高比转速斜流泵内部非定常压力脉动特性

为了研究斜流泵叶轮和导叶的动静相干作用引起的内部压力脉动特性,该文基于标准k-ε模型,采用SIMPLEC算法和滑移网格技术,对高比转速斜流泵进行非定常数值模拟,分析了不同工况下的叶轮进出口、导叶中部和导叶出口等位置的压力脉动的时域和频域特性。通过定常计算的扬程、效率值与试验值进行对比,证明该计算方法和网格可以较准确地反映斜流泵内的流动特性。计算结果表明,斜流泵最大压力脉动发生在叶轮进口前,泵运行偏离最优工况越远,叶轮进口处压力系数幅值越大,在0.7Qopt工况时叶轮进口监测点P03的压力系数幅值约为最优工况的1.5倍;压力脉动主频为叶轮叶片通过频率。研究成果为揭示斜流泵内部压力脉动规律提供了一定的理论参考。     

诱导轮时序位置对离心泵水力性能的影响

对带有诱导轮的离心泵而言,诱导轮相对叶轮的时序位置非常关键。为探讨时序位置对整台离心泵性能的影响,该文以某单级离心泵为研究对象,采用三维黏性非定常数值方法,对诱导轮相对叶轮的3种不同时序位置下离心泵的内部流动进行了模拟,并分析了其外特性、振动特性、空化特性随时序位置的变化。结果表明:随诱导轮时序位置的变化,离心泵的扬程和效率都是先增大后减小,扬程变化达1.3%,效率变化达1.32%;诱导轮叶片尾部压力面的漩涡逐渐消失。时序效应对叶轮与径向导叶间的动静干涉有影响,从而影响叶轮所受径向力的分布及叶轮内部和径向导叶头部的压力脉动特性;合理的时序位置可以改善离心泵的空化性能。     

多级离心泵内部非定常压力分布特性

为研究多级离心泵运行过程中的振动特性,以一台两级离心泵为例,建立整泵的流道模型,基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件ANSYS CFX,选取标准k-ε模型,进行全流场三维非定常数值计算,获取额定工况下叶轮出口处和径向导叶内不同位置处的压力脉动特性、作用在叶轮上的扭矩特性以及作用在叶轮上的径向力特性,并对其进行频域分析。结果表明:各监测点的压力均呈现出以叶片通过频率为主频的周期性压力波动;作用在叶轮上的径向力呈现脉动状态,其矢量分布图基本呈圆形分布,作用在叶轮上的扭矩呈现出以叶片通过正导叶频率为主频的周期性波动;叶片和导叶间动静干涉是影响压力和扭矩波动的主要因素。该研究结果为改善泵体结构设计,提高多级泵的使用稳定性提供依据。     

离心泵内部流动时序效应的CFD计算

为了研究导叶时序效应对离心泵性能的影响,采用CFD方法对设计流量工况下导叶不同时序位置时离心泵内部流动进行了数值计算,定义导叶叶片尾缘与隔舌夹角为0时为时序位置0,每增加10°增加一个时序位置。得到了泵内外特性随时序位置不同的变化规律,并分析了不同时序位置对隔舌处压力脉动及叶轮径向力非定常特性的影响。结果表明：随着导叶时序位置的增加,泵扬程和效率呈先上升后下降的趋势,导叶与隔舌相对位置在20°时达到最大值,扬程较最低值提高0.6 m;时序效应对隔舌处1倍和2倍叶片通过频率影响最大,且随时序位置的增加,主频和压力脉动幅值呈先减小后增加的趋势,时序位置1时幅值为4时的70%;导叶时序位置的改变主要影响泵底座-出口方向叶轮径向力分量。研究结果为离心泵径向导叶设计提供参考。     

离心泵内部非定常压力场的数值研究

为研究离心泵内部压力随叶轮旋转的变化,采用FLUENT提供的滑移网格技术对设计工况下离心泵内的非定常流动进行了数值计算,分析了离心泵内部非定常流动的规律。结果表明：离心泵内部流动的非对称特性和非定常特性明显;离心泵出口和叶片进口压力的波动对离心泵性能影响较大;在蜗壳中部截面S2和蜗壳出口截面S3上,静压的波动主要受叶片和蜗舌相对位置的影响,而动压的波动主要受叶片和截面相对位置的影响;两截面上沿蜗壳径向静压增大,动压减小;沿蜗壳周向静压随圆周角的增大而增大,而动压略成下降趋势。该分析为研究离心泵内流现象,降低离心泵的汽蚀、振动和噪声提供了有益的借鉴。     

混流泵压力脉动特性及其对流动诱导噪声的影响

为了研究不同工况下混流泵内部压力脉动特性及其对流动诱导噪声的影响,基于RANS方程和SST k-ω湍流模型,对混流泵进行非定常数值计算,在此基础上取叶片表面非定常压力脉动作为声源,采用间接边界元法对由叶片旋转偶极子源所引起的外场噪声进行数值计算。结果表明:混流泵叶轮进出口处的压力脉动幅值均是沿着轮缘到轮毂逐渐减小,叶轮进口处压力系数的最大值是出口处的2倍;沿着蜗壳周向,隔舌部位处压力脉动最为剧烈,随着监测点的位置远离隔舌,其压力脉动情况逐步改善;不同工况下,混流泵内各处的压力脉动主频均保持叶片通过频率不变;混流泵叶轮和蜗壳之间的动静干涉作用是引发流动诱导噪声的主要原因;流动诱导噪声的主频是由压力脉动主频以及泵体结构的固有频率综合决定的;不同工况下,混流泵内部压力脉动程度越强,该工况对应的流动诱导噪声辐射水平越强。该文对混流泵机组的稳定运行以及流动诱导噪声的控制提供了参考。     

叶顶间隙大小对螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的影响

叶顶间隙大小是影响半开式螺旋离心泵内外特性的重要因素之一,为充分探究叶顶间隙大小对其内外特性的影响程度及作用机理,该文以一台比转速237的单叶片螺旋离心泵为研究对象,通过设计叶顶间隙专用调节机构,分别调整叶顶间隙大小至0.3、0.5和0.8 mm,与叶轮外径的比值分别为0.13%、0.22%和0.35%。针对3种叶顶间隙大小情况,同时进行外特性试验和压力脉动试验研究。压力脉动的监测点包括叶轮进口边、叶轮中部、蜗壳第三断面和蜗壳隔舌附近。结果表明叶顶间隙大小与叶轮平均直径的比值应介于0.13%~0.22%之间。同时,结合压力脉动试验获得的实测压力波形图、压力系数波形图及频域图,分析了单叶片螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的规律,为半开式螺旋离心泵的减振降噪提供参考和借鉴。     

轴流泵叶轮出口尾迹区非定常压力和速度场特性

为了分析轴流泵叶轮出口尾迹和势流交替干扰特性,基于RNGk-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,对南水北调工程用轴流泵模型进行了数值计算。通过定常预测的外特性结果与试验值进行比较,验证了计算网格和湍流模型的适用性,并在此基础上计算了轴流泵叶轮出口尾迹区非定常流场特性。研究结果表明,通过轴流泵全流场数值计算结果与试验值对比,在最优工况下计算扬程相对误差为4.56%,效率相对误差为2.78%,较好反映了轴流泵内部流动特性;在小流量工况下,轴流泵叶轮出口圆周方向轴面速度存在与叶片数相同的3个主波峰和3个次波峰;随着流量增大,叶轮出口圆周方向速度分布图中的波峰与导叶叶片数相同。在小流量工况和设计工况下,叶轮出口尾迹区压力脉动时域图出现3个主波峰,随着流量增大,额外产生了3个次波峰。基于FFT变换发现不同流量工况下的压力脉动主频均以叶频为主,其他谐频以叶频为基频,呈倍数出现,且主频的幅值随着流量减小而迅速上升。     

流固耦合作用对离心泵内外特性的影响

应用双向流固耦合方法对导叶式离心泵的外特性和内流场进行分析,研究流固耦合作用对外特性影响的内流机理。流场的定常数值模拟采用雷诺时均方法和标准k-ε湍流模型,非定常数值模拟采用大涡模拟方法,结构响应采用线性瞬态动力学方程。通过对流固耦合前后内部流场的对比,包括叶轮出口处的总压分布和相对速度分布,分析了流固耦合作用对外特性预测值影响的内流机理。同时,对叶轮出口处的压力脉动进行了分析。结果表明,流固耦合作用产生的叶轮变形,尤其是叶轮出口处的较大变形是导致离心泵外特性预测值变化的主要原因。考虑流固耦合作用后,叶轮出口处压力脉动周期性变化的总体趋势与非流固耦合结果基本一致,但振幅更大。考虑流固耦合作用后的最大压力脉动幅值提高了3.1%。研究结果为离心泵性能预测及流动诱导振动的研究提供参考。     

不同型式隔舌离心泵动静干涉作用的数值模拟

为了研究不同型式隔舌对离心泵动静干涉作用的影响,分别对长舌、中舌和短舌3种不同型式隔舌的离心泵采用大涡模拟动态亚格子湍流模型进行三维非稳态数值模拟,通过非定常数值计算获得了不同型式隔舌离心泵隔舌处压力脉动特性和作用在叶轮和蜗壳上的径向力特性,并对其进行比较分析.结果表明:由于受到动静干涉的影响,不同工况下作用在叶轮上的...     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.