基于HEC-HMS的青狮潭水库入库洪水预报研究

[目的]构建青狮潭水库入库洪水预报模型,为实际预报业务提供参考,也可以为桂林市上游地区无资料地区水文气象规律研究提供支撑。[方法]HEC-HMS是一个包含多个产汇流模型的水文模型系统,适用于不同地区的水文问题分析和计算,广泛运用于洪水预报、防灾减灾等方面。利用该模型对桂林市青狮潭水库上游流域进行水文建模,模拟流域发生暴雨时青狮潭水库的入库洪水过程,以此作为研究洪水预报依据。[结果]通过研究发现HEC-HMS模型模拟的结果平均确定性系数达到0.88,洪峰流量和峰现时间误差均达到乙级预报标准。[结论]HEC-HMS模型在青狮潭流域适用性较好,可以用于青狮潭水库入库洪水预报。     

基于HBV模型的尼洋曲流域上游洪水致灾临界面雨量研究

[目的]建立工布江达以上尼洋曲流域的降水—径流关系,构建该流域的致洪临界雨量指标,以期为开展山洪气象预警工作提供参考。[方法]根据流域暴雨洪水致灾机制,利用地面气象观测和CMORPH资料,基于HBV水文模型进行计算分析。[结果]利用2007—2011年观测数据对HBV水文模型的参数优化和率定,模拟数据与观测数据的确定性系数为0.91,NASH效率系数为0.89;采用2012—2014年观测数据进行验证,确定性系数为0.86,NASH效率系数为0.85,率定期和验证期的平均相对误差均为3.1%,表明经过率定的HBV模型对尼洋曲上游流域具有较好的适用性。[结论]尼洋曲流域的洪水过程不仅与实时降水的面雨量有关,还与前期基础水位有关,致灾临界面雨量随前期基础水位升高而减小,并且随着前期水位的变化,临界雨量值呈现了非线性响应特征。     

HEC-HMS水文模型系统在汉江褒河流域的应用研究

基于地理信息系统和遥感技术的水文模型集成系统将成为未来水文循环过程研究的发展趋势。基于HEC-HMS水文模型系统,采用多种方案对位于汉江上游的褒河流域进行了降雨径流模拟。研究结果表明:基于DEM、遥感影像和土壤资料,并结合GIS技术推求反映流域下垫面特征的关键水文参数的方法可以与HEC-HMS水文模型系统很好地耦合。该模型对于我国湿润、半湿润山区的次洪模拟具有较好的适用性。     

HEC-HMS模型在武水流域山洪预报中的应用

山洪灾害常造成重大经济损失甚至人员伤亡。以湖南湘江武水流域为例,基于地理信息系统和遥感技术的水文模型集成系统为山洪预报提供了新的思路,在解译了研究流域2010年土地利用类型数据的基础上,采用HEC-HMS水文模型对武水流域各场次洪水进行模拟预报,利用DEM及流域出口信息划分子流域计算单元,利用遥感影像结合GIS技术提取流域信息,采用SCS径流曲线法进行产流计算,采用SCS单位线法计算直接径流,利用马斯京根法进行河道汇流演进,运用指数退水模型模拟流域基流,并以2000—2008年的17场实测洪水数据进行参数的率定,用2009—2014年的10场典型洪水进行验证。结果表明:模型率定期17场洪水洪峰流量相对误差绝对值均20%,模拟合格率达到100%,峰现时差均≤1 h,绝对平均Nash效率系数为0.816,率定出的水文参数准确有效;验证期的10场洪水,洪峰流量相对误差合格率达90%,峰现时差均1 h,Nash效率系数均0.7。HEC-HMS水文模型在武水流域模拟效果较好,可应用于该流域山洪预报工作,且相较于多峰洪水,单峰洪水的模拟效果更佳。     

HBV水文预报模型在白龙江流域的应用研究

[目的]在白龙江流域武都站以上区域构建HBV水文模型,通过对区域日径流模拟研究,来评估模型在该区域的适用性。[方法]在参数敏感性分析的基础上,对模型参数进行率定和验证,并分析径流和降水量的年际变化特征。[结果](1)在率定期Nash—Sutcliffe效率系数Ens=0.65,确定性系数R2=0.74,验证期Ens=0.60,R2=0.70,HBV模型在该流域模拟精度较高,具有较好的适用性;(2)降水量与模拟径流变化趋势对应,HBV模型较好地模拟出了洪水对降水的响应过程。[结论]HBV模型可进一步用于研究气候变化对白龙江流域水资源的影响。     

基于HEC-HMS模型的兰江流域径流预测

[目的] 分析兰江流域径流对气候变化的水文过程响应,为区域水资源可持续发展和防洪抗旱提供科学基础。[方法] 利用2015—2018年日降雨径流过程和6场暴雨洪水过程率定并验证HEC-HMS水文模型在该流域的适用性;基于SDSM统计降尺度模型,对2030—2100年CanESM2模式下RCP2.6,RCP4.5和RCP8.53种情景的气候数据进行降尺度,生成兰江流域6个气象站点未来日降水序列以预测未来气候变化下的径流响应。[结果] HEC-HMS模型对场次洪水和逐日径流模拟的相关系数平均值达到0.89,0.77,平均效率系数达到0.86,0.76;RCP2.6情景下研究区面降水量较于基准期（2015—2018年）减小0.82%,在RCP4.5,RCP8.5情景下分别增大6.18%,18.17%;RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP8.53种情景下多年平均径流相较于基准期分别增幅为17.00%,26.22%,41.93%。[结论] HEC-HMS模型在兰江流域有较好的适用性;未来兰江流域径流呈显著上升趋势,增幅程度随辐射强迫度的增加同步增大。当辐射强迫度升高至8.5 W/m²时,流域径流量平均每10 a上升49.49 m³/s。预计21世纪末多年平均径流量达到1 101 m³/s,年径流变化起伏剧烈,汛期径流占全年比例较高,旱涝事件趋于频繁,对人民福祉威胁较大。     

黄土高原小流域水土保持林空间配置对场降雨径流影响的模拟

合理的水土保持林空间配置是黄土高原植被恢复和水土保持功能持续提高的关键。在对HEC-HMS分布式水文模型参数进行率定的基础上,探讨该模型在黄土高原小流域中的适用性,模拟水土保持林覆被率以及水土保持林空间配置对场降雨径流的影响。结果表明：HEC-HMS分布式水文模型在黄土高原小流域中的应用效果良好,径流系数、洪峰流量均随森林植被覆盖率的增加而减少,随着水土保持林覆被率的提高,流域对高强度暴雨的调控能力将得到极大的提高;当水土保持林位于流域的上游、中游时,场降雨的径流量、洪峰流量均降低,水文调节效果较好。因此,在干旱的黄土高原应该适度造林,在小流域中配置水土保持林时,应该配置在上中游。     

黄河中上游流域水沙变异关系模型研究

[目的] 开展黄河流域水沙变异关系模型研究,为流域水沙变化研究提供理论支持。[方法] 从黄河中上游流域水沙变异影响因素分析入手,推导出以微分为基础的水沙变异关系模型。[结果] 模型通过黄土高原和黄河中上游流域7个测站控制流域输沙率和流量变异变量的模拟检验,获得了7个流域输沙率和水流变异模拟平均有效性系数为0.860和0.887,平均相对误差分别为14.8%和6.7%。[结论] 从水流变异、泥沙变异模拟精度和各因素变异贡献比例3个层面检验了模型,初步证明了模型结构的合理性和模拟实际泥沙变异具有的高有效性。     

SWAT模型在陕西黑河流域非点源污染模拟中的应用

SWAT模型是最具有活力的非点源污染模型之一,能够与GIS结合模拟复杂大流域不同土地利用条件下的非点源污染情况.本研究在建立流域非点源污染研究基础数据库的基础上,根据实测资料的完整性,运用GIS与分布式参数机理模型SWAT 2000版本的集成,利用1991-1996年的实测水量、泥沙和营养负荷数据进行参数率定,应用1997-1998年的实测数据进行模型验证,从而确定SWAT模型在黑河流域非点源污染模拟中的适用性和可靠性,可为流域非点源污染负荷的估算提供可靠的模型基础.     

HBV模型在富春江水库流域临界致灾面雨量确定中的应用

[目的]研究分析HBV模型对于富春江流域径流序列模拟的适用性,并通过水位与径流量的关系,得到该流域各级水位的临界致灾面雨量,为暴雨灾害风险预警和评估业务提供服务产品,也为富春江水库的生产调度提供重要依据。[方法]以富春江水力发电站为研究区,应用研究区气象资料和HBV水文模型开展研究。[结果](1)应用HBV水文模型模拟富春江流域径流量,在序列的率定期和验证期,模拟与实测的径流过程分布一致,模拟径流峰值区与大降水的实况分布比较一致,模拟与实测洪峰的平均相对误差小于5%,经率定后的HBV模型在富春江流域的模拟效果较好。(2)通过建立降水、径流、水位三者的响应关系,可以确定水库在警戒水位、设计洪水位时不同前期水位的临界面雨量。[结论]HBV水文模型在研究区具有一定的适用性。当预报有临界面雨量时,水库可以根据雨量、径流的预报信息做出对水位的科学调控。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI