贡嘎山暗针叶林枯落物截留特征研究

 采用现场模拟法和浸泡法观测贡嘎山不同演替阶段的暗针叶林群落枯落物截留、枯枝落叶层的最大持水量和林内枯落物的截留特征。结果表明:不同林型的枯落物截留量与林外降雨量有不同程度的线性相关关系,而与林内降雨量存在幂函数关系。同林型内,由于枯落物数量、组成成分与分解程度等不同,其持水能力也存在着较大的差异。过熟林中枯落物吸水饱和时间最短,最大持水率最低,枯落物与林下苔藓层混杂在一起,截留水分的能力相对较弱;幼龄林中枯落物饱和需要时间最长,最大持水率也最高,对林下降雨的再分配作用也相应最大。同时,枯落物层的截留作用及截留量的大小,除与枯枝落叶层的数量和质量相关外,也与枯落物的湿润程度相关。     

砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及土壤物理性质

为揭示砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及林下土壤物理性质变化特征,以位于黄土高原北部准格尔旗砒砂岩区6种林分类型为研究对象,运用浸泡法和烘干法,对林下枯落物、土壤(0—50 cm)的持水性能及物理性质进行研究。结果表明:(1)砒砂岩区6种林分类型林下枯落物厚度范围为0.73～2.77 cm,总蓄积量范围为1.47～7.93 t/hm~2。枯落物层厚度、总蓄积量大小依次为油松、侧柏、沙棘、柠条锦鸡儿、山杏和撂荒地。枯落物未分解层厚度及其蓄积量均明显大于半分解层。(2)林下枯落物最大持水率范围为149.48%～267.32%,枯落物最大持水率与有效拦蓄量大小顺序一致,为撂荒地柠条锦鸡儿沙棘山杏侧柏油松;枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量均呈现出未分解层高于半分解层。(3)林下枯落物层在浸泡0.5 h吸水速率最快,浸泡1 h持水量增加迅速,浸泡8 h吸水速率和持水量增量趋近于0。(4)林下土壤容重低于撂荒地;总孔隙度范围为44.36%～32.57%,最大持水量范围为8.89～17.43 mm,均呈现油松林下最大,山杏林下最小。(5)林下枯落物蓄积量与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与土壤孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别呈正相关关系。油松林、侧柏林地具有显著的保持水土能力。研究成果为开展砒砂岩区水土流失综合整治和生态修复提供了参考依据。     

三峡库区3种林下枯落物储量及其持水特性

通过对三峡库区3种森林类型(松栎混交林、栓皮栎纯林、马尾松纯林)林下枯落物储量调查分析及其持水特性试验,得到不同森林类型林下枯落物储量、最大持水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数。结果表明,栓皮栎纯林林下枯落物储量最大(10．7t／hm^2),其后依次为松栎混交林(10．1t／hm^2)、马尾松纯林(5．8t／hm^2)。松栎混交林林下枯落物未分解层最大持水量为其风干重的310．4％,栓皮栎纯林为286．5％,马尾松纯林为221．1％。松栎混交林林下枯落物半分解层最大持水量为其风干重的252．7％,栓皮栎纯林为249．2％,马尾松纯林为201．5％。经分析拟合,得到林下枯落物未分解层和半分解层吸水速率与浸泡时间之间关系式为S=kt^n。研究结果还表明,在同为中龄林条件下,三峡库区针阔混交林林下枯落物持水能力大于阔叶树纯林或针叶树纯林林下枯落物持水能力．     

重庆四面山林下典型植被对水分截留的影响

为探究西南地区林下植被与水分运移的定量关系,研究林下植被对水分截留的影响,在重庆四面山选取草珊瑚(Sarcandra glabra Nakai)、杜茎山(Maesa japonica Moritzi)、常山(Orixa japonica Thunb)3种典型常见灌木,采用人工模拟降雨方法分别研究了单株灌木、枯落物截留特征以及灌木和枯落物组合结构的截留特征。结果表明:(1)单株灌木、枯落物、灌木和枯落物组合结构对降雨的截留过程大致分为3个阶段,即快速截留阶段、饱和稳定阶段和降雨结束滞后冠滴雨阶段;(2)3种典型灌木草珊瑚、杜茎山、常山的截留量均随降雨强度的增大呈先增大后减小的规律;(3)枯落物最大截留量与降雨强度呈正相关关系,枯落物单位面积质量与枯落物平均最大、最小截留量间呈正相关关系;(4)与单株灌木和枯落物各自截留状况相比,灌木和枯落物组合结构最大截留量与降雨强度呈正相关关系,且快速截留阶段历时较长、最大截留量也较大。在雨强为35mm/h时,草珊瑚、杜茎山和其枯落物组合结构最大截留量大于灌木和枯落物各自最大截留量之和,常山和其枯落物组合结构最大截留量小于常山和其枯落物各自的最大截留量之和,在雨强为70,95mm/h时各组合结构最大截留量小于单株灌木和枯落物单独的最大截留量之和。林下灌木和枯落物在水分运移过程中均扮演了重要角色,其中枯落物对水分截留的贡献更大。因此,合理进行林下植被构建与配置能有效截留水分,对减少林地土壤侵蚀有一定的积极作用。     

川南天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后枯落物层持水特性研究

对川南林区天然常绿阔叶林及其人工更新成檫木林、柳杉林和水杉林后林下枯落物层蓄积量、自然含水量和持水过程进行研究。结果表明：枯落物层蓄积量天然常绿阔叶林（25．68t／hm^2）〉水杉林（18．14t／hm^2）〉檫木林（9．95t／hm^2）〉柳杉林（1．13t／hm^2）。天然常绿阔叶林枯落物层自然含水量分别是檫木林、柳杉林和水杉林的3．18倍、41．33倍和1.53倍。在整个持水过程中．前2h内各林分枯落物层持水作用较强。林下枯落物层持水量与浸泡时间之间的关系式为Q=alnt＋b．吸水速率与浸水时间之间的关系式为V=kt＂。枯落物层最大持水量、最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量均是天然常绿阔叶林〉水杉林〉檫木林〉柳杉林。因此，保护天然常绿阔叶林及其选择适宜的树种进行更新对于提高林下地表枯落物层水文生态功能具有重要的作用和意义。     

重庆缙云山4种林地林下枯落物储量及其持水特性研究

通过对重庆缙云山针阔叶混交林、阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林4种典型植被类型林下枯落物及其持水特性分析研究,结果表明:林下枯落物储量大小为灌木林>阔叶林>针阔混交林>楠竹林,其中半分解层和分解层的总储量大于未分解层储量.缙云山自然保护区4种不同植被类型下枯落物持水特征曲线具有明显不同,持水能力为灌木林>针阔混交林>阔叶林>楠竹林.在浸泡前2h内持水量变化极大,2h以后变化量变小,各层持水量浸泡8h后均基本达到饱和.未分解层枯落物持水量小于半分解层分解层枯落物的持水量,枯落物各层持水量与浸泡时间之间的关系符合Q=alnt+b关系.4种不同植被类型林下枯落物吸水率大小为针阔混交林>灌木林>阔叶林>楠竹林,枯落物各层吸水速率与浸泡时间存在V=ktⁿ关系.在枯落物持水作用较强的前2h内,其吸水速率最快的为灌木林,达到22.208mm/h.     

祁连山青海云杉林苔藓枯落物分布与水文特性

对祁连山中段青海云杉林苔藓枯落物分布与水文特性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,试验流域苔藓枯落物层分布与组成存在明显差异,15个样地平均厚度8.2 cm,厚度最大达13.7 cm,最薄仅1.5 cm,相差近10倍;苔藓枯落物中未分解成分较多,占总量的42.8%;半分解和已分解成分较少,分别占23.8%和33.4%。其最大持水率在271.1%~418.2%之间变化,平均为319.8%,青海云杉林区苔藓枯落物层的最大持水量约为其自身干重的3倍左右;最大持水量变化范围在7.6~59.1 mm,平均为36.4mm。经2004年测定,青海云杉样地内苔藓枯落物层平均厚度约9.7 cm,总降水量为178.7 mm,截留量为57.8 mm,占穿透降水的32.34%。     

不同林龄华北落叶松人工林枯落物储量及持水特性研究

对3种不同林龄阶段的华北落叶松人工林林下枯落物储量及其持水特性进行分析的结果表明:枯落物储量幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林分别为42.23、57.11、65.00t/hm2;各林龄林下枯落物最大持水量均是未分解层小于半分解层,未分解层最大持水量是其风干重的280%～374%,半分解层最大持水量是其风干重的408%～466%;3种林龄按林下枯落物未分解层持水量大小排序为近熟林>幼龄林>中龄林,按半分解层持水量大小排序为近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林。各林龄各层枯落物持水量与浸水时间之间的最佳拟合关系式为W=alnt+b;各林龄各层次枯落物吸水速率与浸水时间之间的关系式为S=ktn,在0—1h内吸水速率急剧下降,1h以后下降平缓,吸水作用逐渐减小。     

森林枯落物影响花岗岩风化沙粒起动流速研究

运用室内水槽实验方法，对无粘性均匀花岗岩沙粒的起动流速和马尾松林枯落物对其起动流速的影响进行了研究，结果表明：沙粒起动流速与沙粒平均粒径、坡度和枯落物量之．间存在明显的幂函数关系，枯落物与苔藓组合层对沙粒起动流速的影响比仅枯落物层时更明显。粒径大于２．０ｍｍ的沙粒当有枯落物覆盖时，即使在３５°的坡度条件下也很难起动。     

东北黑土区各类水保林蓄水能力试验研究

针对黑土区主要水土保持林类型,选择落叶松纯林、樟子松纯林、白皮柳纯林、杨树纯林、樟子松与落叶松混交林、樟子松与杨树混交林6种林分进行林下枯落物层、林下土壤层蓄水能力和林下土壤入渗性能、孔隙度的试验和测定,研究不同林分改良土壤,涵养水源的能力。通过试验分析表明:6种林分枯落物层蓄水率为1.3～2.5倍,枯枝落叶数量多且枯落物比表面积大的落叶松和白皮柳枯落物层蓄水能力最强;针叶林及其混交林土壤层蓄水量最大;混交林改良土壤效果最好,林下土壤入渗能力高于纯林,毛管孔隙度大于纯林。建议在黑土区水土保持林建设中,根据立地条件,以混交林和针叶纯林为主。     

Litter decomposition and faunal activity in Mediterranean forest soils: effects of N content and the moss layer

Accumulation of soil carbon is mainly controlled by the balance between litter production and litter decomposition. Usually In Mediterranean forests there are contrasting conditions in the distribution of faunal activity and the moss layer that may have different effects on litter decomposition. Decomposition and faunal activity were studied by exposing litter of contrasting quality (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Quercus ilex L.) for 3.5 yr in three Mediterranean pine forests of the eastern Iberian Peninsula. The effects of mosses on decomposition and on faunal activity were studied by exposing P. halepensis litter either on moss patches or directly on the forest floor. Faecal pellet production was used as an indication of faunal activity. Water availability or soil characteristics seem to limit faunal activities in the drier sites. Faecal pellets were not found during the first stages of decomposition and in all sites they appeared when about a 30% of the initial litter had decomposed. Under wet conditions faecal pellet production was very high and a mass balance suggested that soil faunal activity may result in a net flow of organic matter from the lower organic horizons to the surface Oi horizon. Mosses slightly increased mass loss of pine litter probably as a consequence of high potentially mineralizable nitrogen in the Oa horizon of moss patches and also, perhaps, as a consequence of the higher moisture content measured in the Oi horizon needles sampled among the mosses. In contrast, moss patches reduced faunal activity. The effect of litter quality on mass loss was not always significant, suggesting an interaction between litter quality and site conditions. During the first stages of decomposition there was N immobilisation in P. halepensis litter (poorer in N) and N release from Q. ilex litter (richer in N). In conclusion, in these forests soil microclimate and/or N availability appear to be more important controlling litter decomposition than the distribution of faunal activity.     

降尘、凋落物和生物接种对沙地土壤结皮形成的影响

土壤生物结皮广泛存在于干旱、半干旱地区,特别是沙漠地区。为了了解沙漠地区生物结皮的形成机制,2007年在科尔沁沙地对流沙进行了田间模拟降尘、添加凋落物和结皮生物接种的试验,研究了几种外界物质输入对沙漠结皮特性的影响。得到如下结果:降尘可以明显促进沙地土壤结皮的形成,但结皮盖度和厚度的增加与降尘量的多少并不存在线性关系,而是非线性关系。少量凋落物(100 g m-2)的存在可以增强降尘对结皮发育的促进作用,但输入较多的凋落物(250 g m-2)反而会抑制降尘的作用。结皮接种可以明显增强降尘对结皮形成的促进作用,其中干旱环境中接种地衣结皮的效果较好,在湿润环境中接种苔癣结皮的效果较好。结皮盖度对外来物质的输入较为敏感,结皮厚度随外来物质种类和数量的增加而变化较小。与光照、干旱环境相比,遮荫、湿润环境更有利于沙地结皮的形成和提高降尘等外来物质输入的效果。     

Pluviometric gradient incidence and the hydrological behaviour of soil surface components (southern Spain)

The hydrological response of Mediterranean hillslopes depends on the type of soil surface components (SSC) which is controlled by the strongly climate. Along a Mediterranean climatic gradient, the type of soil surface component is modified as the aridity increases: biotic ones (annual plants, litter, moss and lichens) used to be more significant under humid climatic conditions, whereas abiotic ones (crusts, rock fragments and outcrops), under semiarid conditions. The aim of the study is to analyse the hydrological behaviour of different types of SSC in three field sites under different Mediterranean climatic conditions to (1) confirm whether the pluviometric gradient factor affects their hydrological response, and (2) whether, in each field site, SSC play the same role as controlling factors of infiltration processes. The method is based on grouping explanatory variables (related to precipitations, topography, vegetal cover, soil moisture and some soil physical, chemical and hydrological properties) through factorial analysis being applied for both regional and local approaches. The results confirm that the type of soil surface component acts as regulator of soil hydrological processes along the pluviometric gradient as well as at every field site, and show that the role played by the type of soil surface component is a much more significant key‐factor for the hydrological response of soils under dry‐Mediterranean climatic conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原干旱半干旱区生物结皮覆盖土壤水汽吸附与凝结特征

生物结皮是一种广泛分布于干旱半干旱地区土壤表层的特殊复合体,为揭示其对土壤水汽吸附与凝结过程的影响,该研究通过室内定量水汽吸附试验和野外对水汽凝结的连续观测,对黄土高原典型生物结皮(藻结皮、藻藓混生结皮、藓结皮)与裸沙的水汽吸附和凝结特征进行对比研究。结果表明:生物结皮的覆盖显著提升了表层土壤的水汽吸附能力,其平均水汽吸附量比裸沙高66.7%。不同类型生物结皮水汽吸附能力差异显著,表现为藓结皮最高,混生结皮次之,而藻结皮最低。GAB(Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer)吸附模型能较好的描述生物结皮土壤水汽吸附与解吸附过程,模拟结果决定系数R20.99、均方根误差RMSE0.001 2 g/g及平均相对偏差百分比E16.0%;此外,生物结皮加剧了土壤水汽吸附与解吸附曲线之间的滞后效应,其滞后指数平均是裸沙的2.0～2.9倍。水汽凝结结果显示,水汽凝结过程均受气温与相对湿度等气象因子制约,且生物结皮覆盖下表层土壤的水汽凝结和蒸发过程相较于裸沙更为迅速。同时,生物结皮的日均水汽凝结量是裸沙的1.6～1.8倍。综上,干旱和半干旱地区生物结皮覆盖显著提高了表层土壤的水汽吸附能力、并增加了水汽凝结量,对区域表层土壤的水分运动过程产生了重要影响。     

油松混交林的水土保持及水源涵养功能研究

对油松 ( Pinus tabulaef ormis Carr.)、辽东栎 ( Quercus liaotungenssis Koidz.)、油松和虎榛子 ( Ostryopsisdavdiana Decne.)混交林及纯林不同林分的土壤理化性质、土壤侵蚀量、林冠截流、枯落物持水量以及林地土壤贮水等方面进行了研究 ,结果表明 :混交林比纯林具有更好的水土保持效果和更强的水源涵养功能。     

栓皮栎林分枯落物对土壤-植物系统水分运动的影响

[目的]分析枯落物层对森林生态系统水分循环的作用。[方法]利用稳定同位素技术,测定了在旱季和雨季栓皮栎木质部水分以及枯落物层和不同土壤层水分的同位素特征。通过对比不同环境条件下(干旱期和降雨前后)枯落物层和土壤水分同位素组成的变化,并根据其与植物茎水分同位素特征的差异判断栓皮栎不同季节的水分利用来源。[结果]在旱季,随着干旱期的进行,对于平均枯落物层厚度,表层0—30cm土壤水分同位素特征由于蒸发分馏的影响逐渐变得富集,而对于因为特殊地形而造成的未分解枯落物层较厚的地方,则土壤水分同位素特征随着干旱期的进行几乎不发生变化;栓皮栎的水分来源主要集中在表层,随着干旱期的延长没有发生变化;在雨季,极端降雨后,土壤同位素特征表明枯落物截留降雨的效应明显,被枯落物截留的雨水以活塞流的形式继续向土壤入渗,栓皮栎的水分来源主要来自于表层0—10cm枯落物层(分解层)的土壤;土壤剖面水分同位素特征呈现的梯度变化与土壤层的结构有关。[结论]枯落物层的厚度,特别是未分解层,对土壤水分的同位素特征影响有差异;枯落物层的水文效应也间接改变了植物的水分利用。     

Scots pine litter decomposition along drainage succession and soil nutrient gradients in peatland forests, and the effects of inter-annual weather variation

Peatlands form a large carbon (C) pool but their C sink is labile and susceptible to changes in climate and land-use. Some pristine peatlands are forested, and others have the potential: the amount of arboreal vegetation is likely to increase if soil water levels are lowered as a consequence of climate change. On those sites tree litter dynamics may be crucial for the C balance. We studied the decomposition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needle and root litter in boreal peatland sites representing gradients in drainage succession (succession following water level drawdown caused by forest drainage) and soil nutrient level during several years of varying weather conditions. Neither gradient had an unambiguous effect on litter mass loss. Mass loss over 2 years was faster in undrained versus drained sites for both needle litter, incubated in the moss layer, and fine root litter, incubated in 0-10 cm peat layer, suggesting moisture stress in the surface layers of the drained sites limited decomposition. Differences among the drained sites were not consistent. Among years, mass loss correlated positively with precipitation variables, and mostly negatively or not at all with temperature sum. We concluded that a long-term water level drawdown in peatlands does not necessarily enhance decay of fresh organic matter. Instead, the drained site may turn into a ‘large hummock-system’ where several factors, including litter quality, relative moisture deficiency, higher acidity, lower substrate temperature, and in deeper layers also oxygen deficiency, may interact to constrain organic matter decomposition. Further, the decomposition rates may not vary systematically among sites of different soil nutrient levels following water level drawdown. Our results emphasize the importance of annual weather variations on decomposition rates, and demonstrate that single-period incubation studies incorporate an indeterminable amount of temporal variation.     

黄土高原藓类生物结皮对表层土壤水分运动参数的影响

生物结皮普遍存在于干旱和半干旱地区土壤表层,对土壤水分有重要影响。为了进一步探究生物结皮对表层土壤水力学特性和水分运动过程的影响,该研究以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上发育的藓结皮为研究对象,通过野外采样与室内试验相结合,测定了藓结皮覆盖土壤和无结皮土壤的Boltzmann变换参数、土壤水分扩散率、入渗过程、比水容量和非饱和导水率,对比分析了有无藓结皮覆盖对表层土壤水分运动参数的影响。结果表明:藓结皮覆盖抑制了表层土壤水分的扩散,藓结皮覆盖土壤的Boltzmann变换参数和水分扩散率分别比无结皮土壤降低7.9%～27.3%和99.2%～99.6%;藓结皮覆盖后表层土壤渗透性显著降低,其水分入渗参数(初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率、累积入渗量)和非饱和导水率分别降低了17.1%～55.4%和84.8%～92.3%;藓结皮显著提升了表层土壤的持水和供水能力,藓结皮层的水分常数(田间持水量、萎蔫系数、重力水含量、有效水含量和易利用水含量)比无结皮土壤高40.9%～1 233.3%,土壤水吸力在100k Pa时的比水容量比无结皮土壤高7.4%～1 540.5%;相比黄绵土,藓结皮覆盖对风沙土的渗透性影响较小,而对土壤持水和供水性的影响较大。综上,黄土高原藓结皮覆盖降低了土壤渗透性,同时显著提高了表层土壤的水分有效性,这可能导致土壤表层在雨后截留较多水分,进而使土壤水分分布趋于浅层化,并改变该地区的土壤水分有效性和植物水分利用策略。     

苔藓覆盖对喀斯特林地碳酸盐岩红土剥蚀过程的影响

为探究苔藓覆盖对喀斯特山地土壤剥蚀过程影响的机理,通过野外采集原状土样,结合上方来水冲刷剥蚀试验,分析了不同坡度(5°,20°)与不同土壤含水率(饱和含水率、田间含水率)条件下苔藓盖度与土壤分离能力间的定量关系,解析了坡面流水力特征参数对苔藓覆盖的响应规律.结果表明:在5°和20°坡度下,苔藓覆盖下饱和土壤的土壤剥蚀率...     

低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤多酚氧化酶动态研究

以亚高山针叶林均质化土壤为研究对象,采用裸露地表、凋落物覆盖、积雪覆盖、凋落物和积雪同时覆盖4个不同覆盖处理的原位培养实验,对各处理在低温季节(11月～5月)土壤表层(0~10cm)和下层(10～20 cm)多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性动态进行了分析,结果表明:(1)在低温季节,所有处理表层PPO活性在12~2月出现波动,差异不显著;下层土壤PPO活性逐渐升高,到低温季节结束前后活性达到最高,但是不同处理的升高幅度不同;(2)积雪和凋落物覆盖变化引起不同处理和不同深度土壤PPO活性动态的差异性响应。不论是表层还是下层土壤,在整个低温季节积雪对PPO活性的影响达到极显著水平,但凋落物覆盖能缓冲积雪对PPO活性的效应。(3)降雪时空格局变化对亚高山土壤PPO的影响主要体现在没有凋落物覆等盖层的裸露土壤,在有凋落物等覆盖情况下,全球变化可能导致的积雪减少甚至消失对土壤PPO活性的影响不大。