水热生物炭燃烧特性与动力学分析

采用热重法对锯末、玉米秸秆水热生物炭燃烧特性及动力学进行了研究,考察了不同升温速率(10、20、40℃/min)对燃烧特性的影响,分析了它们的燃烧特性及动力学参数。结果表明:1)水热炭化前后生物质燃烧质量损失集中在挥发分和固定碳燃烧阶段,升温速率快,着火温度、燃尽温度高,整体向高温区转移,综合燃烧特性指数越大;2)40℃/min时,锯末水热生物炭综合燃烧特性指数远大于玉米秸秆,在其余升温速率下区别不明显;3)以20℃/min相同升温速率时,锯末、玉米秸秆水热生物综合炭燃烧特性相对于未炭化生物质下降27%、13%;4)采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对水热生物炭燃烧动力学进行了研究,一级反应动力学能很好的描述2种生物炭的燃烧动力学,相关系数(R2)均高于0.9,挥发分阶段活化能大于固定碳阶段的活化能。研究结果可为水热生物炭的燃烧应用能提供理论指导。     

玉米秸秆与市政污泥混合热解特性及动力学分析

为探究玉米秸秆与市政污泥的混合热解特性,基于热重分析法,在不同升温速率(10、20和30℃/min)下对玉米秸秆、市政污泥及混样进行热重试验,同时采用Coats-Redfern积分法进行了动力学分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆与市政污泥相比热解特性差异大,残余率相差18.57%,综合热解指数相差35.73×10^-5,活化能E相差35.31~46.88 kJ/mol。随市政污泥的从10%到90%,热解起始温度由277.7℃下降至256.1℃,残余率由33.69%增加至45.83%,最大失质量速率由7.88%/min下降至3.11%/min,综合热解指数由8.5×10^-5下降至1.7×10^-5。表明市政污泥虽改善了混样的热解起始温度,但同时也使残余率增加,失质量速率变缓,综合热解指数降低。混样综合热解指数显示二者共热解整体存在抑制作用。动力学参数显示,升温速率升高使活化能增加,玉米秸秆单独热解过程所需活化能E大于市政污泥,市政污泥的质量分数从10%提高到90%,热解活化能由66.01~46.16 kJ/mol降低至44.47~17.04 kJ/mol。该研究可为玉米秸秆和市政污泥的利用提供基础支撑。     

玉米秸秆打捆燃料燃烧动力学模型

根据玉米秸秆捆烧特性,设计出整体玉米秸秆打捆燃料燃烧差热试验台。通过对玉米秸秆打捆燃料在不同供风温度（18℃、90℃）和不同供风量（过剩空气系数α分别取值0.7、1.1、1.5）工况下进行热重测试分析,建立了燃烧过程的动力学模型,求解出热解动力学参数：活化能和频率因子。研究表明：玉米秸秆打捆燃料燃烧的热重曲线、微商热重曲线总体变化特征是相似的,燃烧前期燃烧速度变化较快,中期逐渐变慢,后期趋于平稳;分析了燃烧温度和供风量对秸秆打捆燃料燃烧速度的影响,实现合理配风下的控温燃烧,挥发份的析出速度均匀适中, 燃烧相对平稳;捆烧动力学模型的建立,完善了生物质打捆燃料的燃烧理论,可供有关生物质打捆燃料打捆设备及燃烧设备的设计人员参考。     

玉米秸秆热解动力学分析(简报)

该文采用耐驰STA449同步热分析仪,研究了玉米秸秆在升温速率为5、10、15、20、30 K/min,反应终止温度1273K的热分解反应,结果表明玉米秸秆热解过程可分为失水预热解、热解和碳化3个阶段,随着升温速率增加,反应的特征温度和最大失重速率增加,差示扫描（DSC）曲线整体向下倾斜,升温速率过大时,出现失水滞后现象。分别用FWO法、FRL法和Kissinger法对玉米秸秆热解进行了动力学计算,其热解活化能为（161±23）kJ/mol,通过Malek法确定了玉米秸秆热解满足J-M-A方程,反应机理为随机成核随后生长,确定了反应级数n和指前因子对数lgA的范围,并利用Matlab软件对实验数据进行拟合,验证了机理的正确性,并确定了玉米秸秆热解反应的动力学参数。该文结果对工程应用有指导意义。     

蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆热解特性及其动力学分析

生物质的热解作为生物质能研究开发的前沿技术已得到较为广泛的重视。本文采用热重分析法(thermo gravimetric analysis,TGA)对蒸汽爆破预处理后玉米秸秆的热失重特性及其动力学进行了研究。试样加热速率分别为10、20、30、40、50℃/min,加热终温为800℃,采用高纯氮气作为保护气体。结果表明：蒸汽爆破预处理后玉米秸秆在同样加热速率条件下,热解过程特性显著改变,最大热分解速率提高34.57%;分别利用Coats-Redfern法和Kissinger法确定了热解动力学参数,并获得热解动力学模型;试样与原玉米秸秆相比活化能（E）降低24.13%～32.56%,指前因子（A）提高8%～10%。     

生物质成型颗粒燃料燃烧特性的试验研究

该文利用热重分析仪对玉米秸秆、木屑、混合木屑三种生物质成型颗粒燃料进行了理论分析，分段比较了三种颗粒燃料的燃烧特点及各段表观活化能和频率因子的热化学动力学参数，分析了成型处理工序对生物质燃烧特性的影响。结合颗粒燃料在燃烧炉中的实际燃烧特点，明确了影响颗粒燃料燃烧适应性的主导因素是挥发分的析出和燃烧速率，由此为改良低质颗粒燃料、提高燃烧炉适应性提出了指导性建议。     

小麦和玉米秸秆热解反应与热解动力学分析

为了对生物质快速热解液化设备进行分析和计算，该文用热重、差热分析仪分别对小麦和玉米秸秆在不同升温速率下进行了热分析研究。结果表明：小麦和玉米秸秆的热解特性基本一致，热解过程可以用同一种模型描述；随升温速率的提高，热解最高速率时的温度和热解最高速率明显提高。分析了小麦和玉米秸秆热解反应过程，提出了平行一阶反应动力学模型并计算出模型中各参数，将该模型的计算结果、现有一阶反应模型的计算结果分别和试验数据进行了对比，结果表明，平行一阶反应模型的准确程度比现有一阶反应模型有很大的提高。     

木屑及其水热炭的热解特性和动力学对比

为全面了解木屑及其水热炭的差异,获取更多关于水热炭作为化工燃料的使用特性。该文使用热重分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪对比研究了木屑及其水热炭在热解过程(10℃/min升温速率)中的失重特性及其官能团变化,分析了升温速率(10、20、30℃/min)对2种样品热解失重过程的影响,采用DAEM(分布活化能模型)计算了2种样品不同转化率下的活化能。结果表明:1)在200℃反应6 h得到的木屑水热炭,化学结构与木屑相似。2)在热解过程(10℃/min升温速率)中,木屑与水热炭最大失重速率分别为0.817%/℃和1.224%/℃,温度为353.57℃和363.42℃;不同终温下半焦红外光谱分析发现,水热炭更易解聚,其碳化速度更快。3)对比3种不同升温速率下2种样品的失重曲线可知,水热处理没有影响热滞后现象,样品焦炭生成量与升温速率无关,焦炭生成量平均值水热炭大于木屑。4)DAEM模型适用于2种样品热解反应活化能的求解,木屑及其水热炭活化能分别为99.33~252.72 k J/mol和63.77~211.68 k J/mol,当转化率在0.30到0.80范围时,木屑的活化能高于水热炭。研究结果为木屑水热炭热化学转化制备焦炭提供理论依据。     

基于多升温速率法的典型生物质热动力学分析

为研究典型生物质热动力学,判断反应机理,获得反应的动力学速率参数,该文采用热重分析技术对玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、棉秆、松树木屑、花生壳、甜高粱渣等生物质原料进行了氮气气氛下不同升温速率的热解特性试验研究,利用Friedman法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法计算活化能,用Malek法确定最概然机理函数,建立了生物质热分析动力学模型,并讨论了不同生物质的差异性。结果表明:生物质的热解过程均包括3个主要阶段:干燥预热阶段、挥发分析出阶段、碳化阶段。典型生物质活化能随着转化率的增加而增加,在挥发分析出阶段,热解活化能介于144.61~167.34 k J/mol之间;反应动力学机理均符合Avrami-Erofeev函数,但反应级数有一定的差异;指前因子介于26.66~33.97 s-1之间。这为生物质热化学转化过程工艺条件的优化及工程放大提供理论依据。     

升温速率对椰壳热解特性的影响及动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对椰壳在不同升温速率（5、20、40℃/min）下的热解特性及动力学进行了研究,探讨了热解机理。结果表明：椰壳热解过程主要分为脱水、快速热解和缓慢失重;对比不同升温速率下的失重曲线表明,升温速率对热解失重率有明显影响,其最终热解产物的得率随升温速率的增加而减少。运用氮吸附仪测定其吸附等温线,获得不同热解温度对炭化料的孔结构,结果表明：热解温度越高,微孔越发达。使用TG曲线数据,利用分布活化能模型求出相应的活化能,失重率在0.1～0.8之间时,活化能在146～444 kJ/mol,呈“N”形变化。活化能的分布函数,反映了椰壳热解过程中不同阶段反应性能的变化规律,有助于了解椰壳的热解机理。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.