祁连山青海云杉林叶片—枯落物—土壤的碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

以祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林为研究对象,研究其不同海拔梯度叶片—枯落物—土壤间的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明,在不同海拔梯度上,叶片、枯落物和土壤C∶N比的变化范围分别为22.95~36.72、21.41~41.61、12.41~20.70,均值大小依次为枯落物叶片土壤,C∶P和N∶P比的变化范围分别为510.2~739.8、398.6~698.1、134.1~219.7和18.13~26.86、6.71~26.28、7.96~16.56,均值大小依次均为叶片枯落物土壤。随海拔梯度的增加,除土壤C∶N比差异性不显著外(p0.05),叶片和枯落物的碳、氮、磷化学计量比在不同海拔间的差异显著性各不相同。叶片、枯落物和土壤C∶N比两两均具有显著正相关(p0.05),叶片与枯落物及土壤与枯落物C∶P比均具有显著负相关(p0.05),叶片与土壤C∶P比及不同组分N∶P比之间相关性均不显著(p0.05)。该研究结果有助于进一步了解青海云杉林碳、氮、磷在不同组分间的相互作用规律与机制。     

黄土高原子午岭辽东栎林植物和土壤碳氮磷化学计量学特征

选取黄土高原子午岭林区的幼龄林、近熟林和成熟林3个林龄阶段的辽东栎林为对象,通过测定林内植物、枯落物和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,研究不同生长阶段植株、枯落物及土壤的化学计量学特征。结果显示:林内植物各器官(叶、枝、干和根)之间C、N、P含量均存在显著性差异,分别在245.3~492.6g/kg,1.57~20.6g/kg和0.11~1.63g/kg之间;枯落物C、N和P含量分别在283.5~329.0g/kg,11.5~13.2g/kg和0.73~1.06g/kg之间。在不同生长阶段,植物C含量无显著性差异;植物N和P含量,枯落物和土壤C、N和P含量均存在显著性差异。具体表现为随着林龄的增加,植物叶片C∶N和C∶P显著增加,N∶P先增加后减小;枯落物C∶N、C∶P和N∶P均显著增加;土壤C∶N显著减小,C∶P先增加后减小,N∶P无显著性差异。植物叶片和枯落物与土壤N和P含量和化学计量特征呈显著的线性相关,说明土壤中N、P供应量影响植物体中的N、P含量。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松林植物-土壤生态化学计量特征演变关系

[目的]探究沙漠化土地植被恢复过程的植物与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的演变关系，可以深入认知樟子松固沙林植被恢复的机制。[方法]以榆林毛乌素沙地的半固定沙地为对照，分析了恢复25～56 a樟子松林下的物种多样性、樟子松植物组织(叶片、枯落物、细根)与土壤的C,N,P含量及其化学计量动态变化特征与交互作用。[结果](1)樟子松植物组织C,N,P平均含量表现为：叶片>枯落物>细根，碳氮磷化学计量比为：枯落物>细根>叶片。(2)与半固定沙地相比，植被恢复后樟子松植物组织和土壤中的C,N,P含量显著变化。从恢复25 a到56 a,枯落物和土壤C含量分别显著增加了14.9%和61.5%,N含量分别显著增加了55.0%和52.4%。(3)随着恢复年限增加，枯落物和细根的C∶N以及叶片和细根C∶P,N∶P均显著降低，叶片C∶N及枯落物C∶P,N∶P显著增加。(4)枯落物与土壤C含量，细根与土壤N,P含量及植物组织与土壤间C∶P均呈显著正相关关系。(5)植被恢复年限通过影响枯落物生物量和林下植被根量间接影响土壤C,N,P含量，且总效应最大。[结论]榆林沙区樟子...     

黄土高原刺槐叶片生态化学计量学特征

对黄土高原区域尺度特定物种叶片生态化学计量的研究,有助于解释环境因素对植物元素及其化学计量学特征的影响。对我国黄土高原中部从南到北分布的14个样点的刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）叶片C、N、P的含量、地理分布格局及其与土壤含量的相关关系进行了研究。叶片C、N、P含量的算数平均数分别为454.63,21.38,2.09 mg/g;叶片C/P、C/N、N/P的算数平均值分别为226.51,21.61,10.73。阴坡和阳坡的刺槐叶片三种元素含量差异性均不显著。阳坡和阴坡刺槐叶片C、N、P含量地理分布格局是基本一致的,C随着纬度升高呈现先增加再减小的趋势,N和P的含量均随纬度升高而增加,但只有阴坡刺槐叶片的C含量随着纬度的升高呈现显著的先增加再减小的趋势（0.01 < P < 0.05）,其他均未达到显著水平。刺槐叶片C含量与土壤C含量、土壤N含量之间有显著的负相关关系,而叶片N、P含量不随土壤含量而显著变化,说明刺槐叶片N、P元素含量具有保守性,受环境因素影响较小。     

黄土高原不同植被带刺槐生态化学计量特征

为阐释刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)人工林在不同植被带下的化学计量特征,明确气候因素对其的影响,采用样地调查与实验室分析结合处理的方法对黄土高原森林带、森林草原带、草原带中刺槐人工林的叶片、枯落物及土壤进行C,N,P含量测定,分析了化学计量比,同时剖析了气候因子与各元素之间的关系。结果表明:(1)不同组分C,N,P含量差异均显著,表现为叶片枯落物土壤,各植被带内养分含量表现各异,其中森林草原带叶片与土壤养分含量处于最高水平。(2)同植被带C/P与N/P均呈现出叶片与枯落物显著高于土壤的趋势,而植被带间各组分化学计量比差异程度不同。(3)各植被带养分含量在叶片—枯落物—土壤间均具有一定的相关性,表明养分在生态系统内持续流动。(4)叶片C,N,P含量随着年均降水(MAP)和年均温度(MAT)的升高而降低,而枯落物与之表现出相反的趋势,土壤养分随年均太阳辐射量(MASR)增大而降低。研究结果为深入探索黄土高原刺槐人工林养分在空间上的耦合机制提供一定的参考依据。     

黄河三角洲地区刺槐白蜡人工混交林枯落物分解的林龄差异

为研究黄河三角洲不同林龄刺槐白蜡混交林枯落物分解,选取7,12,21,30年生的刺槐白蜡人工混交林,采用分解袋法研究了为期2年的枯落物分解。结果表明:(1)混交林枯落物分解系数为0.44~0.60,大小顺序为30a21a12a7a;半分解周期为1.15~1.58年,分解周期为4.96~6.83年,两者大小顺序为7a12a21a30a。(2)枯落物分解速率与初始N含量显著正相关,与初始C/N值显著负相关;4个林龄混交林枯落物初始N含量之间差异显著,12,21年生混交林枯落物初始C/N值差异不显著,但它们与7,30年生混交林枯落物初始C/N值差异显著(P0.05)。(3)枯落物分解速率与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,与土壤碱解氮含量呈显著正相关;4个林龄混交林土壤有机质、碱解氮含量差异显著(P0.05)。综上,随着林龄的增加,枯落物初始N含量升高,初始C/N值降低,混交林枯落物分解速度加快。     

黄土高原不同纬度下刺槐林土壤生态化学计量学特征研究

为了阐明黄土高原不同纬度地区刺槐林土壤的生态化学计量学特征,对黄土高原由南向北13个县区刺槐林下的土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明:(1)阳坡0 ～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比的变化范围分别为9.48～15.33、8.93～ 59.79、0.77～5.11,10 ～ 20 cm土壤分别为9.13 ～13.57、7.85～ 37.69、0.44 ～ 3.19;阴坡0～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比分别为8.58 ～13.75、9.46 ～ 47.71、0.76～ 3.63,10～20 cm土壤分别为7.60～13.41、5.99 ～31.28、0.54～2.65.(2)土壤全氮的空间分布与有机碳具有一致性,均随纬度的升高呈指数减小的趋势,表层大于表下层,且随着纬度的升高该差异逐渐减小;全磷的空间变异性低于有机碳和全氮,研究区内土壤全磷含量随纬度的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势.(3)土壤C∶N比随纬度的升高无明显的变化趋势,而C∶P比和N∶P比随纬度的升高显著减小;土壤C∶N∶P比均随着土层增加而减小,但差异不显著.     

云雾山草地植物地上部分和枯落物的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量比是生态系统过程和功能的重要特征。为探究云雾山天然草地30年恢复演替过程中不同封育年限植物和枯落物的全碳、全氮和全磷含量及其生态化学计量特征变化规律,以云雾山封育1、12、20、30年的天然草地为研究对象,通过典型样方调査研究了黄土高原不同封育年限植物和枯落物养分变异特征。结果表明:不同封育年限间,植物地上部分C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比变化范围分别为24.91~37.37、380.1~562.1、12.14~15.86,均值分别为32.51、473.6和14.64;枯落物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比变化范围分别为37.18~47.11、755.5~885.9、16.41~22.31,均值分别为40.71、819.9、20.30。植物地上部分C、N、P含量间呈极显著相关(p0.01);植物地上部分P含量与C∶N、C∶P、N∶P呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与枯落物C、P、C∶P、N∶P呈极显著相关(p0.01)。云雾山植物N∶P比介于14~16之间,植物生长受氮磷共同限制,建议增加草地氮、磷肥的使用量。该研究结果有助于进一步了解云雾山草地C、N、P在不同组分间的相互作用规律与机制。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘混交林叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

以黄土丘陵区沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)+油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、沙棘(H.rhamnoides)+刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)混交林(H_rP_t、H_rR_p)及油松(P_t)和刺槐(R_p)纯林为对象,测定叶片、凋落物和0—100 cm土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比,探究混交造林对不同组分间养分协同变化规律的影响。结果表明:(1)相比P_t,H_rP_t中油松叶片C、N、P含量(p0.05)及N∶P(p0.05)增加,C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t有助于缓解N限制,加快其生长速率;相比R_p,H_rR_p中刺槐叶片C、N含量及C∶P和N∶P降低,P含量及C∶N增加(p0.05),表明H_rR_p增强刺槐对P的吸收,但降低其对C和N的固存;(2)相比P_t,H_rP_t凋落物C、N、P含量及N∶P增加,C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t有助于加快凋落物分解,促进养分归还;相比R_p,H_rR_p凋落物C、N、P含量及其计量比均有所增加(p0.05),表明H_rR_p对凋落物分解无显著作用;(3)相比P_t和R_p,H_rP_t和H_rR_p土壤C、N、P含量增加,但C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t和H_rR_p均有助于提高N和P利用效率,改善土壤养分状况;(4)叶片、凋落物化学计量指标间具有较强协同效应,且N、P相比C在不同组分间的相关性更明显。综上,相比H_rR_p,H_rP_t更有助于改善养分限制因子供给,加快组分间养分转化。研究结果对于揭示黄土高原地区人工混交林生态系统养分供应潜力及合理制定营林规划具有重要意义。     

黄土高原典型植被枯落物坡面分布及持水特征

选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区刺槐、柠条、铁杆蒿、白羊草4种典型植被样地,系统研究枯落物蓄积量、持水量和拦蓄量变化情况。结果表明:(1)枯落物地表蓄积量(0.14~0.83kg/m~2)和土壤中混入量(0.18~0.66kg/m~2)均表现为林地灌木林地草地,而土壤中枯落物所占比重(44.1%~73.5%)则表现为草地灌木林地林地;林地(刺槐和柠条)地表枯落物和土壤中枯落物沿坡长均表现为增加—减少交替的周期性变化,草地(白羊草和铁杆蒿)则随坡长的增大而增加。(2)枯落物持水量可表示为浸泡时间的对数函数(R2≥0.89,p0.01);白羊草样地地表枯落物持水量最高,刺槐林地土壤中枯落物持水量最高;土壤中枯落物最大持水量均不同程度地高于地表枯落物(1.9~2.5倍)。(3)土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量校正系数为0.34~0.48,普遍小于地表枯落物;地表和土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量分别为2.4~12.5t/hm~2和1.6~5.8t/hm~2,其中林地土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量低于地表枯落物,而草地则高于地表枯落物。总体而言,刺槐样地枯落物总有效拦蓄量最大(16.4t/hm~2),是其他样地的1.5~4.1倍。研究结果为评价黄土高原典型植被枯落物持水特征、深入理解植被恢复水文效应提供重要依据。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Yield and N assimilation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Norstar) inoculated with rhizobacteria

The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants.     

Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt

The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Influence of soluble phosphorus fertilizer on the interaction between a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Azospirillum brasilense in barley (Herdeum vulgare L.)

Summary Pot-culture studies were carried out to examine the response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus versiforme, singly and/or in combination, under varying levels of nitrogenous [(¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄] and soluble phosphatic (single superphosphate) fertilizers. The interaction between both the endophytes led to increased growth and nutrition of the barley plants. Roots from plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus versiforme exhibited very low acetylene reduction activity. N₂ fixation in the plants increased with the increase in plant growth but the mycorrhiza alone gave a low level of N₂ fixation in the plants compared to combined inoculation with both the endophytes.     

葫芦科蔬菜对丛枝菌根真菌依赖性的研究

在盆栽条件下试验研究了5种葫芦科(Cucurbitaceae)蔬菜对2种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza，AM)真菌的依赖性。结果表明，AM真菌Glomus mosseae(G.m)和Gigaspora rosea(Gi.r)均能有效地促进葫芦科蔬菜的生长，显著增加叶面积和植株干物质量，提高叶片的光合速率，降低气孔阻力。供试葫芦科蔬菜对菌根的依赖程度顺序为黄瓜＞西瓜＞苦瓜＞葫芦＞南瓜。5种葫芦科蔬菜对AM的依赖性与AM真菌对根系的浸染率呈正相关关系，符合直线回归方程：y=117.19+0.7468x。     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.