小麦苗期根系分泌物对根际反硝化细菌的影响

本文通过无菌水培试验，研究了两种不同基因型小麦菌期根系分泌物对反硝化细菌优势种生长量和反硝化活性的影响。结果表明：两种不同基因型的小麦根系对反硝化细菌均有明显的根际效应，其菌数和反硝化活性又以郑引１号大于宝丰７２２８；根分泌物中氨基酸组分两者相似，但其总量也以郑引１号大于宝丰７２２８，对根际反硝化细菌产生直接影响。而反硝化活性不受菌株耐药标记的影响。     

根际微生物的研究及反硝化细菌的生态分析

本文对根际微生物研究的历史和现状作一简单回顾，综合分析了根际微生物的功能特性及其在农业生产中的意义；论证了不同土壤，不同作物各主要生育期根际反硝化细菌的生态分布，优势种和酶活性与氮素转化的关系。     

抗真菌转基因水稻根际土壤真菌群落结构的动态变化

以非转基因水稻"七丝软粘"为对照,采用传统平板计数法和变性梯度凝胶电泳技术,研究了抗真菌转基因水稻"转品1"和"转品8"生长周期内对根际土壤中可培养真菌数和真菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,相同生育期转基因水稻根际土壤可培养真菌数量与其非转基因对照水稻相比较无显著性差异,表明转基因水稻的种植没有对根际土壤真菌数量产生明显影响;18S rRNA真菌群落DGGE图谱分析显示,相同生育期转基因水稻与其非转基因对照水稻的根际土壤真菌DGGE条带数量和条带位置均无显著性差异,表明转基因水稻的种植没有对根际土壤真菌群落结构产生明显影响。进一步分析相同生育期转基因水稻与其非转基因对照水稻的根际土壤真菌群落香农多样性指数(Shannon diversity index)和均匀度指数(Evenness index)的动态变化,发现两者均没有显著性差异。以上研究结果表明,外源抗真菌基因的导入对水稻根际土壤中真菌群落数量和群落结构均没有明显影响。此外,将不同位置的真菌DGGE条带切胶回收,克隆、测序后,进行系统进化树分析,结果表明根际土壤真菌群落主要归属为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)和未知真菌(unknown fungi)5个类群。     

延边烟区不同土壤的根际土壤微生物生态效应研究

为揭示烤烟根际微生物数量及酶活性的变化规律,阐明烤烟-土壤-微生物之间的协同作用机理,在延边烟区采集不同土壤类型的烤烟根际土壤,研究了烤烟根际土壤微生物生态效应.结果表明:不同土壤条件下烤烟各时期根际微生物区系和微生物生理菌群数量存在着较大的差异,其中暗棕壤黏土和暗棕壤黑砂土比白浆土更适合细菌和解钾菌的生长,白浆土真菌数的变化幅度较大可能是引起烟叶质量变差的原因之一,暗棕壤黏土和暗棕壤黑砂土在烤烟生育期内放线菌数量的变化较大,明显大于白浆土;自生固氮菌在移栽后 60 天前数量均较低,60 天后急剧升高,100 天时暗棕壤黏土和暗棕壤黑砂土自生固氮菌数量显著高于白浆土;氨化菌生长的最适宜期出现的早晚顺序为:暗棕壤黏土＞暗棕壤黑砂土＞白浆土;生育期内根际土壤解磷菌数变化较大,暗棕壤黏土烟株在旺盛生长时期的解磷菌数显著高于其他 2 种类型土壤.过氧化氢酶活性的变化规律很大程度上受土壤类型的影响,而转化酶和多酚氧化酶变化受土壤类型影响较小,但两者的大小受土壤类型的影响.     

不同氮肥对水稻根圈微生物生物量及硝化-反硝化细菌的影响

本文采用自行设计根箱,研究了不同形态N肥(硫铵、尿素)施用条件下,植稻模拟生态系统中水稻苗期根圈微生物生物量C、N和亚硝酸细菌及反硝化细菌的动态变化。结果表明:不同N肥处理的水稻根圈土壤中微生物生物量C和N均高于非根圈土壤,而尿素处理又高于硫铵。两组N肥处理的水稻根圈土壤中亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌数量也比非根圈土壤高。硫铵处理的根圈亚硝酸细菌数量在施肥后第7天达到高峰;反硝化细菌数量有随时间呈递增现象。而尿素处理的根圈亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌均在第11天出现数量高峰。说明水稻根圈有明显的根圈效应,亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌的存在,是引起土壤硝化、反硝化气态N损失的潜在动力;对N的生物有效性而言,施用尿素比硫铵具有明显滞后期,有利于土壤N素对植物生长的持续供应,减少N素损失和环境污染。     

连作怀牛膝根际土壤微生物区系及酶活性的变化研究

本文从适宜连作的作物研究角度,以连作两年和多年的怀牛膝根际土壤为研究对象,对其微生物区系及酶活性的变化作了对比研究。结果表明,连作两年和多年的怀牛膝根际土壤中细菌总数占绝对优势,其平均占有率分别为62．27％和89．46％;放线菌次之,平均占有率分别为37．59％和10．45％;真菌最少,分别占总菌数的0．15％和0．09％。随着连作年限的增加,细菌数量和比例明显增加;其中亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、好气性纤维素分解菌、硫化细菌的数量均明显增加。同时,种植牛膝能够显著增加脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶的活性,但长期种植会使这3种酶活性呈不同程度减弱,多酚氧化酶活性却明显增强。最后对牛膝耐连作的可能机理作了进一步探讨。     

氮素形态对中后期小麦根际土壤氮转化微生物及酶活性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了硝态氮、铵态氮和酰胺态氮对豫麦34不同生育期根际土壤氮素转化相关微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明,土壤氮素转化不同微生物生理类群活性及酶活性差异显著,其活性大小顺序为:反硝化细菌硝化细菌脲酶蛋白酶亚硝化细菌氨化细菌。反硝化细菌、硝化细菌、蛋白酶、亚硝化细菌及氨化细菌活性从拔节期开始逐渐升高,于花后14天达到最大值,之后开始下降;脲酶活性在拔节期最高,逐渐降低,至花后14天最低,之后又略有回升。氮素形态对小麦根际土壤氮素转化微生物及酶活性的影响因生育期、微生物生理类群而异。综合比较分析表明,铵态氮促进土壤有机氮的分解利用,促进氨转化为NO3-,抑制反硝化作用引起的氮素损失,酰胺态氮次之,硝态氮最差。     

玉米?水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性

【目的】以水稻连作为对照,研究玉米?水稻水旱轮作模式对稻田作物根际和非根际土壤氮素含量及酶活性的影响,为稻田系统玉米?水稻轮作对土壤氮素转化与稻田土壤质量的影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用根际袋盆栽试验进行水稻连作与玉米?水稻轮作,在玉米喇叭口期、抽穗期及成熟期,水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及成熟期分别采取根际与非根际土样,测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量与脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性变化。【结果】两种种植模式及作物生育期对土壤氮素含量和酶活性均有显著影响。不同种植模式下土壤酶活性变化趋势基本相同。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作土壤铵态氮减少了24.7%;土壤硝态氮含量增加了153.4%,主要表现在第一季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作条件下两季作物成熟期土壤全氮含量降低,土壤脲酶活性整体提高24.3%,土壤硝酸还原酶活性整体降低34.6%。水旱轮作对各个指标的影响可持续到第二季。根际土壤铵态氮含量及脲酶活性整体低于非根际土壤,玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量低于非根际,水稻根际土壤硝态氮含量高于非根际土壤,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性高于非根际土壤。【结论】在本试验中,轮作在第一季对土壤氮素及酶活性的影响可持续至第二季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作可以提高作物根际与非根际土壤的脲酶活性及硝态氮含量,有利于氮素有效性的提高。     

东北地区四种农作物根际磷细菌的分布

从小麦、水稻、玉米,大豆根际土壤中磷细菌数量及其群落结构、多样性和相似性等几个方面,对东北地区代表性农作物根际磷细菌生态分布规律进行了系统研究.结果表明,4种作物根际土壤中分布大量解磷菌和溶磷菌,其中解磷菌达到2.15～6.68×105cfu·g-1、溶磷菌达到0.7～3.9×104cfu·g-1,解磷菌数量多于溶磷菌;作物根际土壤有效磷含量与磷细菌数量问无直接相关性;东北地区农作物根际磷细菌种群结构复杂,小麦、玉米、水稻、大豆根际土壤解磷菌分别涉及9个、11个、13个、12个菌属,溶磷菌分别涉及9个、8个、9个、7个菌属:4种主要农作物根际土壤中分布的磷细菌具有较高的多样性指数,且一般来说根际土壤中解磷菌多样性更高;作物根际磷细菌组成相似性系数在0.50～1.00之间,总体处于较高水平,且溶磷菌的相似性系数高于解磷菌.     

抗盐碱转基因大豆对根际与非根际土壤氨氧化古菌多样性的影响

采用PCR—DGGE技术,研究了抗盐碱转基因大豆（SRTS）对根际与非根际土壤氨氧化古菌（AOA）群落多样性的影响。结果表明,在非根际土壤中,SRTS的氨氧化古菌DGGE条带数、多样性指数显著高于其受体亲本黑农35和其他两种大豆处理,而均匀度指数较低;在根际土壤中,SRTS的DGGE条带数和多样性指数均高于其受体亲本,但并不显著,其均匀度指数则显著高于其他处理;每种大豆自身根际与非根际比较显示,SRTS非根际氨氧化古菌DGGE条带数、多样性指数明显高于根际,均匀度指数却低于根际,而其受体亲本与其他两个处理反之。聚类分析结果表明,SRTS的DGGE带谱与其他大豆处理差异较大,且自身非根际与根际处理差异显著,与其受体亲本黑农35相似性很低。测序结果表明,在SRTS处理中特有条带12、15和优势条带13、14均属于Uncultured crenarchaeote。在盐碱土壤生态系统中,SRTS提高了非根际土壤氨氧化古菌群落的多样性,但对根际土壤中氨氧化古菌的群落多样性有一定的抑制作用。     

水稻根际硝化─反硝化作用生态因子的水平空间变异

采用根际模拟和切片技术研究水稻根区土壤硝化－反硝化作用及其相关生态因子沿根系接触面水平空间变异的结果表明,土壤潜在硝化作用强度和反硝化作用强度随距极系接触面距离的增加而降低;由于硝化细菌是严格的好氧微生物,土壤潜在硝化强度随距根系接触面水平距离急剧减弱,而潜在反硝化强度则变弱趋势较为缓和;土壤０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＫ２ＳＯ４可提取碳及其碳氮比随距根系接触面距离增大而下降,土壤速效氮则反之;土壤亚硝酸Ｋ２     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅰ.非连作大豆(正茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了3个抗病性不同的大豆品种在生育期内根面和根际微生物区系的变化情况,并应用荧光计数法直接测定了根际细菌和真菌的生物量。结果表明,土体的微生物种类最丰富、根际的次之、根面的较单一。播种后从三叶期到鼓粒初期,根面和根际的可培养细菌总数随生育期逐渐增加,鼓粒初期达最大值,而成熟期则有明显的下降;大豆根际细菌生物量也存在相同的变化规律。抗病性不同的大豆品种其根面、根际可培养细菌总数存在差异;抗病品种大豆的根瘤重明显高于感病品种。种植一季后感病品种根际积累的病原生物(镰孢霉Fusarium.sp.和大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera.glycines的胞囊数)明显高于抗病品种。说明大豆根系分泌物对微生物具有选择性的促进或抑制作用,不同大豆品种以及同一大豆品种在不同生育时期根系分泌物的组成和数量不同,从而使大豆根面及根际形成了特定的微生物区系组成。     

沼泽红假单胞菌与枯草芽孢杆菌混施对水稻根域细菌多样性与功能的影响

[目的]微生物菌肥作为一种绿色环保的生物肥料,可以改善土壤质量,促进作物生长.以水稻根际和根表微生物为对象,探究不同微生物菌肥单施和混施对其群落多样性和功能的影响.[方法]采用盆栽试验,设单施沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)、单施枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)及...     

Bacteria and fungi on roots of different barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary We investigated the abundance of bacteria and fungi on roots of different barley varieties grown in soil and in a nutrient solution. Measurements were made on the rhizoplane and, for soil-grown plants, also in the rhizosphere soil. Further, the influence of plant age was investigated. Barley variety, had a significant influence both for plants grown in soil and in the nutrient solution, and the effects were most pronounced on the rhizoplane. There were no significant differences among varieties in fungal hyphal lengths on the roots. Bacterial abundance on the rhizoplane was significantly decreased with increasing plant age. Varietal differences were maintained over different plant ages.     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅱ.连作大豆(重茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了两个抗根腐病连作大豆品种生育期间根面和根际微生物区系动态变化。结果表明,两个品种大豆根面细菌随生育期增加呈递减趋势,品种间无差异。合丰25(H25)的根际细菌数量随生育期呈递减趋势,绥农10号(S10)根际细菌数量从三叶期到鼓粒初期不断增加,到成熟期又急剧减少。感病品种H25根瘤重明显低于抗病品种S10。H25根面真菌和镰孢霉总数在三叶期和成熟期均高于S10,苗期是根腐病的主要发病期。总之,在连作条件下,无论抗病品种还是感病品种大豆成熟期其根面和根际细菌减少,真菌和主要病原菌(镰孢霉Fusarium)都会大量富集,表明根系分泌物对根面和根际的微生物种群有选择性地促进或抑制作用。     

Vitamin production in relation to phosphate solubilization by soil bacteria

Studies were conducted to determine the relationship of vitamin production and ability to dissolve bicalcium phosphate in bacteria isolated from rhizosphere, rhizoplane and control soil. Production of vitamin B₁₂, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenate and biotin was determined using a bioassay procedure that may be useful for large-scale screening of bacteria for vitamin production.Among isolates producing one or more vitamins, 76.4, 37.5 and 57.5% of control, rhizosphere and rhizoplane isolates, respectively, solubilized phosphate. However, phosphate-solubilizing isolates from rhizosphere and rhizoplane were more active vitamin producers than solubilizing isolates from control soil, and non-solubilizing isolates from any of the three regions.Production of vitamin B₁₂, riboflavin and niacin by rhizosphere isolates and of riboflavin by rhizoplane isolates was also correlated with ability to solubilize phosphate, but similar relationships were not observed for control isolates.     

Effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on the root microbiota of maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Summary The addition of sugars or amino acids to the soil gave rise to the development of different groups of microorganisms. The increase in the number of different groups of microorganisms in the soil had an influence on the microbiota in the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of maize and barley grown in that soil. Furthermore, growth of maize and barley decreased with increasing microbial activity and density in soil. This effect could be counteracted effectively by the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2. The beneficial effect of the strain 7NSK2 correlated inversely with the microbial activity, as measured by soil respiration, in the bulk-pretreated soil.The effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on the root microbiota of maize and barley was evaluated. The strain 7NSK2 was capable of colonizing the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of the maize cultivar Beaupré and barley cultivar Than very effectively and of considerably altering their composition. The number of total bacteria, fungi, pseudomonads and coliform bacteria in the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of both plants was strongly reduced by inoculating the seeds with the strain 7NSK2.     

有机肥对水稻根际土壤中微生物和酶活性的影响

利用根际箱在红壤上研究了有机肥对水稻根际有效磷、根际微生物和土壤酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,有机肥明显地提高水稻根际和非根际土壤真菌、放线菌和细菌的数量及土壤有效磷的含量。根际土壤各类微生物的数量大于非根际土壤,表现出明显的根际效应。施用有机肥使根际效应增加,其效应为细菌 放线菌 真菌。有机肥还明显地促进水稻根际无机磷溶解菌和有机磷分解数量以及磷酸酶和脲酶的活性,同时对水稻根际土壤磷转化速率有明显的提高,从而加速了土壤养分的转化。     

N2-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere: Quantification and hormonal effects on root development

The paper summarizes the results of a series of experiments on enumeration of N₂-fixing bacteria (diazotrophs) and hormonal effects of Azospirillum on root development. Numbers of N₂-fixing and N-heterotrophic bacteria were determined on the root (rhizoplane plus “inner” root surface) and in the rhizosphere soil (0–3 mm from the root surface) of Arrhenatherum elatius, other forage grasses and some herbaceous plant species. Pot experiments involved freshly collected soil from an unfertilized grassland area containing its natural population of N₂-fixing bacteria. The MPN (most probable number) of diazotrophs in relation to the MPN of the total bacterial population was always lower on the root than in the rhizosphere soil, suggesting that diazotrophs were not selectively advantaged at the root surface. Supply of mineral nitrogen (NH₄NO₃) decreased the proportion of N₂-fixing bacteria at the rhizoplane as well as in the rhizosphere soil. Similar results were obtained when N was supplied via the leaves. The data suggest that N₂-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere are poor competitors once they loose their competitive advantage of binding dinitrogen. Correspondingly, the increase in the MPN of the diazotrophs found during plant development was interpreted as a result of decreased available combined N in the rhizosphere. The proportion of N₂-fixing bacteria relative to the total number of bacteria was generally below 1%. Considering the potential amount of substrate released from the roots and the substrate requirement of the bacterial population, N₂-fixation was considered insignificant for plant growth under the given conditions. For the investigations on possible beneficial effects on plant development by bacterial hormones, Azospirillum brasilense was chosen because evidence suggests that amongst the soil bacteria releasing hormones, especially IAA, certain strains of this species are more important than other bacteria. Application of A. brasilense Cd (ATCC 29710) onto the roots of young wheat plants grown in soil increased the number of lateral roots, the total root length and the number of root hairs. Similar results were obtained after application of IAA. This suggests that IAA is an important factor responsible for the effects observed after inoculation with A. brasilense. The increase in root surface may improve acquisition of nutrients and enhance growth of plants. Another hormonal effect of A. brasilense was an increase in nodulation of Medicago sativa grown on agar. Again pure IAA resulted in a similar increase in nodule number. Increases in nodule number were only in part associated with a change in root morphology. Therefore an effect of IAA on the plant immanent regulation system for nodulation is likely.     

Mitrification-Denitrification Loss of Added Nitrogen in Flooded RiceRhizosphere

Nitrification-denitrification losses of 15N-labelled nitrate and ammonium applied to the rhizos phere and nonrhizosphere of flooded rice were evaluated in 2 greenhouse rhizobox experiments.The loss of added N via denitrification was estimated directly by measuring the total fluxes of (N2O N2)12N,It was found that 67% and 51%-56% of 15N-nitrate added to rice rhizosphere were lost as (N2O N2)-15N in the 2 experiments,respectively,which were comparable to that added to norhizosphere soil(70%and 47%,respectively),implying that the denitrifying activity in rice rhizosphere was as high as that in nonrhizosphere soil.However,only trace amounts (0-0\3% of added N)were recovered as (N2O N2)-15N when 15N-ammonium was applied to either rhizosphere or nonrhizosphere,which seems to indicate that the nitrifying activity in the either rhizosphere of nonrhizosphere soils was quite low.The apparent denitrification calculated from 15N balance studies was 10%-47% higher than the total flux of (N2O N2)-15N.Reasons for the large differences can not be explained satisfactorily.Though the denitrifying activity in rhizosphere was high and comparable to that in nonrhizosphere soil.presumably due to the low nitrifying activity and /or the strong competition of N uptake against denitrification.the nitrification-denitrification taking place in rhizosphere could not be an important mechanism of loss of ammonium N in flooded rice-soil system.