西北内陆河流域水资源优化配置与可持续利用——以石羊河流域民勤县为例

西北内陆河流域,气候干旱,降水稀少,蒸发量大,水资源极其宝贵,生态环境脆弱。然而,西北内陆河流域工农业用水却存在不同程度的浪费现象,致使流域水资源管理出现诸如上下游利用不公,工农业利用不均等许多问题。现在,如何科学合理地优化配置西北内陆河流域水资源,并使其可持续利用,发挥最大的经济、社会和生态效益,已经成为学界和政界关注的重大问题。本文以石羊河下游流域民勤县为例,通过分析和研究流域水资源利用现状,提出了适合西北内陆河流域水资源优化配置的支撑体系,以期对本流域水资源可持续利用有所裨益。     

石羊河流域多目标水资源配置模型及其应用

石羊河位于甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域,降雨稀少,生态环境脆弱,水是控制生态系统演变和限制社会经济发展的关键因子,水资源的合理配置是流域水资源持续利用的基础。遵循生态平衡原则、效率原则以及公平性原则,以流域生态需水满足度最大为生态目标、流域总的净效益最大为经济目标、流域内各计算单元人均净效益变率的均方差最小为社会公平目标,建立了水资源配置多目标评价函数。从供水、节水、结构调整、虚拟水等措施假设不同的水资源模拟配置情景,通过计算单元优化配置模型和水资源转化模拟模型的耦合模型得到各方案的配置结果,由多目标评价函数评价各方案的优劣,提出了流域水资源合理配置的方案。     

干旱内陆河流域下游绿洲生态建设中的水资源问题

在研究干旱内陆河流域下游绿洲生态建设方向与重点的基础上,提出了生态系统和生态用水量分级管理和规划的思想,探讨了其所涉及的重要的水安全与生态安全、水资源产权管理与核算、水资源配置管理、水资源政策管理、水资源开发利用管理、生态用水与水资源承载能力、人工草场与节约用水、绿洲边缘半荒漠草场的保护治理与用水等8个方面的水资源问题,提出了干旱内陆河流域下游绿洲可持续发展的重大战略对策。     

略论西北地区水资源开发利用与水土保持相互作用

水资源的配置既要满足经济用水的需要，也要充分考虑生态用水和环境用水。水土保持生态建设也必须充分考虑水资源的承载能力，以水定治理开发。对于西北地区来讲。箱好水土保持生态建设的关键是科学调控雨水径流，从而提高有限降水资源的利用率。     

山西省生态环境用水初探

 生态环境用水研究是改善生态环境亟待解决的重大问题。从生态环境用水的内涵着手,结合山西省生态环境的实际情况,将山西省生态环境用水划分为森林植被、水土保持、河流、城市生态环境用水4个方面。森林植被生态环境用水用林地实际蒸散量表示,全省林地耗水大致为346～477mm;水土保持生态环境用水采用治理前后小流域对比分析方法,经水土保持综合治理后,减少流域径流深约为17.62mm(黄河流域)、27.34mm(海河流域);通过对山西省各大河流多年平均最小月径流量和最大月含沙量、输沙量统计分析,计算河流生态环境用水量;城市生态环境用水从城市湖泊环境用水、城市绿化用水、地下水超采恢复用水、城区道路洒水等方面进行分析。     

基于层次分析法的干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水评价——以新疆台兰河流域为例

干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水综合评价是一个多层次,多目标的综合决策问题,同时是干旱区水资源合理配置与管理,生态环境保护与建设中最为关键的科学问题之一。根据台兰河流域的实际情况和环境问题,构建评价干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水状况的指标体系;该指标体系由3个层次38个评估因子组成;通过分级量化指标,用层次分析法对指标进行权重分析,提出了内陆河流域生态环境需水状况评判标准和具体的评价方法。结果显示,水资源因素对台兰河流域生态环境需水的影响最大,生态环境因素和经济社会因素次之,影响最小的是自然因素。水资源因素、生态环境因素、经济社会因素和自然因素之间相互关联,共同作用导致流域生态环境需水综合状况。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,证明层次分析方法在评价干旱内陆河流域生态环境需水状况中具有一定的应用价值。     

对黑河流域水资源开发和利用的思考

黑河是西北地区较大的内陆河，是河西人民的生命线，过去由于人们保护意识差，致使上游的生态环境受到不同程度的破坏，加之中游地区人口剧增，耕地扩大，生产生活用水大量挤占了生态用水，导致下游内蒙古额济纳旗东、西居延海先后干涸，草原沙化严重，沙尘暴等灾害性天气频繁发生，从而严重影响到了我国西北、华北乃至东北地区的环境质量。为了遏止这一局面，改善下游地区的生态环境，国家实施跨流域调水，启动了黑河流域综合治理工程，进一步加大了保护和改善上游地区生态环境，特别是祁连山水源涵养林的保护和建设，中游地区进一步调整农作物结构，完善水利设施。强化节水措施，从而实现跨流域调水，改善下游地区的生态环境。本文围绕科学合理地配置黑河水资源这一中心，简要概述了黑河中上游地区水资源开发利用的现状，深刻分析了中上游地区黑河水资源在开发利用中存在的深层次矛盾与问题，详细论述了保护和改善黑河中上游生态环境，进一步调整农作物结构，完善了水利设施，强化节水措施，科学合理地配置水资源等具体措施。     

流域植被配置技术与价值权衡模型算法研究

黄土高原的生态环境建设面临新的社会环境,对流域生态系统植被功能的需求正在从以前的蓄水保土价值为主向经济效益提升为主转变。如何权衡生态用地和经济用地的比例,并进行合理的植被空间优化配置是当前亟待解决的理论和现实问题。为了解决这个问题,基于流域栅格数据表达方式,从经济-生态-环境耦合的复杂系统角度,建立了流域开发的价值权衡模型。结果表明:建立的价值权衡模型能够基于栅格开发利润与土壤流失价值的权衡计算出流域最大的开发效益,并确定流域面积开发最优阈值,还能实现流域植被的空间优化配置。该决策模型的应用能够为流域开发提供参照系,有助于评估过去流域开发的合理性以及指导未来流域开发中植被的空间优化配置。     

中国黑河流域与澳大利亚墨累-达令河流域水管理对比研究

水管理问题是中国西北内陆河流域社会经济发展及生态环境建设的关键问题之一,而有效的水管理,是中国各大河流尤其是西北内陆流域面临的重要问题。在对中国西北黑河流域与澳大利亚东部墨累-达令河流域概况分析的基础上,探讨了两流域水管理的相关问题,在借鉴墨累-达令河流域管理的成功经验基础上,提出了优化黑河流域水管理的对策:(1)优化用水结构,提高经济效益;(2)重视统一管理,实现水资源优化配置;(3)强化组织管理,制定流域管理法;(4)鼓励公众参与,进一步深化水权制度改革。     

土地利用和气候变化对流溪河水库流域径流的影响

[目的]探究径流对土地利用与土地覆被变化(LUCC)和气候变化的响应，为华南地区流溪河水库流域未来水资源的合理利用开发及社会经济可持续发展提供依据。[方法]通过构建分布式生态水文模型CHESS和设置情景模式，定量分析了土地利用和气候变化对径流的影响，同时结合CA-Markov模型，对流域未来径流变化进行了预测。[结果]CHESS模型在流溪河水库流域径流模拟中有很好的适用性，率定期的纳什系数(NS)为0.82,R²为0.91,验证期的NS为0.74,R²为0.86;土地利用变化方面，耕地转化为林地或草地会导致年均径流量减少，林地或草地转化为耕地会导致年均径流量的增大，耕地、林地、草地对径流形成的贡献能力为耕地>草地>林地；气候变化方面，年均径流量与降水量成正比，与温度成反比；2000—2020年，流域年均径流量逐渐增大，气候变化促进了径流的形成，土地利用变化抑制了径流的形成，且气候变化的影响占主要地位；未来预估情景下，2030年、2050年流域内建筑用地面积会增大，林地、草地面积会减小，耕地、水体面积变化不大，且在2040—2050...     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.