抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅰ.非连作大豆(正茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了3个抗病性不同的大豆品种在生育期内根面和根际微生物区系的变化情况,并应用荧光计数法直接测定了根际细菌和真菌的生物量。结果表明,土体的微生物种类最丰富、根际的次之、根面的较单一。播种后从三叶期到鼓粒初期,根面和根际的可培养细菌总数随生育期逐渐增加,鼓粒初期达最大值,而成熟期则有明显的下降;大豆根际细菌生物量也存在相同的变化规律。抗病性不同的大豆品种其根面、根际可培养细菌总数存在差异;抗病品种大豆的根瘤重明显高于感病品种。种植一季后感病品种根际积累的病原生物(镰孢霉Fusarium.sp.和大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera.glycines的胞囊数)明显高于抗病品种。说明大豆根系分泌物对微生物具有选择性的促进或抑制作用,不同大豆品种以及同一大豆品种在不同生育时期根系分泌物的组成和数量不同,从而使大豆根面及根际形成了特定的微生物区系组成。     

连作土壤盆栽大豆的根际酸度和微生物数量变化

连作土壤条件下，不同抗性品种的根际微生物变化不同。盆栽试验结果表明，连作条件下，抗病品种绥农10号和抗线2号根际环境pH中性偏碱，不利病原真菌生长；感病品种合丰25号根际则处于偏酸环境，使作物易于感染根腐病。抗性大豆品种绥农10号和抗线2号的根际细菌数量增加，真菌数量减少；感病品种合丰25号的细菌和真菌数量变化不显著。     

保护地番茄根际微生物区系分析

采用常规微生物分离鉴定技术,分析了保护地番茄根际微生物区系。结果表明:在苗期、花期和果期,细菌和真菌数量明显上升,而放线菌数量下降;生育期不同真菌优势种类明显不同;颉颃灰霉病菌的微生物数量随生育期而下降;品种抗病性与颉颃微生物的数量表现出正相关。     

不同连作年限麦冬根际微生物区系动态研究

从麦冬根际微生物区系的变化来研究连作对麦冬生长环境的影响发现:1.在麦冬根际微生物中,细菌占99%以上,放线菌占0.44%,真菌最少,从三个不同取样部位来看,麦冬块根根际土微生物总量>麦冬须根根际土微生物总量>麦冬根外土微生物总量;2.随着连作年限的增加,细菌和放线菌随连作年限增加而下降,但真菌却增加;3.连作对微生物生理类群的影响,在分析的几类有益细菌生理群中,氨化细菌>硝化细菌>固氮菌和纤维素分解菌;随着连作年限的增加,各有益细菌生理群的数量锐减。     

大气中臭氧浓度增加对根际和非根际土壤微生物的影响

在大田试验下,研究了冬小麦在不同的臭氧浓度下根际和非根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的动态变化。结果表明,随着生育时期的推进,微生物数量呈现规律性的变化,其中微生物总量在抽穗期达最大。根际、非根际土壤细菌和真菌数量均随着生育期的推进呈先增大后降低的变化趋势,分别在抽穗期和孕穗期达最大。根际、非根际土壤放线菌数量随生育期呈下降的趋势,整个生育期内臭氧浓度的升高降低了土壤微生物的数量,不同的臭氧浓度处理间细菌数量差异达显著性水平,真菌数量差异只在成熟期达显著,放线菌差异不显著。     

不同抗性烤烟品种根际微生物数量及多样性差异研究

以不同烤烟品种云85（高抗）、K326（中抗）、净叶黄（中感）和红花大金元（高感）为材料,通过平板菌落计数法和Biolog方法比较了不同烤烟品种不同生育时期以及接种黑胫病菌后根际可培养微生物数量及群落功能多样性差异。结果表明,不同品种根际细菌数量随生育进程先增加后减少,真菌刚好相反,且细菌和真菌趋势拐点均出现在现蕾期,放线菌变化不大;团棵期和旺长期细菌和放线菌数量与品种抗性正相关,真菌数量与品种抗性呈负相关。人工接种黑胫病菌条件下,抗病品种根际环境刺激了细菌生长,而相对抑制感病品种细菌生长,不同品种均促进了根际真菌和放线菌生长,且真菌数量与品种抗性负相关。Biolog功能多样性分析表明,不同品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性存在一定差异,团棵期和旺长期抗病品种AWCD值、Shannon指数和Mclntosh指数大于感病品种;接种降低了感病品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性。以上结果说明,不同品种微生物数量及群落多样性受生长发育和品种抗性影响,且抗性差异主要表现在烤烟现蕾以前;与黑胫病互作后根际微生物数量及群落多样性存在明显差异且与品种抗性密切相关。     

柑桔根际土壤微生物种群动态及根际效应的研究

在柑桔根际土壤微生物的种群结构中，细菌占优势，最高达76871×10⁷个每克干土；真菌次之，达17549个每克干土；放线菌最少，达12462个每克干土。三种菌的根际效应非常显著，根际细菌最高约为对照的67.6倍，真菌约为12.4倍，放线菌约为26.9倍，柑桔中，温州密柑根际土壤细菌最多，年平均为6490×10⁷个每克干土；红桔的放线菌及真菌最多，年均分别为1326个每克干土及1728个每克干土。柑桔根际土壤微生物区系的种群结构和数量变动，受土壤理化性质的影响，并随树种、树龄、砧木及季节而变化。柑桔根部及根颈部对脚腐病、根腐病及线虫病的感病性和耐病性同柑桔同柑桔根际土壤微生物区系中，有益微生物与有害微生物的种类、数量及分布有密切的关系。柑桔根际土壤有益微生物有促进生长发育和保护的作用。     

大豆根系分泌物中氨基酸对根腐病菌生长的影响

采用砂培和室内模拟方法,研究了两个抗病性不同的大豆品种水溶性根系分泌物中氨基酸组分随作物生长的变化;同时检测了培养基中添加大豆根系分泌物和纯品氨基酸对大豆根腐病菌菌落生长的影响。结果表明,添加大豆苗期和花荚期根分泌物均显著促进尖镰孢菌菌丝生长,添加成熟期根分泌物显著促进腐皮镰孢菌菌丝生长。易感根腐病大豆品种合丰25号花荚期以后根分泌物中氨基酸种类多于抗根腐病大豆品种绥农10号。感病大豆品种根系分泌的氨基酸总量随生育时期增加,在鼓粒期达到最高;抗病大豆品种根系分泌的氨基酸总量在花荚期最高。感病大豆品种根系分泌的主要氨基酸为精氨酸,抗病大豆品种根系分泌的氨基酸主要为天冬氨酸。氨基酸纯品培养中,添加精氨酸和酪氨酸处理的尖镰孢菌菌落直径显著高于不加氨基酸的对照菌落直径;添加丝氨酸和天冬氨酸的处理菌落直径则显著低于对照处理。同时,添加天冬氨酸的培养基上腐皮镰孢菌菌落直径显著低于不加氨基酸的对照。可见,不同大豆品种根系分泌物中氨基酸组分对病原菌生长起着一定的作用,其表现的作用受根际氨基酸种类和氨基酸浓度影响较大,对于不同病原菌的作用存在差异。     

返青前后草地早熟禾草坪根际微生物区系动态

根际是土壤-植物生态系统物质及能量交换的活跃界面,根际微生物不仅直接影响植物对水分、养分的吸收,而且也同时影响植物对不良环境的抵抗能力。利用选择性培养基对草地早熟禾（PoapratensisL.）返青前后根际与非根际的细菌、真菌以及放线菌类群进行分离测数,拟从根际及非根际土壤微生物区系动态变化方面来阐述草地早熟禾返青前后其根际微生态的变化规律。结果表明：（1）草地早熟禾草坪的返青后,根际及非根际细菌、真菌数量明显增加,但放线菌数量呈减少趋势;（2）无论返青前后或者根际以及非根际,细菌的数量都占整个土壤微生物量的绝大部分,细菌数量的变化代表了整个微生物类群数量的变化趋势,使得草地早熟禾返青后根际土壤由“真菌型”向“细菌型”转化;（3）返青前后,各微生物类群都表现出明显的根际效应。     

大豆连作障碍及产生机理

选择不同连作年限的地块设置试验小区，定期调查大豆根腐病发病程度，大豆收获后测产，并采用稀释平析以法测定大豆根际土壤中微生物组成及密度结果表明：连作导致大豆产量降低，根腐病加重，形成了明显的连作障碍现象，连作障碍产生的原因初步认为系由于大奶际病原真菌种类增加，有益真菌数量减少而致。同时连作导致大豆根际细菌放线菌密度下降，由此造成大豆根腐病加重。     

不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物对枯萎病菌的化感作用及根系分泌物组分分析

蚕豆枯萎病是土传病害,其发生与蚕豆根系分泌物有密切关系。本文以3个枯萎病不同抗性蚕豆品种——‘89-147’(高抗)、‘8363’(中抗)和‘云豆324’(感病)为材料,通过水培试验收集根系分泌物,测定根系分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响,分析对枯萎病表现出不同抗性的蚕豆品种根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸和有机酸的含量,分离鉴定了根系分泌物中氨基酸和有机酸的组分。结果表明,抗病品种的根系分泌物抑制了尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长,在加入5 mL中抗品种根系分泌物时,显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发,但对菌丝生长无显著影响;而在加入1 mL感病品种根系分泌物时,就能显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长。不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物中氨基酸总量和总糖含量随抗性的降低而升高,有机酸分泌总量则随蚕豆品种对枯萎病的抗性增加而升高。感病品种和中抗品种中检出15种氨基酸,而高抗品种中检出14种,组氨酸只存在于中抗品种中,脯氨酸仅在感病品种中检出,3个蚕豆品种根系分泌物中均未检出精氨酸。蚕豆根系分泌物中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和亮氨酸含量高,可能会促进枯萎病的发生,而蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和丝氨酸含量高可能抑制枯萎病发生。酒石酸仅在抗病品种中存在,根系分泌物中有机酸种类丰富,有助于提高蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性。蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性不同,根分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响也不同,而这种抗病性差异与蚕豆根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸、有机酸的含量和组分密切相关。     

黑土区大豆基因型的根际细菌群落结构时空动态变化

The dynamics of rhizosphere microbial communities is important for plant health and productivity, and can be influenced by soil type, plant species or genotype, and plant growth stage. A pot experiment was carried out to examine the dynamics of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of two soybean genotypes grown in a black soil in Northeast China with a long history of soybean cultivation. The two soybean genotypes, Beifeng 11 and Hai 9731, differing in productivity were grown in a mixture of black soil and siliceous sand. The bacterial communities were compared at three zone locations including rhizoplane, rhizosphere, and bulk soil at the third node (V3), early flowering (R1), and early pod (R3) stages using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rDNA. The results of principal component analyses (PCA) showed that the bacterial community structure changed with growth stage. Spatially, the bacterial communities in the rhizoplane and rhizosphere were significantly different from those in the bulk soil. Nevertheless, the bacterial communities in the rhizoplane were distinct from those in the rhizosphere at the V3 stage, while no obvious differences were found at the R1 and R3 stages. For the two genotypes, the bacterial community structure was similar at the V3 stage, but differed at the R1 and R3 stages. In other words, some bacterial populations became dominant and some others recessive at the two later stages, which contributed to the variation of the bacterial community between the two genotypes. These results suggest that soybean plants can modify the rhizosphere bacterial communities in the black soil, and there existed genotype-specific bacterial populations in the rhizosphere, which may be related to soybean productivity.     

Phosphorus dynamics in the rhizosphere of two wheat cultivars in a soil with high organic matter content

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key of most nutrient cycling and its content influences labile phosphorus (P) pool. In order to promote P availability from SOM, some plant strategies could be important to increase organic P mineralization, which may change among cultivars of the same crop. This study evaluated phosphorus dynamics in the rhizosphere of two wheat cultivars in soil with high organic matter content. Experiment was established in a greenhouse using a Humic Cambisol in a randomized block design using Quartzo and Abalone as wheat cultivars and harvested 20 days after seedling. Pots with a horizontal mesh (25 µm) were used to isolate the soil from roots. At harvest, the soil under the mesh was sliced in five distances from the rhizoplane (0–3; 3–6; 6–10; 10–20; 20–30 mm). Organic P was the buffer to maintain P dynamics in the rhizosphere and there was phosphorus depletion in the first slice near the rhizoplane due to the root effect, regardless the cultivar. Quartzo showed high labile inorganic P, presumably due to the high amount of root hairs, which increased the acid phosphatase activity and consequently root P uptake. Quartzo was more efficient in changing rhizosphere regarding the P acquisition.     

Diversity of rhizosphere bacteria associated with different soybean cultivars in two soil conditions

Aiming at learning the effects of soil conditions and cultivar on the bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.), bacterial communities associated with four soybean cultivars grown in two soils were revealed by terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) combined with sequencing analysis of a 16S rDNA clone library. Lower bacteria diversity was found in soil A which has higher salinity and nutrient contents, while the highest bacterial diversity was found in the rhizosphere of cv. Jidou 12 in both soils. These results revealed that both the soil conditions and soybean cultivar affected the community composition of rhizosphere bacteria, but the effect of soil conditions was greater than that of soybean cultivar as demonstrated by the principal component analysis. It also revealed that the abundant rhizosphere bacteria may also the main symbiotic or non-symbiotic nodule endophytes.     

Micromycetes in the rhizosphere, the rhizoplane and the roots of wheat under conventional and zero tillage

The effects of different soil cultivation on the occurrence of micromycetes in the rhizosphere, at the root surface (rhizoplane) and in the root interior were investigated in a long-term field experiment on a chernozem soil at Hru?ovany u Brna, in an area of the corn production type. Cereals were grown as a monoculture with conventional and zero tillage.Soil cultivation had no significant effect on the total number of species of micromycetes. Zero tillage resulted in an increased number of colonies isolated from the rhizosphere and the rhizoplane. On the contrary, conventional tillage resulted in an increased number of isolates from the roots interior. The abundance of individual species of micromycetes varied somewhat in individual years, larger differences being observed with the saprophytic rather than with the parasitic (Gaeumannomyces graminis, Fusarium) species. In wheat roots, Gaeumannomyces graminis was more common under conventional tillage that under zero tillage, while the reverse was true of Fusarium.     

Effect of phosphoric fertilizer and starter rates of nitrogen fertilizers on the phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil and nonlignified soybean roots under drought conditions

In a small-plot field experiment, two soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars were grown on a calcareous chernozem under the drought conditions of 2012 with the preplanting application of simple superphosphate (P_s) at 60 kg/ha, urea (N_u) at 10 and 20 kg/ha, and ammonium nitrate (N_an) at 20 kg/ha. The phosphatase activity was measured in the rhizosphere soil (0- to 20-cm layer) and the fine nonlignified roots of soybean plants at the blossoming and pod-formation stages (the soil water content was 19 and 33% of the total water capacity, respectively). The maximum content of available phosphorus in the rhizosphere of both soybean cultivars (4.3–4.8 mg/100 g dry soil) was found at the simultaneous application of P_s and N_u20. Higher activities of the predominant phosphatases (alkaline phosphatase in the rhizosphere and acid phosphatase in the roots) were observed in the root-inhabited zone of the soil under the Indra cultivar compared to the Aura cultivar, which correlated with the lower content of available phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil (especially at the simultaneous application of P_s and N_u20) and the higher productivity of this cultivar in this treatment.     

不同镉积累类型小麦根际土壤低分子量有机酸与镉的生物积累

采用土壤培养方法研究低镉积累小麦烟 86103和高镉积累小麦莱州 953不同生育期土壤低分子量有机酸含量与组成 ,及其与镉生物积累的关系。结果表明 ,不同镉积累类型小麦在高镉土壤中其根系镉含量差异不显著 ,但地上部镉浓度烟 86103显著低于莱州 953,而在低镉土壤中根系和地上部镉浓度烟 86 10 3均显著低于莱州 95 3。根际土壤有机酸 (柠檬酸、酒石酸、乙酸和丙酸 )含量及有机酸总量均为低镉品种烟 86103显著低于高镉品种莱州953。两个品种不同生育期有机酸含量均表现为柠檬酸 酒石酸 丙酸 乙酸 ,且各有机酸含量占有机酸总量的百分数表现稳定。小麦镉的生物积累与有机酸种类没有特异性关系 ,但与有机酸的总量有关。根际不同有机酸的水平对于土壤镉的复合或螯合溶解 ,在引起两品种地上部镉生物积累的差异方面起重要作用。