d,各代表站2061−2100年平均始花期提前3.4～7.6d,末花期提前2.6～8.2d。在RCP8.5情景下,2021−2100年各代表站始花期提前速率为1.3～1.8d·10a−1,末花期提前速率为1.3～1.6d·10a−1;与1980−2019年相比,各代表站2021−2060年平均始花期提前1.3～5.9d,末花期提前1.0～6.1d,各代表站2061−2100年平均始花期提前6.7～12.4d,末花期提前6.2～12.3d。未来气候条件下,苹果花期空间分布与历史时期基本一致,但花期持续时间略有缩短。本研究首次综合花期预测模型和未来气候数据研究陕西苹果产区苹果花期变化,可为陕西苹果产区应对气候变化产生的花期冻害提供一定的理论依据。     

RCP情景下长江中下游地区水稻生育期内高温事件的变化特征

基于1981-2009年历史气象数据和全球气候模式HadGEM2-ES输出的未来2021-2050年RCP气候情景数据,采用日最高温度大于35℃的高温日数（HSD）、高温最长持续日数（MCD）和高温有效积温（HDD）,分析过去和未来长江中下游地区水稻生育期高温事件频率、持续时间和强度的变化特征。结果表明：1981-2009年,长江中下游地区水稻生育期内温度升高,各高温指标均一致显著增加,Tmax（平均日最高气温）、HSD、MCD、HDD的气候倾向率分别为0.51℃·10a-1,3.9d·10a-1,0.6d·10a-1和8.2℃·d·10a-1,空间上表现为由北向南递增。除MCD外,Tmax、HSD和HDD均在2001-2002年发生由少到多的突变。2021-2050年两种RCP情景下,长江中下游大部分地区水稻生育期间日最高气温持续升高,高温日数增多,持续时间延长,高温强度增强。RCP2.6情景下,水稻生育期内Tmax、HSD、MCD、HDD较基准时段（1981-2009年）分别增加1.5℃、11.3d、5.6d和45.3℃·d,RCP8.5情景下分别增加1.7℃、15.4d、6.2d和61.1℃·d,且各高温事件在高值区的概率进一步加大。各指标的空间变化特征具有差异性,Tmax、HSD和MCD的增加幅度由东南向西北递增,湖南西部和江苏北部等基准期温度相对较低的地区增幅更大,而HDD的增幅以中部地区较大。湖北、安徽、湖南和江西中北部是未来高温事件频率、持续时间和强度均大幅增加的地区,防灾减灾工作严峻,需采取调整水稻播期,更替耐高温品种等措施减轻高温对水稻的危害。     

未来中高排放情景下松嫩平原农业气候资源变化分析

基于松嫩平原地区基准时段（1961−1990年）的观测数据,应用统计方法对模型模拟的未来30a(2021−2050年)温度、降水、辐射的逐日数据进行偏差订正,同时采用五日滑动平均法计算≥10℃积温,分析研究区域相对于基准时段,未来30a农业气候资源指标的时空变化特征。结果表明：在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种排放情景下,未来30a松嫩平原大部分地区平均温度在4～8℃,较基准时段升高2.5～2.8℃,且北部地区的增温幅度大于南部地区;此外,大部分地区≥10℃积温介于3000～3700℃·d,两种情景下分别增加500～550℃·d和600～670℃·d,其中南部部分地区增幅超过670℃·d;大部分地区年降水量在460～580mm,增量为50～90mm不等,降水增量在空间分布上表现为南多北少,其中南部地区增量超过90mm,而北部地区年增量则不足50mm,两种情景在相同区域的降水增量表现为RCP4.5多于RCP8.5;相较于基准时段,年辐射量减少85～100MJ·m−2,生长季内辐射量减少10～40MJ·m−2,变化趋势均不明显。综上所述,未来松嫩平原地区农业气候资源表现为整体提升趋势,农作物可种植期相对延长,因此,应适当种植生育期更长的作物,避免因未来气温升高,造成现有作物生育期缩短,导致产量降低的情况发生;同时研究结果对调整种植结构、改变种植措施和选育作物品种等具有指导意义,有利于充分利用气候资源,提高作物产量。     

基于CMIP5全球气候模式的21世纪贵州省极端降水事件预估

利用国家气候中心收集和整理的8个CMIP5全球气候模式在RCP8.5、RCP4.5和RCP2.6温室气体排放情景下的逐日降水资料,使用泰勒图对2006-2016年数据进行检验,采用模拟效果最好的CCSM4和IPSL-CM5A-MR模式在等权重系数条件下的平均值,计算并分析贵州省2018-2044年、2045-2071年、2072-2098年3个阶段与降水有关的极端天气气候事件指数,即连续干旱日数(CDD)、大于20mm的降水日数(R20mm)、连续5d最大降水量(Rx5day)和简单日降水强度指数(SDII)相对于参照期(1986-2005年)的变化特征。结果表明:在3种情景下,21世纪各个阶段省东部CDD均多于参照期,且排放情景越高,偏多幅度越大,因此,贵州省东部地区未来可能发展的旱情值得关注。在21世纪不同阶段不同情景下,贵州省R20mm、Rx5day和SDII普遍多于参照期,且越到后期,高排放情景下(RCP8.5)增幅越大,中低排放情景下(RCP4.5和RCP2.6)增幅放缓甚至减小。总的来说,全球变暖背景下尤其是高排放情景下贵州省极端降水事件有增加的趋势。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.