重庆市不同功能区城市绿地土壤重金属分布特征与评价

调查并分析了重庆市不同功能区城市绿地土壤重金属含量分布特征,采用综合污染指数法对其污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,不同功能区城市土壤Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量整体较低,其中Cr平均含量低于当地土壤环境背景值,调查区域土壤环境质量基本达到国家土壤环境质量二级标准。不同功能区土壤Cu的含量由高到低为交通区>商业区>居住区>休闲区,土壤Zn的含量为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区,土壤Pb的含量为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区,土壤Cr的含量为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区。居住区和休闲区重金属污染程度已达到警戒线,但土壤尚清洁;而商业区和交通区存在不同程度的重金属轻度污染。综合污染指数土壤重金属污染程度由大到小为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区。     

重庆市绿地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

选取重庆市主城区公园绿地、住宅绿地、道路绿地三种典型绿地利用类型,测定了绿地土壤中8种重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr、As和Hg)的含量,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法分析了不同绿地土壤重金属污染特征和程度,并对绿地土壤重金属进行了健康风险评价。总体来讲,研究区绿地土壤中Hg、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量高于重庆市土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~1.3倍,其余重金属平均含量均低于背景值,且绿地土壤重金属主要受人为因素影响。不同类型城市绿地土壤重金属污染特征差异明显,Cd和Pb在研究区3种类型城市绿地土壤中均出现了富集现象,以道路绿地的富集最为严重,且三种类型绿地土壤属于轻度污染。研究区绿地土壤存在As和Cr的致癌风险,暴露途径以经口直接摄入为主,虽暂未对人体产生非致癌性危害,仍要加强防范。     

银川市城市绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为掌握银川市城市绿地土壤重金属的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况,分析测定了Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Hg,Cd和Pb含量,利用单因子、内梅罗污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对不同绿地土壤重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:银川市绿地土壤中除Cr外,其他7种重金属元素的平均含量均超过了银川市土壤背景值,其中Hg,Cd,Pb超标严重,重金属在道路绿地和生产绿地中富集现象最明显。绿地土壤各重金属元素的空间分布特征较为一致,高值区主要集中在中部、东部以及东北部,主要受工业生产、交通、商业、养殖场等人类活动的影响。污染评价表明,Hg属于中度污染,其他重金属元素均属于轻微污染或警戒水平,5种绿地类型土壤重金属均属于轻度污染。研究区5种绿地土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险指数大小排序为:道路绿地生产绿地公园绿地居住绿地防护绿地,其中道路绿地、生产绿地和公园绿地均处于中等生态风险,居住绿地和防护绿地处于轻微生态风险。8种重金属元素单项潜在生态风险指数(E■)平均值大小顺序为:HgCdAsPbCuNiCrZn,Hg为强生态风险级别。银川市绿地土壤总体处于中等生态风险,Hg是最主要的生态风险元素,应引起重视。     

上海城市中心区不同类型绿地土壤重金属污染特征

对上海城市中心城区公园绿地土壤和道路绿地土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染特征进行了研究,发现除Cr和Ni外,土壤中重金属均出现富集现象,且公园绿地土壤中重金属含量普遍低于道路绿地土壤;土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价结果表明6种重金属中,Cd污染最严重,其潜在生态危害系数最高,总体上公园绿地土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险处于中等水平,而道路绿地土壤重金属污染则处于较高水平,且均受Cd污染控制;多元统计分析结果表明,中心城区绿地土壤中重金属主要源于交通排放和工业活动释放,道路绿地土壤重金属更易受交通排放污染的影响。     

深圳城市绿地土壤水库特征及影响因素

研究深圳城市绿地土壤水库特征及其相关影响因素,为海绵城市建设和城市绿地水土保持提供参考。针对不同类型绿地(交通、公园、小区)在不同深度土层(0—30 cm,30—60 cm)分析了土壤水库特征,并探究了土壤理化性质对土壤水库特征的影响。结果表明:深圳城市绿地土壤死库容及滞洪库容较低,但有效库容较大,约占总库容的68%,这表明深圳城市绿地土壤有较大的水分存蓄空间;交通绿地的总库容及死库容显著高于小区绿地、公园绿地(p0.05),公园绿地死库容显著高于小区绿地(p0.05),说明不同类型绿地的不同利用方式可影响绿地土壤死库容;深圳城市绿地土壤压实较为严重,透气性能差,非毛管孔隙度较低;土壤容重、孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、砂粒含量显著影响土壤水库,改善土壤理化性质能显著提高土壤水库库容;深圳绿地土壤死库容较低,有效库容较大,未来可考虑降低土壤压实、提高砂粒含量、改良土壤理化性质来大幅度提高土壤水库库容。     

深圳市主要公园及道路绿地土壤重金属含量状况比较研究

对深圳城市主要公园和道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量状况进行取样调查分析。研究结果表明,绿地土壤重金属含量与土地利用类型有关,表现为道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量高于公园绿地土壤,而Cd平均含量则相反。采用不同土壤重金属污染评价方法对深圳城市绿地土壤进行的环境质量评价均表明深圳城市绿地土壤Cd污染现象显著。在考察的四种重金属元素中,Zn含量与土壤有机质、pH有关,其中pH对Zn含量的影响相对较大;土壤Cu与Pb、Zn呈直线相关,表现出相互依存的关系。     

上海市区公园土壤重金属含量及其污染评价

通过对上海市区44个公园土壤重金属含量的调查,发现市区公园表层土壤Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr的平均含量分别为55.1mg kg-1,198.5 mg kg-1、44.6 mg kg-1、77.0 mg kg-1。以上海土壤背景值为标准,用内梅罗指数法综合评价上海市区公园土壤重金属污染状况为:绝大部分公园为轻污染,9个为中度污染,7个达重度污染。通过对公园土壤重金属含量的空间分析发现:内环线附近公园土壤Pb、Zn和Cu的平均含量最高,Cr的平均含量以内外环线之间公园为最高。上海市区公园较严重的重金属污染可能来源于交通和工业污染,与公园建成时间无显著性相关。     

贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

调查了贵阳市不同功能区表层土壤中重金属含量及其分布特征,以基线为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市城区土壤重金属(Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)主要来源于工业、交通以及燃煤等活动,其平均含量分别为0.108、0.320、20.53、22.17、35.71、64.87、48.65、217.90mg/kg,除Cr外,均显著高于相应基线。工矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量显著高于其他功能区(p0.05)。Hg和Cd是主要的生态危害因子,其污染已达强生态危害水平,其余均显示为轻微生态危害水平;不同功能区土壤重金属污染均已达强生态危害水平,且污染程度依次是:商务区工矿区文教区居民区城市绿地交通区。     

芜湖市不同功能区土壤重金属污染状况与环境质量评价

通过对芜湖市工业区、商业区、休闲区和居住区土壤重金属污染现状的调查与分析,分别以本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值和国家土壤环境质量标准作为评价标准,计算出各功能区土壤单因子污染指数,并采用主成分分析法确定权重,对各功能区的土壤环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:芜湖市各功能区土壤Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn含量均超过本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值。其中工业区土壤中Cd、Hg和Cu,商业区土壤中Cd和Hg,休闲区和居住区土壤中Cd均超过国家土壤环境质量标准。Cu、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd污染均表现为工业区最大,商业区次之,Zn在各功能区含量差异不大。土壤中重金属含量上层高于下层,且在商业区和居住区差异明显。土壤环境质量居民区尚清洁,休闲区和商业区中度污染,工业区重度污染。     

太原市绕城高速公路路域土壤特性与重金属污染评价研究

为了揭示高速公路路域内部不同功能区强烈人为活动对土壤环境质量的影响,以太原市绕城高速路域内不同功能区为研究对象,于各功能区内随机布点,采集表层土壤样品72个,并对其土壤剖面结构、土壤pH值、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤重金属元素含量等理化性质和分布规律进行了测定和分析.结果表明,路域内土壤母质来源复杂,剖面层次混乱,土壤反应偏碱性、粗粒化、有机质含量升高和表聚现象较明显.路域土壤重金属污染较为严重,不同功能区的污染元素和污染程度有显著差异.综合污染程度以绿化带含量最高,依次为中央隔离带、互通、路堤边坡、路堑边坡、自然坡.路域土壤的随机空间变异十分突出,无论是土壤性质还是重金属污染积累都如此.路域中存在一些高度污染的区域,必须予以密切关注.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.