三维激光扫描技术测算淤地坝泥沙淤积量研究——以甘肃省渭源县邵家岔骨干坝为例

淤地坝泥沙淤积量赋存着坝控区域内的多年土壤侵蚀信息,通过泥沙淤积量可以反推坝控区域多年土壤侵蚀模数,难点在于准确测算泥沙淤积量。通过对建坝前的1∶10 000地形图与徕卡三维激光扫描仪Scan Station P50转化后的现状地形图(1∶500)进行拟合修正,能在大比例尺(1∶10 000)的尺度下对矢量化的地形图进一步拟合修正,减小因矢量化引起的地形图误差,以较好地反映建坝前坝区地形,相对于直接利用建坝前的地形图或同时借助其他技术手段(全站仪、GPS等)复原的坝区地形图来说,精度更高,有利于重建淤地面积-高程、库容-高程曲线,并计算淤地坝泥沙淤积量。采用该方法对甘肃省渭源县邵家岔骨干坝进行研究,结果显示:截至2017年底,邵家岔骨干坝淤积量为3.36万m~3,建坝后13 a来坝控流域内平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 435.9 t/(km~2·a),属于轻度侵蚀;达到设计淤积高程时还能容纳泥沙7.58万m~3,按13 a来的平均土壤侵蚀模数计算,达到设计淤积高程还需29.3 a。     

好水川流域小型水库及淤地坝泥沙淤积量估算

建立了小型水库及淤地坝泥沙淤积体的概化模型。结合水库及淤地坝泥沙观测数据,采用以小型水库的特性征曲线为基础的泥沙淤积量测算方法,对好水川流域小型水库及淤地坝淤积量进行了估算。运用泥沙淤积体规则概化的测算方法对估算结果进行验证,并推求区域侵蚀模数。该方法计算简单,结论可靠,可为进一步研究该流域的水沙规律提供理论依据,并为宁夏南部山区的淤地坝淤积量估算提出一种简便的算法。     

砒砂岩区典型淤地坝沉积泥沙特征及来源分析

黄土高原地区的淤地坝是拦减入黄泥沙的关键措施,尤以对泥沙具有绝对控制的"闷葫芦"淤地坝为甚。为研究淤地坝对侵蚀泥沙的拦蓄作用,以砒砂岩区皇甫川流域园子沟淤地坝为研究对象,采集坝地淤积剖面及沟间地、沟谷地表层样品,对沉积旋回进行断代分析,计算泥沙贡献率,反演其淤积过程。结果表明:坝地沉积泥沙粒径分布以2~0.05 mm砂粒为主,其次为粉粒、黏粒,砂粒中以极细砂和细砂占比最多。园子沟坝控流域内侵蚀性降雨事件对应的最小日降雨量为22.8 mm;淤地坝运行可划分为2个阶段,前期主要依靠坝体拦蓄泥沙,后期随着拦蓄泥沙的增多,减蚀作用凸显。坝地沉积泥沙主要来源为沟谷地,贡献率达71.4%,沟间地为28.6%,其中沟间地侵蚀产沙并非受植被唯一影响,在降雨量>45.4 mm时,地形因素会限制侵蚀的加剧。     

陕北子洲县典型淤地坝淤积过程和降雨关系的研究

淤地坝作为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理的重要工程措施之一，其坝系优化布局、相对稳定性及坝地效益等受到广泛关注，但对其淤积过程研究甚少。该文通过对黄土高原淤地坝进行调查，典型坝淤积过程剖面的观测及取样分析，结合库容曲线和每个淤积层的淤积厚度求出分层淤积量。根据暴雨产沙过程原理及淤积过程降雨资料，反演淤地坝各淤积层所对应的次侵蚀性降雨，建立层淤积量与相应次侵蚀性降雨指标的相关方程。研究结果表明：坝地淤积物中层淤积量和次侵蚀性降雨的降雨侵蚀力呈幂函数关系，层淤积量和次侵蚀性降雨的最大30 min降雨强度呈指数函数关系，经检验结果良好。     

黄土丘Ⅴ区典型小流域坝控区重力侵蚀分析与预测

黄土丘Ⅴ区因其独特的土壤及地形和水文地质条件,使淤地坝坝控区的重力侵蚀严重,以至于毁坏耕地、道路和桥梁等,严重影响淤地坝效益的发挥。针对黄土丘Ⅴ区典型小流域坝控区在运行期间因沟岸崩塌和岸坡滑塌等产生的重力侵蚀导致淤地坝泥沙淤积量计算失真的问题,采用实测库容与3S技术生成库容资料和原设计库容曲线复核率定的三重复核分析方法,对运行期淤地坝坝控区域的重力侵蚀来源、诱发因素及预测进行分析。结果表明:(1)反映淤地坝淤积形态的形态判别系数α'为0.711~208.517,均值48.238,说明除阳山上小型坝小于临界数2.2为椎体淤积外,其他淤地坝为三角洲淤积;(2)坝控区形态参数如淤积面面积、周长、淤积体积及淤积形态判别系数等对重力侵蚀影响较大,给出了重力侵蚀量及侵蚀模数的计算关系;(3)重力侵蚀模数的范围184.79~812.80t/(km~2·a),均值360.68t/(km~2·a),坝控区淤积产沙模数的范围225~2 719t/(km~2·a),均值1 382t/(km~2·a)。重力侵蚀模数约占淤积产沙模数的26.1%,说明在黄土丘陵沟壑区第Ⅴ副区淤地坝的库区拦沙既有上游因水力侵蚀产沙又有库区自身重力侵蚀所致,淤地坝的运行管理既要防止重力侵蚀破坏现有耕地,又要防止淤地坝淤积出的土地被沟道基流苦咸水破坏,从而导致淤地坝淤地无法高效利用。     

黄土丘陵第三副区典型淤地坝系结构特征分析

为科学认识黄土丘陵区淤地坝系结构特征,对黄土丘陵区第三副区车路沟坝系沟道特征、库容分布特征、泥沙淤积及蓄水量分布特征进行了总结,并对坝系的级联方式进行了解析,对把口站的水沙变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:(1)车路沟流域随着沟道级别的提高,沟道平均面积增大,平均沟长增加,平均比降减小;Ⅰ级沟道小型坝的数量最多,Ⅱ级沟道中型坝数量最多,Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级沟道则以骨干坝建设为主。(2)随着沟道级别的提高,骨干坝的总库容、设计防洪库容和设计淤积库容表现为逐渐增大,中型坝、小型坝的总库容和设计防洪库容表现为逐渐减小,设计淤积库容先增大后减小。(3)车路沟坝系中型坝和小型坝的设计淤积库容已经几乎淤满,而骨干坝还剩余较大的淤积库容。(4)车路上游坝系单元通过拦蓄洪水泥沙为下游主沟的淤地坝减轻防洪压力,坝系单元内部各中小型坝尽快淤积成地,车路沟坝系仍有较大的淤地潜力;随着车路沟淤地坝系的建设,流域把口站的水沙趋势发生了明显变化。研究成果以期为黄土高原淤地坝系建设管理提供参考。     

黄土丘陵区淤地坝建设后小流域泥沙拦蓄与输移特征

了解淤地坝建设后小流域泥沙拦蓄与输移的变化特征对正确认识和评价淤地坝的减蚀作用有重要意义.该文通过对黄土丘陵区王茂沟流域1953-2015年不同时段内淤地坝的拦沙量和流域出口输沙量的分析,研究了坝系建设后泥沙拦蓄、输移和侵蚀的变化过程与特征.研究表明,王茂沟流域年均拦沙模数呈减少-增加-再减少的波动变化趋势;流域年均输沙模数呈先增加后减少的变化趋势;1953-1986年期间,不同阶段的年均侵蚀模数变化不大,1987年后呈显著下降趋势.流域治理后期与初期相比,年均拦沙模数、输沙模数和侵蚀模数分别下降了79.3％、90.6％和83.9％.淤地坝建设初期,有效库容对流域拦沙模数和输沙模数的变化有重要影响,侵蚀性降雨频发和较低的水土流失治理度是侵蚀强烈的主要因素;流域治理后期,侵蚀性降雨及其发生频次的减少,水土流失治理度的提高与稳固,是流域拦沙、输沙和侵蚀产沙显著下降的主要原因.淤地坝在控制流域侵蚀产沙、减少泥沙输移方面作用显著,但要达到持续有效的作用,坡面治理不容忽视,两者兼顾是黄土丘陵区水土保持的必由之路.     

利用淤地坝泥沙沉积旋廻反演小流域侵蚀历史

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域广泛分布的淤地坝不仅是治理水土流失的重要工程措施,同时也成为记录小流域侵蚀产沙历史变化过程的重要载体.本研究以陕西省绥德县王茂沟流域一级支沟--淤积年限为34年(1957-1990),淤积深度为11.325m的闷葫芦坝为研究对象,根据坝地沉积剖面的物理特征,发现该沉积剖面共有75个泥沙沉积旋廻,...     

黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝纪录的泥沙沉积过程研究

淤地坝是黄土丘陵区小流域水土流失治理的重要工程措施之一,在拦蓄泥沙的同时,也记载了小流域侵蚀产沙的历史变化过程及特征.该研究根据流域历史降雨资料,分析了黄土丘陵区关地沟小流域淤地坝1959～1987年泥沙沉积旋回变化及各旋回层泥沙中、小流域沟间地和沟谷地表层土体中放射性同位素137Cs含量,研究了小流域侵蚀产沙变化过程及泥沙主要来源.结果表明:该小流域在淤地坝建设初期,侵蚀产沙强度很大,其后产沙强度由强变弱,呈显著降低趋势,淤地坝内沉积泥沙的70%来源于沟间地;微小流域与较大流域在泥沙来源方面存在较大差异.     

川口小流域坝系建设效益评价

淤地坝是黄土高原地区治理水土流失最为主要的沟道工程,具有滞洪、拦沙、蓄水、淤地等多重功能.众多淤地坝组成的坝系,在拦截泥沙、淤地增收、蓄水滞洪、合理利用水资源等方面可发挥显著效益.本文通过对永和县川口小流域片坝系效益的全面分析,可为全省淤地坝的效益分析与评价提供参考.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI