雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响

地表径流和壤中流是坡面重要水文过程,雨强和坡度是影响坡面地表径流和壤中流产流主要因素。为研究降雨强度和地表坡度对坡耕地地表径流和壤中流的影响,该文采用人工模拟降雨试验法,在长3.0 m、宽1.5 m、深0.5 m土槽,设计4个不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和3个不同雨强(30、60、90 mm/h)对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流产流过程进行模拟试验。结果表明:1)壤中流开始产流时间滞后于地表径流,降雨强度从30到90 mm/h,地表径流、壤中流产流开始时间均随雨强增大而减小,壤中流比地表产流开始滞后时间随着雨强增大先增大后趋于稳定;2)地表径流强度随雨强增大而增大,壤中流初始径流强度随雨强增大而增大,不同雨强下壤中流径流峰值相近;3)地表径流和壤中流产流过程曲线有明显差异,地表径流产流过程线先增大后趋于稳定,壤中流产流过程线呈抛物线型即先增大后减小;4)从5°到20°,地表产流开始时间随坡度增大而减小,壤中流产流开始时间随坡度增大先减小后增大;5)从5°到20°,地表径流强度先增大后减小,10°为转折坡度,壤中流产流峰值随坡度增大而减小,并且随着坡度增大达到壤中流峰值时间不断减小。     

人工模拟降雨下汶川震区滑坡堆积体产沙规律

为明确震区滑坡堆积体坡面产沙的特点,该文采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,对不同土石比(质量比为1:1、1:2、1:4)的滑坡堆积体侵蚀产沙规律进行研究。结果表明,同一土石比不同降雨强度与同一雨强不同土石比条件下,震区滑坡堆积体产沙随时间的变化形式,为波动型和平缓型。土石比和雨强对滑坡堆积体径流含沙量有显著影响,即当滑坡堆积体土石比为1:1时,稳定产沙率随着雨强增大而增大,即2.80 g/min(1.0 mm/min)7.76 g/min(1.5 mm/min)10.84 g/min(2.0 mm/min);在土石比为1:2雨强1.0 mm/min时没有产流产沙,1.5 mm/min雨强条件下的产沙率小于雨强2.0 mm/min的产沙率;土石比为1:4的滑坡堆积体在整个试验过程中没有产流产沙。土石比与平均产沙率、累积产沙量的偏相关系数相比于雨强更大,累积径流量和累积产沙量为极显著线性关系。研究为汶川震区滑坡堆积体的水土流失预测和治理提供理论依据。     

紫色土坡耕地壤中产流特征及分析

壤中流是紫色土坡面流的重要组成部分和表现形式,它受雨强、坡度、土层厚度、耕作方式等多种因素的综合影响。利用人工模拟降雨研究了紫色土坡耕地壤中流产流规律。结果表明,(1)耕作能有效改善土壤结构,增加降雨入渗量,并增大壤中流发生机率;(2)紫色坡耕地土层较浅是导致壤中流增大的主导因素,缓坡有利于壤中流的产生;(3)雨强对壤中流的流量过程线有显著影响,但对于壤中流的起始产流时间影响不明显;随雨强增大,壤中流峰值流量显著增加;(4)壤中流的产生滞后于地表流,产流过程表现出缓慢变化的单峰过程。     

红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较

采用人工模拟降雨试验研究了红壤坡耕地典型旱作模式(花生常规种植)的土壤在地表径流和壤中流中所产生的氮、磷流失特征差异。结果表明:(1)壤中流和地表径流产流特征差异显著,壤中流产流时间滞后于地表径流,但产流时间长、产流量大,壤中流产流量占总径流量52.26%~67.19%,是红壤坡耕地重要的径流形式。(2)壤中流与地表径流氮、磷流失特征具有较大差异,地表径流养分输出浓度表现为降雨初期较高而后逐渐趋于稳定的特征,壤中流养分浓度在整个径流过程中保持相对稳定。(3)壤中流总氮、硝态氮含量是地表径流相应养分含量的5.97~22.19,7.82~42.57倍。壤中流的氮素输出以硝态氮为主,铵态氮较少,其硝态氮浓度是铵态氮的5.73倍以上。壤中流在红壤坡耕地降雨径流中占有相当份额,壤中流中流失的养分不容忽视。     

汶川震区滑坡堆积体坡面人工降雨入渗模拟研究

以汶川震区滑坡堆积体为研究对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,探讨了堆积体坡面的入渗规律,并分析了滑坡堆积体在不同土石比(1∶1,1∶2和1∶4)、降雨强度(1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min)和坡度(40°,35°和30°)条件下的入渗特征。结果表明:(1)3种不同的土石比堆积体在不同的降雨强度条件下,土壤入渗率和累计入渗量所表现的规律各不相同,且两者之间差异显著;(2)根据3种入渗模型的对比分析,可知Horton模型为最适合震区堆积体的入渗模型;(3)当堆积体土石比为1∶1时,随着坡度的增大,堆积体的初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量随之增大,当堆积体土石比为1∶2时,随着坡度的增加,其稳定入渗率和累计入渗量大小为40°30°35°;当堆积体土石比为1∶4时,其入渗能力始终等于降雨强度,坡度对其入渗率和累计入渗量没有影响。     

红壤丘陵区坡地降雨壤中流产流过程试验研究

在红壤丘陵区，对自然降雨条件下坡地（上层0～40cm，下层40～110cm）降雨壤中流产流过程进行了研究，结果表明：不同土地利用方式下，油茶林壤中流产流量大于同层恢复区；壤中流峰值流量恢复区大于同层油茶林；油茶林壤中流产流过程较恢复区开始早、结束晚。随着土层加深，滞后时间延长。同一土地利用方式下，产流量、峰值流量、滞后和拖尾均为上层小于下层。壤中流对降雨及地表径流的响应均为上层快于下层。不同的降雨类型，壤中流产流机理不同。峰值型降雨壤中流产流过程滞后时间较小，壤中流产流类型多为驱赶流。     

嵌套砾石红壤坡面壤中流对降雨强度的响应

为研究嵌套砾石红壤坡面的壤中流动态过程及降雨产流分配,以红壤缓坡(10°)和陡坡(25°)坡面为研究对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法研究不同降雨强度(60,90,120 mm/h)和不同砾石含量(0,10%,20%,30%)条件下壤中流的初始产流时间、产流速率和径流过程。结果表明:(1)不同含量砾石嵌套红壤坡面壤中流初始产流时间在雨强60 mm/h时接近15 min,在雨强90,120 mm/h时差别较大;雨强从60 mm/h增大到120 mm/h,不同含量砾石嵌套红壤坡面壤中流量和产流速率基本上表现为降低,其中25°嵌套20%和30%砾石坡面的壤中流产流速率均值分别下降86.7%和89.0%,雨强120 mm/h时壤中流峰值仅为60 mm/h条件下的10.7%和10.2%。(2)10°和25°各试验坡面,雨强60 mm/h时地表径流所占比例为8.0%~66.3%,雨强120 mm/h时地表径流所占比例为76.1%~93.5%,地表径流所占比例均随雨强的增大而提高32.8%~1 009.4%;雨强60 mm/h时壤中流所占比例为7.3%~30.0%,雨强120 mm/h时壤中流所占比例为1.1%~9.6%,壤中流所占比例随雨强增大而减小46.1%~93.9%。(3)回归结果显示,壤中流峰值流量Ip、壤中流系数It、壤中流消退速率K和降雨强度、砾石含量的二元线性回归效果都达到了显著水平(P<0.05);坡度10°时,降雨强度和砾石含量对壤中流过程参数所起的作用是相反的,而坡度25°时,砾石含量和降雨强度对壤中流各参数的作用相同。     

桂西北喀斯特区石灰土与红壤坡地幼龄橘园降雨侵蚀特征

为探究桂西北喀斯特区石灰土与红壤坡地幼龄橘园的降雨侵蚀特征，通过室内人工模拟降雨试验，研究3种降雨强度(30,60,90 mm/h)下，石灰土与红壤坡地幼龄橘园的产流产沙特征。结果表明：(1)降雨强度为30,60 mm/h时，红壤橘园的产流总量分别为石灰土橘园的2.46,1.83倍，且红壤橘园主要以地表产流为主，石灰土橘园主要以壤中流产流为主；当降雨强度为90 mm/h时，二者产流总量无显著性差异(p>0.05),均以地表产流为主。(2)石灰土橘园与红壤橘园地表径流强度随降雨强度增大而增大；但随着降雨强度增大，石灰土橘园的壤中流径流强度呈先增大后减小趋势，红壤橘园壤中流径流强度却在减小。(3)降雨强度为60 mm/h时，红壤橘园产沙总量为石灰土橘园的3.74倍，当降雨强度为90 mm/h时，石灰土橘园产沙总量为红壤橘园的2.86倍；在降雨过程中，石灰土橘园产沙量随着降雨历时增大上下波动较为剧烈，红壤橘园产沙量随降雨历时增大波动幅度较小。(4)当降雨强度≥60 mm/h时，石灰土橘园与红壤橘园累积产沙量与累积产流量存在显著线性关系，且降雨强度越大线性关系越明显。研究结果可为喀斯特地...     

壤中流和地表径流耦合下的红壤坡地氮素迁移输出过程模拟

以红壤坡地大型渗漏装置(裸地)为研究对象,分析了泥沙量-地表氮素输出量、壤中流量-壤中氮素输出量等观测数据之间的数学关系,构建了氮素随径流泥沙输出的经验模型,并将该模型与经典的土壤水分运移模型(HYDRUS-2D)、坡面土壤侵蚀模型(WEPP)进行耦合,最终形成了一套同时可定量描述地表径流、泥沙、壤中流、氮素输出过程的综合模型。以实测数据对模型参数进行校正并进行了模型检验,校正后的参数对径流量、泥沙量、壤中流量、氮素输出量均具有较好的模拟效果(决定系数在0.41以上),其中壤中流量和壤中氮素输出量模拟效果更好,决定系数分别达0.88和0.84。分析模拟结果表明,在降雨产流期壤中氮素输出量显著高于地表氮素输出量,且在未降雨期间氮素随着壤中流持续输出,进一步印证了壤中流是红壤坡地氮素的主要流失途径。此外,壤中流产流高峰较降雨峰值延后,且一次降雨的壤中流会持续数天,说明土壤起到了一定的缓冲作用。     

不同母质红壤坡面产流产沙特征比较

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究花岗岩、第四纪红黏土、红砂岩3种母质发育的红壤坡面产流产沙特征差异。结果表明:(1)地表产流方面,3种母质红壤地表产流时间为花岗岩红壤红砂岩红壤第四纪红壤,总径流量和场均产流速率均为花岗岩红壤红砂岩红壤第四纪红壤,其中45mm/h条件下花岗岩红壤的地表径流量为红砂岩和第四纪红壤的1.79~2.47倍,场均产流速率为后者的1.58~2.32倍。(2)地表产沙方面,在45mm/h条件下,场均泥沙浓度为第四纪红壤花岗岩红壤红砂岩红壤;135mm/h条件下,场均泥沙浓度为花岗岩红壤红砂岩红壤第四纪红壤。雨强对红壤坡面产沙的影响较大,135mm/h条件下的泥沙浓度为45mm/h条件下的8.31~11.32倍。(3)径流组成方面,3种母质红壤中壤中流所占径流比最高为第四纪红黏土发育的红壤,在2种雨强条件下为8%~44%。雨强越大,地表汇流越明显;135mm/h条件下,红壤坡面地表径流量可达到总径流的79%~90%。(4)壤中流产流方面,壤中流产流时间顺序与地表产流一致,均为花岗岩红壤红砂岩红壤第四纪红壤,花岗岩红壤的壤中流量最小,仅为第四纪红壤的53%~67%,峰值为后者的42%~52%;对于红壤而言,停雨后的壤中流消退过程可以用指数函数方程进行预测,在所有试验条件下,其决定系数均在0.82以上,表明具有较好的预测性。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.