华南主要土壤类型的光谱特性与土壤分类

本文研究了华南地区主要土壤的光谱反射特性，进行了土壤光谱的主组元分析、模糊聚类及与土壤理化性状作相关性分析，土壤光谱特征分类与现行中国土壤分类系统及中国土壤系数分类进行了比较对照。其主要结果表明，华南地区主要的光谱曲线的形态特征，主要表现为平直型（玄武岩发育砖红壤类）、缓斜型（水稻土类）和陡坎型（红、黄壤类）三种类型；土壤光谱分类与按母质母岩划分高度一致；应用主组元分析对土壤光谱进行分类，结果与现     

应用光谱资料对土壤和土地利用进行数值分类

土壤的波谱反射特性是土壤遥感数据信息处理和计算机自动识别分类的物理学基础.我们曾以云南腾冲光谱试验区的室内外测试资料,应用聚类分析进行了土壤和土地利用分类的尝试.本文拟用同样资料,应用主组元分析进行分类识别,以期为土壤遥感的数据处理,提供一个较为有利的途径.主组元分析已在包括土壤和遥感在内的各个科学技术领域中得到广泛应用.关于主组元分析的原理和计算步骤,本文不另赘述.     

淹水条件下猪粪对黄棕壤性质的影响

本文通过在下蜀黄土中添加不同量的猪粪,研究在以淹水为主、干湿交替条件下,猪粪对土壤理化性质的影响.经培育427天后,测定了土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、钾、CEC、土壤对NH₄⁺和磷的吸附及土壤物理性质的变化,并用主组元分析评价了施用猪粪对这些性质的综合影响.结果表明,在施用量为1%时,由于氧化铁的活化,使土壤结构破坏,猪粪对土壤理化性质的综合影响较差;但施用量在3%以上,土壤的各性质均得到改善,综合影响较好.     

北京地区红黏土碱性特征及其成因分析

以北京地区非碳酸盐母质上发育的2个红黏土剖面为研究对象,其微形态结构特征、剖面理化性质结果显示:土壤形成于古时湿热气候条件下,已基本脱钙,母质本身也不含有碳酸盐,但却表现中性至微碱性、土体内残存有微量的Ca CO3、交换性盐基离子以Ca2+为主、盐基高度饱和的碱性特征。这种碱性特征是由于现代黄土降尘所带来的碳酸盐参与到成土过程中造成的。土壤是成土因素综合作用下的产物,随着成土因素与成土过程的不断变化,应从动态发展的角度去认识和理解土壤发生学理论,才能够正确的解释土壤成土过程与土壤特性的形成原因。     

北京普通褐土发生分类与系统分类的对比及其发生探讨

以北京山区和山前地带分布的10个普通褐土剖面为研究对象,依据其形态特征、理化性质分析结果,按照《北京土壤》、《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》、《中国土壤系统分类土族和土系划分标准》,对研究剖面分别进行了发生分类、系统分类的土壤类型划分与对比,并对其发生过程进行探讨。结果表明:发生分类主要以土壤所处的生物(植被)气候带作为分类标准,在发生学的应用中,过分强调土壤的外在成土条件和推测的成土过程,易造成分类的混淆;系统分类以发生学为指导,通过定量的诊断层、诊断特性进行分类,提高了分类的准确性。     

重庆市全新统冲积物发育土壤的系统分类研究

为明确重庆市第四系全新统(Qh)冲积物发育土壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,本文以该成土母质发育的土壤为研究对象,挖掘9个典型土壤剖面,通过野外观测、分层取样及理化性质分析等,依据现行中国土壤系统分类检索,对其进行分类和命名,并与发生分类进行参比。结果表明:9个供试土壤剖面分别归属于雏形土和新成土2个土纲,5个亚类,其中5个为石灰淡色潮湿雏形土,1个为铁质简育常湿雏形土,1个为斑纹简育湿润雏形土,1个为潜育潮湿冲积新成土,1个为石灰潮湿冲积新成土;隶属于发生学分类潮土土类的6个供试剖面分别归为系统分类中淡色潮湿雏形土、简育常湿雏形土和简育湿润雏形土3个土类,而隶属于发生学分类新积土土类的3个供试剖面则分别归为系统分类中淡色潮湿雏形土和潮湿冲积新成土2个土类。结合成土环境分析可知,地形、气候和母质是影响重庆市第四系全新统冲积物发育土壤系统分类的重要因素。     

黄土高原坝淤土发生特性与系统分类研究

[目的]黄土高原区沟坝地经过人工筑坝后自然淤积或者拦蓄洪水淤积而形成坝淤土,为了解坝淤土的发生特性及系统分类归属开展研究.[方法]为本文选取5个典型坝淤土剖面,分析坝淤土的成土环境、剖面形态特征理化性质,检索坝淤土在中国土壤系统分类高级及基层分类的归属.[结果]坝淤土剖面土体深厚,成土母质为人为淤积物质,色调以浊黄橙为...     

鄂西山地的酸性棕壤和灰棕壤形成条件及理化性质

根据鄂西山地的自然成土条件，分析了酸性棕壤、灰棕壤诊断层和诊断特性，主要理化性质和粘土矿物组成，结果表明：酸性棕壤和灰棕壤同属于亚热带中山上部或亚高山中上部冷湿条件下形成的森林土壤。其理化性质与我国北方同类土壤又有较大差别。     

新疆砂质新成土的野外调查初步研究

以土壤形态学特征为诊断依据划分土壤类型,能够使本科生更容易掌握中国土壤系统分类。以砂质新成土(中国土壤发生分类划分的风沙土)为例,对比了中国土壤系统分类、美国土壤系统分类和世界土壤资源参比基础三种土壤分类体系对砂质新成土划分的形态学诊断标准。同时,结合野外土壤剖面调查和室内数字土壤类型图分析,探讨了新疆砂质新成土调查的方法问题。结果表明:三种土壤分类体系对砂质新成土诊断依据并不完全一致,但都强调土壤质地为壤质细砂或更粗。新疆至少有干旱砂质新成土和干润砂质新成土两个土类。利用数字化土壤类型图分析了新疆砂质新成土的空间分布,单纯依靠小比例尺的数字化土壤图来判定单个土体系统分类土纲的归属,结果可能会有偏差。对于某一剖面土纲的归属,必须要结合野外调查来确定。本研究能够为新疆和其他地区砂质新成土的调查提供参考。     

新疆典型干旱土和盐成土的系统分类归属

以新疆维吾尔自治区17个典型干旱土和盐成土的代表性单个土体作为本文研究对象,基于剖面形态特征和理化性质的分析,确定在中国土壤系统分类(CST)中的归属。研究过程中发现CST对于干旱表层的判定条件与盐积正常干旱土的定义有矛盾之处,致使分类时将一些含有盐积层的土壤划归到干旱土中,从而使干旱土扩大,盐成土减少,不利于盐成土的改良利用。本文提出修改建议,在干旱表层定义(2)后加上不满足盐积层条件的限定,将盐积正常干旱土的盐积层出现深度改为30 cm以下。还建议在钙积正常干旱土下设立高盐钙积正常干旱土亚类。并且按照建议方案对供试剖面进行归属。进行世界土壤资源参比基础(WRB)、美国土壤系统分类(ST)、中国土壤系统分类(CST)之间的参比。本文可以为修订和完善《中国土壤系统分类检索》(第四版)提供资料和建议。     

Soil material classification for paddy soils in Japan

In view of the importance of soil material characteristics in determining paddy soil capability, a method of classification for soil materials was proposed. In working out the method special attention was paid to making it practically applicable, for the need is great for such a method of ready practical applicability especially in the alluvial soil areas in which most Japanese paddy soils occur.

An X-ray fluorescence spectrographic method for the total chemical analysis of soil materials proved satisfactory for routine use in terms of accuracy and time. Nine major elements (Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Ti, K, P) were analyzed and they were taken to represent the chemical nature of the soil material. The total chemical composition was combined with mechanical composition and subjected to data processing.

To avoid redundancy in information, 2 mutually independent principal components were extracted, which appear to represent different aspects of soil material features. From the 2 principal component scores taxonomic distance was computed as a similarity coefficient for use in numerical taxonomy.

By means of numerical taxonomy 8 Soil material classes were set up, each of which was characterized in terms of texture, base status, weatherable mineral reserve, etc. In order to facilitate objective placement of a new sample into one of the classes set up, discriminant functions were derived for all pairs of the 8 material classes. A figure showing the discriminant space that corresponds to the discriminant functions was prepared to make the practice of discrimination easy.

The 8 soil material classes appear to represent major varieties of paddy soil materials in Japan. The use of the soil material classes as a basis, of “soil family” separation m soil surveys would improve the homogeneity of the lower taxonomic units (“soil series”) and make their interpretation easier and more correct in relation to soil capability assessment.     

Ermittlung von analytischen Kriterien zur bodentypologischen Einordnung tiefreichend humoser Sandböden im Westmünsterland

Determination of analytical criteria for classification of sandy soils with deepreaching humus contents in the region of Westmünsterland While mapping agricultural areas in the region of Westmünsterland a problem of soil classification became obvious. There are widespread sandy soils of brown to greybrown colour, which have unusually high contents of humus down to several decimeters depth. Several chemical and physical laboratory investigations were carried out to answer the question of natural or anthropogenic origin. Based on the characteristics of diagnostic horizons from certain classifiable soils like Kultosole espec. Plaggenesche (Plaggepts/Anthrosols, 7 profiles) and Spodosols/Podzols (8 profiles) clearly differentiating characteristics should be derived. Comparing with datas from subsoil horizons of the questionable 11 profiles these should be attached to one of the former groups. Univariate and multivariate statistic methods like discriminant and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the analytical laboratory results. It was possible to attach 5 of 11 systematic questionable soil profiles to the group of Kultosole/Plaggenesch. As there is no better fitting systematical classification (like deepreaching humous Brown Earth o.s.) the remainder must be classified as Brown Earth or Podzol-Brown Earth.     

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BROWN FOREST SOILS OF SCOTLAND

This paper considers the constitution of the freely drained brown forest soils both as a whole and divided on the basis of their field properties into podzolic and non-podzolic groups, and their relationship to classes within the soil taxonomies used by other soil surveys. A study of 86 profiles collected in Scotland and regarded as brown forest soils, shows that, of the various physical, chemical, and environmental characteristics examined, those relating to temperature, altitude, base status, pyrolysis ratio, and the ratio of pyrophosphate to dithionite-extractable iron show the most significant ‘between-group’ differences; these also distinguish the podzolic group from the podzols. The ratio of extractable sesquioxides to clay content which has been used as a criterion in some soil taxonomies is an ineffective discriminant because of the low clay content of many of these soils.     

Quantitative approach to classification of gray forest soils in the Volga-Kama forest-steppe region

On the basis of factual data obtained by the Soil Science Department of the Privolzhskii Federal University and available from literary, virtual reference “images” of gray forest soils as distinguished in classification systems of 1977 and 2004 have been obtained with the use of the methods of multivariate statistics for the Volga-Kama forest-steppe region. Discriminant functions and have been obtained, and classification functions have been developed with the help of numerical methods to diagnose new representatives of gray forest soils. The virtual “images” of the soils can be used for the improvement of soil systematization and for solving various applied problems of land use.     

湖北省土壤地理分布的卫星图象解译与验证

湖北省土壤的地理分布有明显的南北过渡的特点。长期以来,由于土壤调查手段的限制和分类诊断指标不齐全,迄今不仅对土壤分类命名有争议,而且对土壤分布界线也无定论^[1-3]。随着全国、全省土壤普查成果资料汇总工作的需要,急待研究与确定我省境內的土壤类型及其分布界线。遥感图象具有宏观性、多时间性、多波段性、综合性等特点,为客观地解译土壤类型和分布界线提供了科学手段。近年来国内已开展这方面的工作^[4-7]。本研究旨在应用卫片的宏观性,解译我省境内红壤、黄棕壤、黄褐土的地理分布,并提出核查验证的土壤分类诊断指标。     

Impacts of land use/cover change on soil properties in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of deforestation on physical and chemical properties of soils under native forest in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan. Land use/cover maps of 1953, 1978 and 2002 were interpreted and analysed within GIS to quantify the shift from forest to rainfed cultivation. Six sites were sampled in a non‐changed forest and in cultivated fields, three for each. Different soil properties of texture, bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), phosphorous and potassium were analysed. Results showed that many forests were changed into cultivated lands at a rate more than the reforestation. Subsequently, adverse effects on the studied physical and chemical properties were observed. The most affected properties were particle size distribution, bulk density of surface soil and subsoil. Organic matter and CEC decreased in cultivated soil as compared to the forest soil. Cultivated soils were found to exhibit a significantly lower status in physical and chemical soil properties as compared to forest soils. This general decline in the soil physical and chemical properties, in turn, contributed to soil erosion, reduction of soil fertility and land degradation. There is an urgent need to improve soil quality by developing sustainable land use practices to reduce the rate of soil degradation and to ensure long‐term sustainability of the farming system in the study area and in similar biophysical settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市土壤特征土层的数值分类

Pedogenetic soil horizons are one of the fundamental building blocks of modern soil classification; however, in soils of urban areas which are often strongly disturbed by human activities, horizons are difficult to distinguish but substitutive morphological layers may be identified. To identify the characteristic soil layers in an urban environment, 224 soil layers of 36 in-situ pedons were examined and described in urban and suburban Nanjing, and 27 variables were extracted for multivariate analysis. Three groups and six subdivisions were identified by TwoStep cluster analysis combined with hierarchical cluster analysis based on factor scores. Soil forming factors and soil forming processes could be interpreted from the principal component analysis （PCA） of variables, cluster analysis of soil layers, and discriminant analysis of soil layer groups and their subdivisions. Parent materials, moisture regimes, organic matter accumulation, and especially nutrient accumulation were the main causes of characteristic soil layer formations. The numerical approaches used in this study were useful tools for characteristic soil layer identification of urban soils.     

Soil cover of mountain forests in the East Khubsugul region of Mongolia

Specific features of soil formation and soil cover patterns in mountain forests of the East Khubsugul region are discussed. A scheme of the vertical zonality of soils under mountain forests is given. It is shown that soils of the uppermost forest zone are permafrost-affected. Seasonally freezing soils under forest vegetation predominate at lower heights and in the southern part of the region near the boundary with the steppe zone. The major soil combinations under different types of forest vegetation are described. The morphological, physicochemical, and chemical characteristics of widespread forest soils are given.     

亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价

针对不同经营模式对林地土壤的物理性质、化学性质和生物学性质的影响,采用主成分分析方法直观定量地研究了亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地的土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数,揭示了土壤质量指数之间的相关性和差异性、以及土壤退化指数之间的相关性和差异性,并很好地识别出了土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数的主要成分。分析结果基本上反映了不同生态类型林地土壤质量状况,主成分分析土壤质量指数得分以常绿阔叶林最高,其次是混交林和阔叶纯林,连栽杉木纯林最低;主成分分析土壤退化指数表明,与次生常绿阔叶林比较,其中连栽杉木纯林退化幅度最大,而混交林和阔叶纯林次之。从而对其林地土壤质量进行了准确评价,为杉木人工林的可持续利用提供直接依据,并为亚热带区域人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价提供参考。