玉米秸秆不同构件混合分解的非加和效应及其对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

[目的]研究玉米秸秆不同构件混合分解的非加和效应及其对黄绵土土壤有机碳矿化的影响,为秸秆还田背景下坡地土壤CO2排放提供理论支撑。[方法]采用室内模拟试验,试验设置无玉米秸秆土壤对照(CK)及4种玉米秸秆添加处理:茎+土壤(CKS)、叶+土壤(CKL)、鞘+土壤(CKLS)、混合玉米秸秆+土壤(CKM)。[结果]培养结束土壤有机碳矿化累积排放量实测值显著高于预测值,且促进作用主要是由培养初期快速分解阶段(1~28d)导致的。培养结束后混合玉米秸秆剩余质量预测值明显高于实测值,且元素含量发生明显改变,其中全氮含量预测值明显低于实测值,C/N预测值明显高于实测值。培养结束后CKS处理土壤微生物碳含量明显高于其他几种处理,其他几种处理差异不显著;添加玉米秸秆处理土壤微生物量氮明显降低,相应的土壤微生物量C/N增大,CKS,CKL和CKM处理与CK处理差异达到显著水平。土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量CKLS和CKM处理明显高于其他3种处理,CKS与CKL处理与对照差异不显著。[结论]玉米秸秆不同构件按比例混合对玉米秸秆分解产生协同促进作用,混合分解过程促进氮累积。     

祁连山青海云杉林叶片—枯落物—土壤的碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

以祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林为研究对象,研究其不同海拔梯度叶片—枯落物—土壤间的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明,在不同海拔梯度上,叶片、枯落物和土壤C∶N比的变化范围分别为22.95~36.72、21.41~41.61、12.41~20.70,均值大小依次为枯落物叶片土壤,C∶P和N∶P比的变化范围分别为510.2~739.8、398.6~698.1、134.1~219.7和18.13~26.86、6.71~26.28、7.96~16.56,均值大小依次均为叶片枯落物土壤。随海拔梯度的增加,除土壤C∶N比差异性不显著外(p0.05),叶片和枯落物的碳、氮、磷化学计量比在不同海拔间的差异显著性各不相同。叶片、枯落物和土壤C∶N比两两均具有显著正相关(p0.05),叶片与枯落物及土壤与枯落物C∶P比均具有显著负相关(p0.05),叶片与土壤C∶P比及不同组分N∶P比之间相关性均不显著(p0.05)。该研究结果有助于进一步了解青海云杉林碳、氮、磷在不同组分间的相互作用规律与机制。     

黄土高原刺槐林不同组分生态化学计量关系研究

碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比是生态系统过程和功能的重要特征。刺槐具有生长快、适应性强、耐干旱贫瘠等特点,是黄土高原区水土保持造林的主要树种,以黄土高原刺槐林为研究对象,研究其不同坡向叶片-枯落物-土壤间的碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明,在阴坡和阳坡,C∶N表现为叶片枯落物土壤,C∶P,N∶P表现为枯落物叶片土壤;叶片、枯落物、土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P在阴阳坡均无显著性差异(p0.05),但叶片、枯落物、土壤在两两之间均有显著性差异(p0.05)。土壤的C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均表现为0~10cm10~20cm层,但差异性不显著。不论在阴坡或阳坡,叶片与枯落物的C∶N均为正相关(p0.05);在阳坡,叶片与枯落物的N∶P相关性显著;在阴坡,枯落物与0~10cm土壤的C∶N为显著正相关(p0.05)。     

荒漠草原区土壤动物分解作用对土壤C、N、P、K含量分布的影响

选择半干旱(宁夏盐池)、干旱(内蒙古乌拉特后旗)荒漠草原区为研究样地,以牛枝子枯落物为研究对象,采用网孔分解袋法研究土壤动物分解功能对枯落物C、N、P、K分布的影响,结合枯落物分解过程中土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)含量分布特征,阐明土壤动物分解作用对土壤营养元素含量分布的影响规律。结果表明：(1)共捕获土壤动物226只,隶属14科(属)。土壤动物个体数表现为盐池地区均高于乌拉特地区,而类群数差异较小,仅在乌拉特地区灌丛高于裸地。土壤动物Simpson指数、Shannon指数和Margalef指数在不同生境下均无显著差异,Pielou指数在裸地生境下表现为乌拉特地区显著高于盐池地区。(2)不同网孔分解袋中枯落物养分元素均处于不同程度的释放状态。其中枯落物C、N元素累积系数在盐池地区表现为2 mm网孔显著低于0.01 mm网孔,在乌拉特地区表现为2 mm网孔显著高于0.01 mm网孔;枯落物P、K元素累积系数分别在乌拉特地区和盐池地区表现为2 mm网孔显著高于0.01 mm网孔,且土壤动物对盐池枯落物C、N、P、K元素释放均表现为正效应;对乌拉特枯落物C、...     

黄土高原典型植被枯落物坡面分布及持水特征

选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区刺槐、柠条、铁杆蒿、白羊草4种典型植被样地,系统研究枯落物蓄积量、持水量和拦蓄量变化情况。结果表明:(1)枯落物地表蓄积量(0.14~0.83kg/m~2)和土壤中混入量(0.18~0.66kg/m~2)均表现为林地灌木林地草地,而土壤中枯落物所占比重(44.1%~73.5%)则表现为草地灌木林地林地;林地(刺槐和柠条)地表枯落物和土壤中枯落物沿坡长均表现为增加—减少交替的周期性变化,草地(白羊草和铁杆蒿)则随坡长的增大而增加。(2)枯落物持水量可表示为浸泡时间的对数函数(R2≥0.89,p0.01);白羊草样地地表枯落物持水量最高,刺槐林地土壤中枯落物持水量最高;土壤中枯落物最大持水量均不同程度地高于地表枯落物(1.9~2.5倍)。(3)土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量校正系数为0.34~0.48,普遍小于地表枯落物;地表和土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量分别为2.4~12.5t/hm~2和1.6~5.8t/hm~2,其中林地土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量低于地表枯落物,而草地则高于地表枯落物。总体而言,刺槐样地枯落物总有效拦蓄量最大(16.4t/hm~2),是其他样地的1.5~4.1倍。研究结果为评价黄土高原典型植被枯落物持水特征、深入理解植被恢复水文效应提供重要依据。     

不同密度马尾松人工林枯落物输入对土壤理化性质的影响

为研究不同密度马尾松人工林枯落物输入对土壤理化性质和林分生长影响,选择适宜的人工林经营措施提供参考。以2 500,3 300,4 500,6 000株/hm²(分别记为M1、M2、M3和M4)4种造林密度的马尾松人工林为研究对象,利用结构方程探究不同密度马尾松林枯落物输入对土壤性质的影响。结果表明:林分密度对枯落物和土壤理化性质均具有显著影响,其中枯落物总蓄积量和持水量表现为M2密度最大,显著高于其他密度;同时M2密度中枯落物碳、氮、磷、钾养分储量最大,以有机碳为主,占总储量的96.98%。随土层深度的增加,土壤理化性质差异性减少,枯落物层对土壤表层理化性质影响较大,土壤持水性、孔隙度、pH、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷均在M2中最大,有机质和全氮呈现M4>M2>M3>M1,渗透性、全钾和速效钾在M1中最大。枯落物蓄积量和养分储量与土壤粉粒、持水性、孔隙度、有机质、全磷和碱解氮呈显著正相关。结构方程显示,枯落物总蓄积量对土壤理化性质均具有显著正相关,而持水性对土壤化学性质具有显著负相关;土壤化学性质对林分蓄积量具有显著正相关,而枯落物养分储量对林分蓄积量具有显著负相关。综上,M2密度下马尾松林枯落物总蓄积量和养分储量较多,能够起到减少地表径流,增加土壤持水性和孔隙度,并减少速效养分流失,促进根系伸展和延伸,是比较科学的马尾松营林措施。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型灌木林地枯落物的蓄积特征及持水性能

[目的]对黄土丘陵区不同植被枯落物层持水效能进行研究,为该区植被恢复和水土流失防治提供理论基础。[方法]以柠条、沙棘、狼牙刺、杠柳4种典型灌木林地枯落物层为研究对象,采用室内浸泡法对其水文效应特征进行分析。[结果]①沙棘林地地表枯落物蓄积量最大(1.048 kg/m~2);沙棘林地土壤中枯落物量最大(0.674 kg/m~2);土壤中枯落物占枯落物总蓄积量的20.15%～68.75%,其中柠条和狼牙刺土壤中枯落物高于地表枯落物。②地表枯落物和混入土壤枯落物的持水量均随浸泡时间呈极显著对数函数关系(R~2≥0.745,p0.01),地表枯落物5 min持水量可以达到最大持水量的40%,且与最大持水量存在显著的幂函数关系(R~2=0.38,p0.01),可以通过5 min持水量来拟合最大持水量,而混入土壤枯落物并没有呈现这一规律。混入土壤枯落物的持水量显著大于地表,其中地表枯落物有效持水量杠柳最大(2.13 g/g),土壤中枯落物有效持水量柠条最大(1.90 g/g)。③地表枯落物有效拦蓄量沙棘林地最大,为21.16 t/hm~2;土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量柠条林地最大,为10.01 t/hm~2;土壤中枯落物拦蓄量的校正系数变化范围在0.18～0.42之间。[结论]土壤中枯落物不容忽视,其混入量占枯落物总蓄积量的1/5甚至2/3以上;柠条总有效持水量最大,而受枯落物类型和积累量的影响,沙棘总拦蓄能力最大,具有较强的水源涵养和水土保持功能。     

硝态氮源及碳源有效性对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

以华北平原农田土壤为对象,通过室内静态培养系统研究NO_3~--N与不同碳源组合对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。结果表明,NO_3~--N作为氮源和不同碳源施入土壤,除NO_3~-+纤维素,其余土壤N_2O排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源土壤;NO_3~--N和不同碳源组合的CO_2累积排放量均高于对照和只添加氮源土壤。NO_3~-+果胶的N_2O排放量在第1 d达到最大值1 383.42μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);NO_3~-+葡萄糖的CO_2排放量在第1 d达到最大值370.13 mg C·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),CO_2累积排放量顺序为:葡萄糖果胶秸秆纤维素淀粉木质素。土壤NO_3~--N含量与N_2O排放呈极显著正相关。总之,添加纤维素可以抑制N_2O的排放,促进CO_2排放,并增加土壤中NO_3~--N含量,添加其余碳源均会促进土壤N_2O和CO_2排放。     

综合产量和土壤N2O排放的马铃薯施氮量分析

施氮可提高作物产量,但同时也增加温室气体N_2O的土壤排放量。研究施氮量与产量和土壤N_2O排放的关系,对保障作物产量并兼顾环境效应的农业生产实践具有重要指导意义。该研究设置N0(0)、N1(67.5 kg/hm~2)、N2(125 kg/hm~2)、N3(187.5 kg/hm~2)4个施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤N_2O排放进行田间原位测定,研究施氮量对马铃薯产量、土壤N_2O排放的影响,分析综合产量与土壤N_2O排放的合理施氮量。结果表明:施氮显著增加马铃薯产量和土壤N_2O累积排放量,较不施氮(N0)处理,N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯产量增加78.5%、93.1%和95.6%;生育期N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯土壤N_2O累积排放量分别是N0处理的2.3、4.4和6.7倍。同时,随施氮量增加,N_2O排放系数、硝态氮强度和单产N_2O排放量均显著增加。在低氮处理(N0、N1)时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤温度、湿度显著正相关,而在高氮水平时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量显著正相关。施氮67.5 kg/hm~2可确保研究区马铃薯产量并有效降低土壤N_2O排放。     

黄河三角洲地区刺槐白蜡人工混交林枯落物分解的林龄差异

为研究黄河三角洲不同林龄刺槐白蜡混交林枯落物分解,选取7,12,21,30年生的刺槐白蜡人工混交林,采用分解袋法研究了为期2年的枯落物分解。结果表明:(1)混交林枯落物分解系数为0.44~0.60,大小顺序为30a21a12a7a;半分解周期为1.15~1.58年,分解周期为4.96~6.83年,两者大小顺序为7a12a21a30a。(2)枯落物分解速率与初始N含量显著正相关,与初始C/N值显著负相关;4个林龄混交林枯落物初始N含量之间差异显著,12,21年生混交林枯落物初始C/N值差异不显著,但它们与7,30年生混交林枯落物初始C/N值差异显著(P0.05)。(3)枯落物分解速率与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,与土壤碱解氮含量呈显著正相关;4个林龄混交林土壤有机质、碱解氮含量差异显著(P0.05)。综上,随着林龄的增加,枯落物初始N含量升高,初始C/N值降低,混交林枯落物分解速度加快。     

Nitrogen addition change soil N pools with litter removal or not in subtropical forest

ABSTRACT

There are many nitrogen (N) pools in soil, so their availability and different status can give information about bulk soil response to N deposition. However, the different size of N pools in forest soils and the relationship between them have not been well studied under N deposition when considering the role of litter. Here soil in an N-deposition experiment carried out for 5 years in a broad-leaved forest was used as an object to study the response of N pools to N deposition by stepwise extraction using water or solutions containing 0.5 M K₂SO₄, 2.5 M H₂SO₄ (LPI), or 13 M H₂SO₄ (LPII), and calculation of recalcitrant (RC) N pool. Under N control (CT), soil with the presence of litter had a higher N of 23.8–106.8% in the first four pools, but lower of 80.6% in recalcitrant N pool compared with soil with the absence of litter. In the absence of litter, N addition increased soil N in labile pool but decreased N in the RC pool compared to CT and these impacts were greater at high added N (HN) than low-added N (LN) rates. However, in the presence of litter, LN increased the amount of N in the K₂SO₄- extracted pool and HN reduced that in the water extracted pool. Additionally, LN and HN increased TN in the RC pool and HN increased the total soluble N (TSN) in the LPI and LPII pool. N changes in the water extraction pool were attributed to inorganic N, whereas they were NH₄ ⁺ and soluble organic N (SON) in the K₂SO₄-extracted, LPI, and LPII pools. In the presence of litter, HN increased the SON concentration in the K₂SO₄, LPI, and LPII extractions; thus, SON may be a potentially important N form for N availability. These results suggested that N additions improve the accumulation of N in RC pool with the presence of litter. The different effects of N additions on soil N pool or N form in each pool depend on litter present or not.     

中国亚热带两种竹林凋落物输入量、凋落物分解和养分释放动态

Bamboos are one of the fast-growing and multiple use species in the world, and thus bamboo forests/plantations play an important role in C sequestration at regional and global levels. We studied aboveground litterfall, litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics for two years in two subtropical bamboo ecosystems in Southwest China so as to test the hypothesis that litter quality determine the rate and nutrient dynamics during decomposition of different litter fractions. Mean annual total aboveground litter production ranged from 494 to 434 g m-2 in two bamboo stands （P stand, dominated by Pleioblastus amarus and H stand, hybrid bamboo dominated by Bambusa pervariabilis x Dendrocalamopsis daii）. Bulk （-80%） of litter production was contributed by leaf litter in two stands followed by twigs and sheathes. Different litter fractions represented considerable variations in the rates of mass loss and nutrient release. Variation of the mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition was significantly explained by initial C/N ratio and initial P concentration. Initial concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg explained 57.9%, 95.0%, 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively, of the variations of these elements mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition. The patterns of nutrient dynamics and the final amount remaining were mainly determined by their initial litter substrate quality in tl~ese two subtropical bamboo plantations.     

Plant‐available N:P alters root litter N recycling in a Mediterranean tree–grass ecosystem

Background: Nitrogen deposition can cause an ecosystem‐level shift in available N (nitrogen) to P (phosphorus) availability. However, most plant N nutrition is from edaphic sources rather than deposition and in seasonally dry grassland systems, root litter is the predominant nutrient source. Aims: We were interested how litter turnover and altered nutrient recycling from dead biomass can compensate for these shifts in ecosystem stoichiometry. Methods: We studied a Mediterranean savanna amended with N or NP treatments three years prior. We measured root and plant‐available soil N:P stoichiometry in two micro‐habitats: open pasture and beneath oak canopies. ¹⁵N‐labelled root litter incubated in topsoils without litterbags was used to trace uptake of litter N by herbaceous strata roots. Results: Since fertilization, NP added sites have become relatively P enriched, resulting in lower N:P ratios in living roots than either when N was added alone or control sites. Total litter‐derived ¹⁵N uptake by roots was proportional to root ingrowth response but higher in the NP than N treatment, indicating a higher N demand when N and P were added together. We observed more ¹⁵N uptake by plants under tree canopies, indicating a tighter nutrient recycling loop in these micro‐habitats in contrast to treatment level ‘fertility' trends. Conclusions: Root stoichiometry responded to manipulated soil nutrient availability and N uptake was altered as plants attempted to compensate for nutrient availability imbalances, indicating that these ecosystem perturbations have long term effects on nutrient cycling which can propagate to whole system function. This was also related to functional community‐level adaptions between micro‐habitats with under canopy communities more able to take advantage of the litter nutrient source.     

Soil compaction and poultry litter effects on factors affecting nitrogen availability in a claypan soil

Soil compaction may affect N mineralization and the subsequent fate of N in agroecosystems. Laboratory incubation and field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surface soil compaction on soil N mineralization in a claypan soil amended with poultry litter (i.e., Turkey excrement mixed with pine shavings as bedding). In a laboratory study, soil from the surface horizon of a Mexico silt loam soil was compacted to four bulk density levels (1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 Mg m⁻³) with and without poultry litter and incubated at 25 °C for 42 days. A field trial planted to corn (Zea mays L.) was also conducted in 2002 on a Mexico silt loam claypan soil in North Central Missouri. Soil was amended with litter (0 and 19 Mg ha⁻¹) and left uncompacted or uniformly compacted. Soil compaction decreased soil inorganic N by a maximum of 1.8 times in the laboratory study; this effect was also observed at all depths of the field trial. Compacted soil with a litter amendment accumulated NH₄⁺-N up to 7.2 times higher than the noncompacted, litter-amended soil until Day 28 of the laboratory incubation and in the beginning of the growing season of the field study. Ammonium accumulation may have been due to decreased soil aeration under compacted conditions. Application of litter increased soil N mineralization throughout the growing season. In the laboratory study, soil inorganic N in unamended soil was negatively correlated with soil bulk density and the proportion of soil micropores, but was positively related with soil total porosity and the proportion of soil macropores. These results indicate that soil compaction, litter application and climate are interrelated in their influences on soil N mineralization in agroecosystems.     

模拟氮沉降对亚热带竹林不同凋落物组分分解的影响

As an important component of the global carbon (C) budget, litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems is greatly affected by the increasing nitrogen (N) deposition observed globally. We hypothesized that different litter fractions derived from a single tree species may respond to N deposition differently depending on the quality of the litter substrate. To test the hypothesis, a two-year field experiment was conducted using the litterbag method in a Pleioblastus amarus plantation in the rainy region of Southwest China. Four N treatment levels were applied: control (no N added), low-N (50 kg N ha-1 year-1), medium-N (150 kg N ha-1 year-1), and high-N (300 kg N ha-1 year-1). We observed different patterns of mass loss for the three P. amarus litter fractions (leaves, sheaths, and twigs) of varying substrate quality in the control plots. There were two decomposition stages with different decay rates (fast rate in early stages and slow rate in the later stages) for leaves and sheaths, while we did not observe a slower phase for the decay of twigs during the 2-year study period. The annual decomposition rate (k) of twigs was significantly lower than that of leaves or sheaths. Addition of N slowed the decomposition of leaves and twigs in the later stages of decomposition by inhibiting the decay of lignin and cellulose, while addition of N did not affect the mass loss of sheaths during the study period. In the decomposition of all three litter fractions, experimental N deposition reduced the net N accumulation in the early stages and also decreased the net N release in the later stages. The results of this study suggest that litter substrate quality may be an important factor affecting litter decomposition in a bamboo ecosystem affected by N deposition.     

城市林木枯落物与河道底泥不同配比的堆肥效果

为利用城市林木枯落物与河道底泥堆肥生产有机肥,设计城市林木枯落物和经加粉煤灰钝化处理的河道底泥5种不同比例(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1和3∶1)的高温堆肥试验,测定堆肥过程中堆温、p H值、有机质和C/N的动态变化,以及这5种配方堆肥产物的种子发芽指数。结果显示,堆温和p H值均呈先升高后下降的趋势,3∶1的配比升温迅速、高温期维持时间(5 d)最长;堆肥结束时,各处理均达到腐熟,p H值在7.47~8.87,有机质分别下降了36%、38%、42%、33%和29%,城市林木枯落物比例增加有利于减少有机质损失;由于底泥的C/N较低,增加枯落物有助于提高堆肥效率;处理1、4和5的种子发芽率分别在26、18和19 d达80%以上,而处理2和3直至堆肥结束其种子发芽率仍小于80%。综合考虑堆肥质量和效率,底泥和城市林木枯落物3∶1的处理为规模化生产有机肥的适宜原料比例。     

川西亚高山三个森林群落的凋落物动态

Litter production, components and dynamics were investigated and forest floor litter was quantified throughout a whole year in three subalpine forests, dominated by tree species of spruce （SF）, fir （FF） and birch （BF）, in Western Sichuan, China, in order to understand the key factors that influenced litter production and dynamics. Litterfall in the three forests consisted mainly of leaves, woody litter, reproductive organs and moss. Contribution of leaf litter to the total litterfall was significantly （P 〈 0.05） greater than that of woody litter, reproductive organs or moss. Regardless of the stands, litterfall exhibited a marked monthly variation with the maximum litterfall peaks occurring in October, with smaller peaks occurring in February for SF and FF, and May for BF. The analysis indicated that tree species, stand density, leaf area index （LAI）, stand basal area and stand age were the key factors determining litter production. Meanwhile tree species and phenology controlled the litter dynamics, with wind and snow modifying the litter components and dynamics.     

Nitrogen availability mediates the effects of roots and mycorrhizal fungi on soil organic carbon decomposition: A meta-analysis

Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon (C), but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating factors remain unclear. Based on a synthesis of 596 paired observations from both field and greenhouse experiments, we found that living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi increased organic C decomposition by 30.9%, but low soil nitrogen (N) availability (i.e., high soil C:N ratio) critically mitigated this promotion effect. In addition, the positive effects of living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi on organic C decomposition were higher under herbaceous and leguminous plants than under woody and non-leguminous plants, respectively. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi in their effects on organic C decomposition. Furthermore, roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the decomposition of leaf litter but not root litter. These findings advance our understanding of how roots and their symbiotic fungi modulate soil C dynamics in the rhizosphere or mycorrhizosphere and may help improve predictions of soil global C balance under a changing climate.     

甘肃省兴隆山森林主要树种凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系

[目的]开展凋落叶分解速率研究,探讨凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系,为甘肃省兴隆山森林生态系统物质循环研究提供依据。[方法]采用凋落物分解袋法,以兴隆山青杄、山杨和白桦3种主要树种的凋落叶为研究对象,进行凋落叶分解速率及凋落叶初始质量的研究,明确凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系。[结果]青杄中龄林针叶分解速率为0.16,95%分解期为19.08a;青杄近熟林针叶分解速率为0.13,95%分解期为23.70a;山杨和白桦凋落叶分解速率均为0.11,95%分解期分别为28.57a和27.27a;山杨和白桦凋落叶分解速率明显要小于青杄针叶,这很可能是凋落叶分解主场效应和分解袋孔径较小所致。凋落叶分解速率与氮含量呈显著线性正相关,与木质素含量、碳/氮值、木质素/氮值和钾含量呈显著线性负相关,特别是与木质素含量、氮含量和木质素/氮值,相关系数均达0.700 0以上;钾含量、木质素含量、木质素/氮、碳/磷和纤维素含量是影响兴隆山森林凋落叶分解速率的重要指标。[结论]木质素/氮值是影响凋落叶分解速率的关键质量指标,凋落叶初始木质素/氮值越高,分解速率越低。     

Drivers of soil respiration and nitrogen mineralization change after litter management at a subtropical Chinese sweetgum tree plantation

Leaf litter decomposition transfers elements from litter to soils that are essential for regulating nutrient cycles in plantation ecosystems, especially carbon and nitrogen. However, soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in response to tree litter management remains insufficiently researched. We conducted a one-year field experiment at a fast-growing sweetgum tree plantation to evaluate the effects of leaf litter management on soil available nutrients, respiration rate and nitrogen mineralization rate. Three leaf litter treatments were applied, which were: (1) natural input (control); (2) double input and (3) non-input. It was found that the double input treatment increased soil inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen, but had little effect on microbial biomass carbon, dissolved organic carbon or dissolved organic nitrogen compared with natural input. The non-input treatment caused dissolved organic carbon to decrease compared with natural input. The respiration rate increased in the double input treatment, with a positive priming effect observed. Soil net ammonification, nitrification and mineralization rates also increased in the double input treatment in specific seasons. Meanwhile, positive linear relationships between respiration rate and all nitrogen transformation rates were observed for all treatments. Soil temperature was found to be an important prediction factor for predicting the respiration rate and mineralization as seasonal variations, but not for litter-induced fluctuations. Soil water content and mineral nitrogen were the primary drivers of litter-induced change to the respiration rate, whereas mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass were primary drivers of mineralization change. These results suggest that changes in soil nitrogen mineralization rate are strongly associated with the soil respiratory process, resulting in a potentially strong plant–soil feedback mechanism.