添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化及苋菜镉积累的影响

植物根系分泌的低分子量有机酸能够与土壤中的镉形成镉–有机酸复合体,从而影响根际镉的移动性。本文通过添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化的研究,阐明有机酸与镉生物积累的关系。采用盆栽试验及土壤培养等方法,研究了添加苹果酸、柠檬酸对赤红壤和黄棕壤中镉的形态转化以及超积累型苋菜天星米镉生物积累的影响。结果表明,与Cd 25 mg/kg处理比较,Cd 25 mg/kg＋苹果酸、Cd 25mg/kg＋柠檬酸处理对苋菜生物量未产生影响,但显著增加苋菜根系及地上部镉含量;添加苹果酸、柠檬酸处理显著降低土壤专性吸附态Cd含量,却显著增加了交换态Cd、碳酸盐结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量。说明添加苹果酸、柠檬酸还能够通过影响土壤镉形态转化而促进苋菜对镉的积累。     

有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响

向土壤中加入外源有机酸,研究有机酸对活化土壤中镉的作用和小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：有机酸对土壤中镉有一定的活化能力,对镉活化能力强弱顺序为ＥＤＴＡ〉缺铁小麦根分泌物〉柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉水。但ＥＤＴＡ却降低了小麦地上部镉的含量,缺铁小麦根分泌物明显增加了小麦地上部镉含量。与对照相比,柠檬酸和苹果酸对小麦地上部的镉含量有一定的促进作用,也增加了小麦地上部镉含量。     

苦荞根系分泌有机酸对低氮胁迫的响应机制

通过对两种不同低氮耐受性苦荞品种{迪庆苦荞(DQ,耐低氮)及黑丰1号(HF,不耐低氮)}的盆栽试验,研究了苦荞根系分泌有机酸(丙二酸、丙酸、草酸、酒石酸、乙酸)对低氮胁迫(尿素,80 mg kg~(-1))的响应机制。分析结果表明:幼苗期时,低氮处理(尿素,80 mg kg~(-1))与常氮处理(尿素,160 mg kg~(-1))相比,HF和DQ土壤含水量分别减少24.2%和14.32%,且这一时期低氮胁迫下DQ耗水量显著高于HF。DQ根际土壤pH值在幼苗期和开花期分别比HF低1.44%和8.44%。裂区分析显示,氮处理对苦荞根际土壤有机酸含量有显著的影响。低氮胁迫下苦荞根系分泌有机酸含量在品种间具有差异,根际土壤中丙二酸与其他有机酸相比含量较多但并未在品种间产生显著差异,DQ根际土壤中草酸含量在各个生育期分别显著高于HF 40.16%、25.24%和41.31%,酒石酸也在开花期和成熟期表现出相同的趋势。综上所述,苦荞可能通过根系有机酸的分泌来调节根际土壤养分有效性以应对低氮胁迫环境,对于未来贫瘠土壤上苦荞的种植应考量其耐瘠性的差异,选育耐瘠性强的品种来增加效益。     

小麦苗期吸收和积累镉能力的品种间差异

采用水培方法,研究了25个小麦品种苗期对镉的吸收和积累的差异,以期筛选具有Cd低积累潜力的小麦品种。结果表明,Cd对地上部干物重有显著抑制作用,对地下部干物重影响因品种而异,对春性品种有抑制作用,对半冬性小麦品种有促进作用。小麦对镉的吸收、积累、耐性指数以及镉运转效率有极显著的品种间差异。在1μmol·L-1的Cd处理下,根系镉含量为33.1～139.7mg·kg-1,积累量为2.12～9.78μg·plant-1,地上部镉含量为3.6～15.3mg·kg-1,积累量为0.45～1.44μg·plant-1,表明小麦体内的Cd主要积累在地下部而非地上部。因此,以地上部Cd积累量为筛选指标,将25个小麦品种划分为Cd高积累型、Cd中积累型、Cd低积累型。     

续断菊与玉米间作的铅累积及根系低分子量有机酸分泌特征研究

为探明间作作物根系分泌低分子量有机酸对土壤重金属生物有效性的影响,采用矿区周边农田土壤进行室内盆栽试验,研究了云南本土超累积植物续断菊(Sonchus asper L. Hill)和玉米(Zea mays L.)间作下,植物生长、根系低分子量有机酸分泌量、根际土壤Pb提取形态以及植物Pb积累特点。结果表明:与单作相比,间作续断菊地上部和根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积均显著增加(P0.05);间作玉米根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积显著增加(P0.05)。柠檬酸、草酸是续断菊和玉米根系分泌的主要低分子量有机酸,间作导致续断菊根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量增加,玉米根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量降低。续断菊根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量增加85.2%(P0.05),而玉米根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量降低26.1%(P0.05)。续断菊体内Pb含量显著增加18.0%～43.2%(P0.05),富集系数提高26.0%,而转运系数降低42.0%;玉米地上部Pb含量显著降低24.3%(P0.05),转运系数降低43.1%。续断菊根系分泌的柠檬酸和草酸数量,均与土壤生物有效态Pb含量呈显著正相关,且土壤有效态Pb含量分别与续断菊地上部和根部的Pb含量呈显著正相关。表明间作增加了续断菊对Pb的吸收积累量,与间作体系植物根系分泌的低分子有机酸介导下的土壤有效态Pb含量增加密切相关。     

低分子量有机酸强化烟草修复镉污染土壤的适用性研究

采用盆栽试验,以0.125mmol/kg EDTA为对照,研究3种低分子量有机酸(酒石酸、柠檬酸和草酸)在强化烟草修复镉污染土壤中应用的可行性。3种低分子量有机酸(LMWOA)均可显著降低土壤pH,提高镉的有效含量,酒石酸和草酸对镉在烟草中转运有抑制作用,柠檬酸在酸性土壤中促进镉在烟草中转运,在中性土壤中则起抑制作用。31.25mmol/kg LMWOA对烟草地上部的生长有一定的促进作用,该浓度的柠檬酸和草酸使酸性土壤中烟草地上部镉累积量分别提高42.95%和28.67%,柠檬酸还使中性土壤中烟草地上部镉的累积量提高40.91%,所有酒石酸处理镉在烟草地上部的累积量均降低,EDTA使酸性土壤中烟草地上部镉的累积量提高24.56%,对中性土壤中烟草地上部镉累积量的影响不显著。表明柠檬酸和草酸具有强化烟草地上部对镉的吸收、提高烟草提取土壤镉效率的作用,但要获得与EDTA相当的效果,需大大提高其用量,这必然导致修复成本大大提高,故不宜用于强化烟草修复镉污染土壤。     

不同品种大白菜苗期吸收积累镉的差异研究

利用实验室水培模拟轻度镉污染土壤研究了13个大白菜品种苗期吸收积累镉的差异。结果表明,不同品种大白菜地上部和根部的镉含量存在显著差异,其中,603大白菜地上部镉含量较低(104.7 mg kg-1),耐性指数较高,在轻度镉污染土壤上种植603大白菜有利于降低镉污染的人类健康风险。不同大白菜品种在受到Cd胁迫时,其叶绿素含量和组成均有显著差异,为耐性机理研究提供了理论依据。     

牛繁缕对镉的积累特性研究

以牛繁缕为试材,采用盆栽试验研究其在不同镉浓度条件下的镉积累特性。结果表明:牛繁缕根系生物量、地上土壤部分生物量和总生物量均随土壤镉浓度的升高而降低。在土壤镉浓度小于100 mg kg-1时,牛繁缕的抗性系数均大于0.5;当土壤镉浓度为25 mg kg-1时,抗性系数最大,为0.931。在不同镉浓度条件下,牛繁缕光合色素的合成会受到一定程度的抑制,叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素总量均随镉污染浓度的增加而逐渐降低,但叶绿素a和a/b值则表现为波动变化的趋势。随土壤镉浓度的增加,牛繁缕根系及地上部分镉含量呈增加的趋势;当土壤镉浓度为100 mg kg-1时,牛繁缕地上部分镉含量为118.94 mg kg-1,大于镉超富集植物临界值(100 mg kg-1)。牛繁缕根系和地上部分富集系数均大于1,但转运系数小于1。牛繁缕根系、地上部分和整株的镉积累量最大分别能达到449.05、126.07、532.83μg plant-1,生物富集量系数及转运量系数均随土壤镉浓度的增加而降低。在土壤镉浓度不高于75 mg kg-1时,牛繁缕生物富集量系数大于1 g plant-1,但各个镉处理下的转运量系数均小于1。由此可见,牛繁缕是一种镉富集植物,具有较强的镉富集能力,可用于镉污染农田的修复。     

外源有机酸对红蛋植物吸收和转运镉的影响

采用溶液培养试验,研究了外源草酸和柠檬酸对镉富集植物红蛋吸收及转运镉的影响。结果表明,外源草酸或柠檬酸的加入均不同程度地增加了红蛋对Cd的耐性,表现在生物量增加,根部的镉含量提高,影响大小依次为草酸>1/2(草酸+柠檬酸)>柠檬酸,其中草酸处理效果最明显,地下部镉含量比未加有机酸处理增加了67.20%。有机酸的加入也促进了植株地上部镉的累积,除了柠檬酸处理外,植株地上部Cd含量比未加有机酸处理降低了27.83%。草酸或/和柠檬酸的加入虽未提高红蛋体内镉的迁移系数,但却增加了各处理植株地上部重金属迁移总量,从而提高了修复重金属污染地的效率。可见,草酸或/和柠檬酸的添加能够促进红蛋对重金属镉的吸收和累积,且植株的重金属迁移总量相当可观,可作为一种潜力植物用以修复镉污染土壤或水体     

施氮和干湿灌溉对水稻抽穗期根系分泌有机酸的影响

以水稻品种‘连粳7号’为试验材料进行盆栽试验,设置不施氮(0N,0 kg?hm-2)、中氮(MN,240 kg?hm-2)和高氮(HN,360 kg?hm-2)3种施氮水平及浅水层灌溉(0 k Pa)、轻度干湿交替灌溉(-20 k Pa)和重度干湿交替灌溉(-40 k Pa)3种灌溉方式,研究不同水氮处理对水稻抽穗期根系分泌有机酸总量和组分变化、氨基酸含量及水稻氮肥农学利用率与偏生产力的影响及其耦合效应,探索水氮耦合机理,为水稻氮素高效利用及根际生态提供理论及科学依据。结果表明:轻度干湿交替灌溉增加了水稻根系酒石酸、柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、总有机酸、氨基酸分泌量,分别较浅水层灌溉增加13.2%、8.7%、27.3%、40.0%、6.7%、6.3%及6.4%,水稻氮肥农学利用效率及偏生产力分别增加4.1%及1.7%,显著提高根系分泌有机酸及氨基酸含量;重度干湿交替灌溉减少水稻根系酒石酸、柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸的分泌量,显著降低根系分泌有机酸总量、氨基酸含量及水稻的氮肥利用效率。同一水分条件下,施氮显著促进根系酒石酸、乙酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸的分泌,降低了草酸和柠檬酸的分泌量。根系分泌的酒石酸和琥珀酸含量在MN与HN间差异较小。分析表明,根系分泌有机酸总量、氨基酸、苹果酸及琥珀酸的供氮效应为正效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉效应及与供氮的耦合效应为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉效应及其与供氮的耦合效应则为负效应。根系分泌的柠檬酸、草酸与氮肥利用率呈显著与极显著正相关,乙酸与氮肥利用间呈显著负相关。结果表明通过轻度干湿交替灌溉与中等施氮调控发挥水肥耦合效应,可以促进水稻根系酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸及氨基酸分泌,提高氮肥利用效率,从而促进水稻高产。     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种大麦田土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸的影响

利用田间模拟UV-B辐射装置,从大麦分蘖期开始进行UV-B辐射增强处理,以后各主要生育期各选择一典型日分别观测作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量和土壤呼吸速率.UV-B辐射设对照(Ambient)和增强(Elevated,14.4kJ·m-2·d-1)两个水平,增强处理相当于南京地区4-5月自然光UV-B辐射量的120％.3个大麦品种分别为单2号、苏啤3号和苏啤4号.结果表明:3个品种中作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量均随生育进程表现出一致的规律,即分蘖、拔节、孕穗和抽穗期逐渐增加并达到最大值,成熟期则显著下降,UV-B辐射增强没有改变这种变化趋势;UV-B辐射增强后,各品种在多数生育时期观测的根际与非根际土壤微生物量碳含量显著低于对照(自然光)(P＜0.05),而单2号和苏啤4号在孕穗期(4月23日)观测的非根际土壤微生物量碳含量却明显高于对照(P＜0.05);UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号在孕穗期和成熟期、苏啤3号在抽穗期与成熟期观测的土壤呼吸速率显著低于对照(P＜0.05),其它阶段的差异不显著,各处理中土壤呼吸速率由分蘖到拔节、孕穗、抽穗期逐渐增加,抽穗期、成熟期逐渐下降的趋势没有改变;在UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号和苏啤3号两个品种的Q10值显著低于对照(P＜0.05),苏啤4号的Q10值则显著增大,明显高于其它品种(P＜0.05).研究认为,不同大麦品种土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸速率对UV-B辐射增强的响应存在差异.     

Low molecular weight organic acids released from roots of durum wheat and flax into sterile nutrient solutions

Knowledge of the composition and quantity of organic substances released from roots of different plant species is necessary for understanding the chemical and biological processes in the rhizosphere. The present study was undertaken to quantify low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) released from roots of five cultivars/lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.): Kyle, Sceptre, DT618, DT627, and DT637 and four cultivars/ lines of flax (Linum usitatissiumum L.): Somme, Flanders, AC Emerson, and YSED 2. Plants were grown in sterile nutrient solution cultures and amounts of organic acids exuded by roots were analyzed by gas chromatography. The LMWOAs varied significantly among both durum wheat and flax cultivars and oxalic, malonic, fumaric, succinic, acetic, malic, citric and tartaric acids were detected in root exudates of both species. Generally, oxalic and acetic acids were predominant in durum wheat exudates and oxalic, acetic and malic acids were predominant in flax root exudates. High oxalic acid concentrations occurred in root exudates of durum wheat cultivars DT627 and DT637, and flax cultivar YSED 2. Compared with the other durum wheat cultivars, Kyle released the lowest total amount of LMWOAs, whereas among the flax cultivars, YSED 2 had the highest total amount of acids secreted from roots. The data showed that the release of LMWOAs from roots was cultivar dependent. The results provide valuable background information for studying the role of root exudates in soil‐plant relationships.     

耐盐碱转基因大豆对盐碱土壤磷有效性的影响

以转入BADH基因的耐盐碱转基因大豆株系(SRTS)和其受体黑农35(HN-35),以及野生大豆(Y-21)、当地主栽品种抗线王(K)和盐碱敏感性品种合丰50(HF-50)为材料,在大田盐碱土壤条件下封闭种植,比较分析了耐盐碱转BADH基因大豆对根际土壤磷有效性的影响。研究结果表明,相比受体野生型大豆HN-35,SRTS、K和Y-21在苗期、花期和结荚期均表现出较高的有效磷、无机磷、微生物量磷含量以及较低的有机磷含量,以苗期和花期差异最为明显;SRTS植株根际土壤p H值在生长发育前期显著(P0.05)低于HN-35,与Y-21和K差异不明显,而生育后期SRTS与HN-35差异不显著。根际土壤有机磷细菌数量在苗期、花期、结荚期和鼓粒期SRTS均显著高于其他品种大豆,无机磷细菌数量SRTS在花期、结荚期和鼓粒期占优势。且分别与微生物量磷呈极显著的正相关关系(R=0.607**;R=0.715**)。同时,SRTS根际土壤酸性和中性磷酸酶活性在各时期均显著(P0.05)高于HN-35,以花期差异最为明显;而两者碱性磷酸酶活性差异仅在鼓粒期达显著水平。从上述结果可以看出,在大豆生长的一些时期,耐盐碱转基因大豆可能通过根系释放大量H+,使磷素转化的相关微生物群落结构和功能发生改变,从而增强盐碱土壤无机磷的水解和有机磷的矿化能力,促进磷素的循环和有效磷含量的提升,但其影响程度具时期性,且后期基本可得到恢复。     

Effects of drought on the accumulation and redistribution of cadmium in peanuts at different developmental stages

This study aimed to investigate the impact of water deficit on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in peanut plants during different developmental stages. Two contrasting peanut cultivars, Fenghua 1 (high-biomass cultivar) and Silihong (low-biomass cultivar), were grown in a Cd-contaminated arable soil under different water regimes. The two cultivars differed from each other in seed Cd concentrations. Fenghua 1 exhibited lower Cd concentrations in the seeds than Silihong, which is associated with root-to-shoot Cd translocation. Drought plays different roles in the translocation and redistribution of Cd in peanut plants during different developmental stages. At the seedling stage, drought decreased shoot Cd concentrations for both cultivars, whereas at the pod-filling and pod-ripened stages, drought increased shoot Cd concentrations. Similarly, drought stress reduced pod Cd concentrations at the pod-filling stages and increased at the pod-ripened stages. Seed Cd concentrations in mature plants were increased by drought for both cultivars. Seed Cd concentrations were negatively correlated with biomasses of shoots and pods, but positively correlated with Cd concentration in the shoots and pods. Increased seed Cd concentrations under drought stress might result from the concentration effects due to drought induced decrease of plant growth.     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variations at the seedling stage. Significant phenotypic variations with high heritability were observed among the wheat cultivars exposed to 40 μmol L^-1 Cd for the studied traits, including root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root and shoot dry biomasses (RDW and SDW, respectively), root and shoot Cd concentrations (RCD and SCD, respectively), and Cd translocation factor (TF). Mean RCD, SCD, and TF ranged from 1.0 to 33.8, 0.125 to 2.022, and 0.009 to 0.321 mg g^-1, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that wheat cultivars with higher RL, SL, RDW, and SDW under Cd stress were able to accumulate more Cd in root, leading to a lower Cd TF. Mixed linear model-based association analysis detected 17 novel significant marker-trait associations (MTAs), four of which were significant at a genome-wide scale. Most of the significant MTAs controlled Cd TF and explained 17.17%-26.47% of the phenotypic variations. Some of the SNP loci were physically close to a reported Cd-related quantitative trait locus or gene on wheat chromosomes. Results of this study provided a list of wheat cultivars with the potential of low Cd accumulation and enriched our knowledge on the genetic basis of Cd uptake and translocation in wheat. Pyramiding breeding of superior alleles detected in this study may additionally reduce Cd accumulation of improved wheat cultivars with excellent agronomic traits.     

施磷量对不同磷效率小麦氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效小麦(CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4)和磷低效小麦(渝02321)为材料,研究了不施磷、施磷(P)10、20和30mg/kg对小麦不同生育时期生物量、籽粒产量及氮、磷、钾的积累与分配的影响。结果表明:(1)随施磷量的减少,不同磷效率品种小麦籽粒产量和生物量均减少;同一施磷处理,磷高效品种籽粒产量和生物产量高于磷低效基因型。不施磷、施磷10mg/kg,高效品种CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4的籽粒产量为低效品种渝02321 的1.84 倍和1.74倍、1.64倍和1.27倍。(2)低磷处理,磷高效品种小麦植株能够积累较多的氮素;扬花期之前,磷高效品种氮素积累量占小麦全生育期积累量的比例高于低效品种。拔节期、孕穗期氮素分配比例为叶>茎>根,扬花期为叶>茎>穗>根,而成熟期为籽粒、颖壳>茎>叶>根。拔节期和孕穗期磷高效品种根的氮素分配比例高于低效品种,而扬花期和成熟期磷高效品种穗(籽粒)氮素分配比例较高。(3)小麦植株磷素积累量主要集中在拔节期以后的生育时期,占全生育期的82.32%~94.23%。低磷处理,高效品种在拔节期和孕穗期磷素积累量高于低效品种,孕穗期尤为突出。扬花期之前,不施磷处理下,磷高效品种根的磷素分配比例较高。(4)不同施磷处理下,拔节期、孕穗期及扬花期,磷高效品种小麦的钾积累量高于低效品种。不同器官钾素分配比例拔节期和孕穗期均为叶>茎>根,扬花期为茎>叶>穗>根,成熟期为茎>叶>籽粒、颖壳>根。磷高效品种在颖壳和籽粒的钾素分配比例高于低效品种。     

Manganese availability and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Mn deficiency

Plant genotypes differ in their capacity to grow in soils with low manganese (Mn) availability. The physiological mechanisms underlying differential tolerance to Mn deficiency are poorly understood. To study the relationship between Mn content in soil, plant genotypes, and rhizosphere microorganisms in differential Mn efficiency, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, RAC891 (tolerant to Mn deficiency) and Yanac (sensitive), were grown in a Mn‐deficient soil to which 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg Mn kg^–1 were added. The shoot dry matter of both cultivars increased with increasing Mn addition to the soil. At all soil Mn fertilizer levels, the tolerant RAC891 had a greater shoot dry matter and a higher total shoot Mn uptake than the sensitive Yanac. The concentration of DTPA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere soil of RAC891 at Mn20 and Mn40 was slightly lower than in the rhizosphere of Yanac. The population density of culturable microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil was low (log 6.8–6.9 cfu (g soil)^–1) in both cultivars and neither Mn oxidation nor reduction were observed in vitro. To assess the non‐culturable fraction of the soil microbial community, the ribosomal intergenetic spacer region of the bacterial DNA in the rhizosphere soil was amplified (RISA) and separated in agarose gels. The RISA banding patterns of the bacterial rhizosphere communities changed markedly with increasing soil Mn level, but there were no differences between the wheat cultivars. The bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere was significantly correlated with the concentration of DPTA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere, fertilizer Mn level, shoot dry matter, and total shoot Mn uptake. The results obtained by RISA indicate that differential tolerance to Mn deficiency in wheat may not be related to changes in the composition of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere.