重庆市更新统沉积物发育土壤的特性及分类

选取重庆市境内分别由夹卵石黄色黏土(PC)、黄色黏土(YC)、红色黏土(RC)等更新统沉积物发育的6个典型旱地和水田土壤剖面为研究对象,探讨其土壤特性及系统分类归属。结果表明,PC发育的旱地土壤富含砾石且无铁锰斑纹,YC发育的旱地土壤不含砾石但有铁锰斑纹,RC发育的旱地土壤耕作层以下黏粒淀积明显。在PC和YC发育的水田土体内,上部土层的有机质累积明显且彩度较下部低,游离铁在下部土层有明显聚积,而母质为RC的水田土体内游离铁则迁移不明显。3个旱地土壤分别被划归为普通简育湿润雏形土、普通铁质湿润雏形土和红色铁质湿润淋溶土3个亚类,3个水田土壤则分别被划归为普通铁聚水耕人为土和普通简育水耕人为土2个亚类,共可建立6个土族和6个土系。YC发育的普通铁质湿润雏形土有铁锰斑纹存在,这是古水文条件的反映,现已完全脱离地下水的影响,故不再具有潮湿土壤水分状况;沉积物特征、区域气候等会影响旱地土体内黏粒的淋溶淀积,进而影响其土纲划分;水耕活动使更新统沉积物发育的雏形土和淋溶土演变为水耕人为土;地块筛选、坡改梯、拣拾等人为活动会显著减少PC发育的水田土体内砾石含量,影响其土族控制层段的颗粒大小级别判定。     

河北省秦皇岛市石门寨区域土壤系统分类

为推广应用中国土壤系统分类 ,本文对自然地理野外实习基地—河北省秦皇岛市石门寨区域的土壤进行系统分类研究。结果如下 :土壤诊断层有淡薄表层、水耕表层、雏形层、水耕氧化还原层、粘化层 ,诊断特性有砂质沉积物岩性特征、石质接触面、半干润土壤水分状况、湿润土壤水分状况、人为滞水土壤水分状况、氧化还原特征、冷性土壤温度状况、温性土壤温度状况 ,土壤类型归属为人为土纲、淋溶土纲、雏形土纲和新成土纲。并与原土壤地理发生分类进行参比及总结地理分布规律     

水田改雷竹林后土壤发生学性质和土壤类型的演变

从浙江省临安市采集了水田及其改雷竹林的4个系列土壤(包括长期种植水稻的农田、水田改种雷竹6年、12和15年的农地)的代表性剖面的分层样品(种雷竹前土壤为发生学分类中的黄泥田,属系统分类的铁聚水耕人为土),采用田间形态观察与室内理化分析相结合的方法对土壤进行了鉴定。结果表明,黄泥田种植雷竹后土壤人为滞水水分状况消失,逐渐向湿润水分状况转变;水耕条件下形成的水耕表层因深耕被破坏而逐渐消失,而水耕氧化还原层的特征可残留在土体中;土壤有机碳和磷素明显积累,土壤中络合态铁显著增加。与此同时,土壤类型也逐渐由普通铁聚水耕人为土向普通铁质湿润雏形土、最后向黄色铝质湿润雏形土演化。结果表明,人为的强烈影响可使土壤类型在短时间尺度内发生改变。     

水肥耦合对油茶林地土壤全氮和产量的影响研究

从浙江省临安市采集了水田及其改雷竹林的4个系列土壤(包括长期种植水稻的农田、水田改种雷竹6年、12和15年的农地)的代表性剖面的分层样品(种雷竹前土壤为发生学分类中的黄泥田,属系统分类的铁聚水耕人为土),采用田间形态观察与室内理化分析相结合的方法对土壤进行了鉴定。结果表明,黄泥田种植雷竹后土壤人为滞水水分状况消失,逐渐向湿润水分状况转变;水耕条件下形成的水耕表层因深耕被破坏而逐渐消失,而水耕氧化还原层的特征可残留在土体中;土壤有机碳和磷素明显积累,土壤中络合态铁显著增加。与此同时,土壤类型也逐渐由普通铁聚水耕人为土向普通铁质湿润雏形土、最后向黄色铝质湿润雏形土演化。结果表明,人为的强烈影响可使土壤类型在短时间尺度内发生改变。     

闽北地区水耕人为土的发生与系统分类研究

水耕人为土是在水耕条件下形成的具有人为诊断层的独特土壤类型。对采自福建省北部的13个水耕人为土典型剖面进行了土壤形成条件调查和土壤理化性状鉴定,明确了其发生学特性,并依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》,鉴定了其诊断层和诊断特性,确定了研究土壤剖面在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。鉴定出的诊断层主要有水耕表层、水耕氧化还原层、漂白层、黏化层;诊断特性主要有人为滞水土壤水分状况、潜育特征、盐积现象、氧化还原特性。13个剖面可分别归属为弱盐潜育水耕人为土、普通潜育水耕人为土、漂白铁聚水耕人为土、普通铁聚水耕人为土、普通简育水耕人为土5个亚类。     

安徽宣郎广岗丘区土壤发生分类类型在系统分类中的归属

对宣郎广岗丘地区40个土壤剖面,按中国土壤系统分类体系,进行鉴别、检索、分类定名。阐述土壤发生分类体系的11个亚类级土壤类型在中国土壤系统分类中归为5个土纲,即人为土、富铁土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土;5个亚纲,即水耕人为土、湿润富铁土、湿润淋溶土、湿润雏形土和正常新成土;15个土类和23个亚类。参比关系复杂,不是简单的一对一的关系。提出按中国土壤系统分类的该区土壤分类系统;并讨论了该区土壤发生分类与系统分类之间具体土壤类型的对应关系。研究结果对土壤类型的正确参比、中国土壤系统分类的应用与发展、具有很好的参考应用价值。     

辽宁省植稻土壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

为研究辽宁地区植稻土壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,选取辽宁地区7个典型植稻土壤剖面,在对其成土环境、剖面形态特征调查、描述和理化性质的分析基础上,以中国土壤系统分类方案为指南,检索其诊断层及诊断特性,确定其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。研究结果表明:有4个土壤满足水耕表层、水耕氧化还原层的要求,可以划归为人为土土纲,其它3个土壤只满足水耕现象和水耕氧化还原现象,只能划为雏形土土纲。所以,并非像土壤发生分类学结果那样将所有植稻土壤都划分为水稻土。研究进一步发现,供试剖面中划分为冷凉湿润雏形土、简育湿润雏形土亚类的3个土壤剖面具有水耕现象,但在其亚类检索中缺乏相应的亚类。为此,本文建议在这两个土类中分别增加具有水耕现象的亚类。     

川西名山县阶地漂洗土壤分类及参比研究

经历了强烈漂洗作用的土壤是一类形态独特的土壤,在分类系统中具有重要地位。本文在四川西部漂洗土壤集中分布的名山县第二至五级阶地上对这类土壤进行了野外调查采样和室内测试分析,按中国土壤系统分类的原理和方法,通过水耕表层、水耕氧化还原层、漂白层、人为滞水土壤水分状况、氧化还原特征等诊断层和诊断特性的确定及按顺序检索的方法,将其归入人为土纲,水耕人为土亚纲,简育水耕人为土和铁聚水耕人为土土类,漂白简育水耕人为土、漂白铁聚水耕人为土和普通铁聚水耕人为土亚类;同时按发生分类系统进行了类型划分,它们均归入漂洗水稻土亚类。比较而言,系统分类能更精确地区别土壤分异,有利于土壤精准化管理,但仍需进一步修订完善。     

安徽省沿淮地区几种主要土壤诊断特性和系统分类研究

本文对安徽省沿淮地区的黄棕壤、黄褐土、水稻土、砂姜黑土、潮土和石灰土等六种主要土壤的典型剖面进行系统研究,按《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》确定了各土壤剖面具有的诊断层和诊断特性,进行了分类检索,得出了这六种典型土壤剖面在中国土壤系统分类中所属的分类单元,并与现有发生学分类进行了参比。典型剖面研究结果表明:这些土壤分别被划归铁质湿润淋溶土土类、粘磐湿润淋溶土土类、简育水耕人为土土类、淡色潮湿雏形土土类、简育潮湿变性土土类、钙质湿润淋溶土土类。     

秦岭北坡土壤发生特性与系统分类

根据野外调查资料和典型土壤剖面理化性质 ,包括室内化验数据综合分析表明 :秦岭北坡土壤的主要发生特性随海拔高度呈有规律的变化 ,依照《中国土壤系统分类 (修订方案 )》检索 ,土壤垂直带谱结构为 :土垫旱耕人为土—简育干润淋溶土—简育湿润淋溶土—酸性湿润雏形土—暗沃寒冻雏形土—暗瘠寒冻雏形土     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.