京冀平原区不同类型农户耕地利用决策影响因素分析

农户土地利用目标转型的影响因素及其决策机制的研究,是科学分析区域耕地资源质量和生产能力驱动变化的基础。该文选择京冀平原区的北京市大兴区和河北省曲周县为研究样区,以典型乡镇农户调研数据为基础,采用二项Logistic回归模型,分析农户家庭、农户收入、农户土地资源状况和农户区位条件等因素对不同类型农户耕地利用决策的影响。研究结果表明：曲周主要的农户类型为粮食和利润协调型,大兴的主要农户类型为粮食和利润协调型农户和利润需求型。研究区域农户为了获得更高的农业收益,偏好于增加耕地的劳动力投入、农药投入、复种指数较高。农户家庭农业劳动力数量、耕地面积、土地质量和交通通达度对农户做出“保证家庭消费粮食的基础上,增加经济收入”和“只是为增加更多的收入”的耕地利用目标决策有显著的积极作用,即对于粮食和利润协调型农户或利润需求型农户有积极作用;城镇影响度对农户从粮食和利润协调型向利润需求型过渡和转型有积极作用。     

农牧交错带耕地数量变化对粮食产量影响的时空关联性——以内蒙古乌兰察布市为例

[目的]分析耕地变化和粮食生产的时空动态特征及其相互关联性,为研究区耕地集约利用水平的提高与粮食产量的增加提供科学依据。[方法]利用遥感解译获取的土地利用变化数据和粮食产量等统计数据,采用地理学和经济学理论、技术与方法,分析区域耕地与粮食产量的时空动态格局,构建"粮耕弹性系数"反映农牧交错区耕地资源变化与粮食生产的互动关系,揭示耕地数量变化对粮食产量的影响机理。[结果](1)1990—2000年耕地扩张明显,研究区中部、北部增加而东部减少。粮食产量逐渐上升,四子王旗粮食产量对耕地面积具有高敏感度,其它地区粮食产量对耕地数量变化的敏感度较低。(2)2000—2013年,耕地总量明显减少,耕地利用变化主要发生在研究区中部和南部,粮食产量出现先减少后增加的趋势,乌兰察布市东部和西部地区粮食综合生产能力明显提高,粮食产量对耕地数量变化的敏感度变低。[结论]1990—2013年乌兰察布市耕地数量变化对乌兰察布市粮食产量的影响显著。全市粮食产量对耕地数量变化的敏感度有着明显的区域差异,且2000—2013年的敏感度相对1990—2000年而言较低。     

黑龙江省粮食生产与耕地利用耦合分析

为较好地分析黑龙江省粮食—耕地耦合系统的动态变化特征及未来发展趋势,在构建黑龙江省粮食生产与耕地利用指标体系的基础上,采用主成分分析法和耦合模型对研究区1980-2010年粮食生产与耕地利用两系统的发展过程及耦合态势进行分析.结果表明:(1)研究期间黑龙江省两系统走势相近且呈上升趋势;(2)耕地利用系统演化速度在1980-1990年大于粮食生产系统演化速度,而1990-2010年则恰好相反;(3)两系统的耦合态势表现为先由协调演化为不协调,再向协调方向发展.今后在深入挖掘耕地资源潜力和有效提高粮食生产能力的同时,应积极有效地促进耕地与粮食两系统的协调发展.     

东北粮食主产区耕地资源变化驱动机制及其对粮食产量的影响

以东北粮食主产区巴彦县为研究区,以3S技术为手段,运用Logistic模型识别研究区耕地资源变化驱动因子,采用单因素指标法及通径分析法,探讨了单因子及复合因子对研究区粮食产量的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区耕地资源变化驱动因子主要为坡度、土壤类型、地均GDP等8个敏感性因子,且每个驱动因子对耕地资源变化的驱动机制各不相同;(2)单一驱动因子指标分级变化会引起粮食产量的改变,变化最大值为土壤有机质含量在1—2级间的改变,最小值为政策法规在2—3级间的改变;(3)复合因子对粮食产量主要表现为耕地资源变化驱动因子复合总效应每改变0.1,粮食产量的变化值约在950kg/hm2。耕地资源变化的单因子及复合因子对粮食产量均产生较大影响,粮食生产能力的提高应根据驱动因子的不同特征制定具体措施。     

榆林市耕地资源与粮食安全研究

耕地资源是粮食生产及粮食安全的基础.针对世界粮价飙升所引发的"粮食危机",我国的粮食安全又重新成为社会所关注的焦点.在分析榆林市1949-2005年耕地资源变化的基础上,对耕地面积和粮食产量的年际变化率及不同历史阶段两者的相关关系进行分析,提出了榆林市粮食安全的保障措施.结果表明:1949-2005年,榆林市耕地面积及人均耕地面积均呈减少趋势;耕地数量变化对粮食生产具有根本的约束作用,但耕地面积与粮食产量的年际变化率的趋势并不完全同步,农业科技投入不仅抵消了因耕地面积减少所导致的粮食减产,而且可以使粮食总产出现较大增长,但耕地数量仍是稳定粮食总产的重要因素.     

东北三省区耕地资源与粮食生产潜力分析

东北三省区是我国最大的商品粮基地,其粮食生产能力关系到国家粮食安全。本文以1980/1996~2014年耕地面积和粮食生产系列数据为样本,应用时间序列预测方法,分析预测了东北三省区2020年耕地面积、复种指数、粮作与非粮作面积比、粮食作物结构、三大粮食作物单产和粮食总产量。预测结果表明,到2020年,东北三省区耕地面积为27841×103 hm2,粮食作物与非粮作物面积比为90.9:9.1,粮食作物播种面积为22448×103 hm2,粮食总产能力为1.41×108t,与2014年相比增产60.2%,未来东北三省区粮食总生产能力呈稳定上升之势。     

基于3S技术的区域性耕地资源变化影响评价模式研究

针对目前尚未形成国内外公认的耕地资源变化影响评价方法,该文提出基于耕地生产能力评价指标体系、耕地质量评价指标体系以及耕地自然等和利用等指标体系的3种区域性耕地资源评价指标体系,确定3种基于3S技术的耕地资源变化影响评价模式.与基于粮食单产划分耕地等级进行评价的传统方法,共同构成了区域性耕地资源变化影响评价的4种方案.还分析了4种评价方案的思想基础、特点及实用性的差异.并以东北地区为案例,利用耕地自然等和利用等指标体系方法,分析了1993～2003年东北耕地变化对粮食生产能力的影响.此外,提出作物种植结构以及作物品种变化对粮食生产能力影响评价的建议.为区域性耕地资源变化影响评价方法体系提供参考和借鉴.     

粮食作物种植视角下东北粮食主产区耕地利用的时空分化特征

作物种植是耕地最直接的利用方式。基于粮食作物种植视角研究耕地利用问题,是耕地利用领域研究的进一步细化,也是粮食安全的基础。该研究以东北粮食主产区典型地域为研究区,基于主要粮食作物大豆、玉米和水稻的不同耕地利用方式,以乡镇为单元,综合运用标准差椭圆、重心模型及探索性空间数据分析法,阐明2016—2019年研究区粮食作物的耕地利用空间分化特征。结果表明:1)研究区主要粮食作物的耕地利用结构变化明显,大豆与玉米的耕地种植面积出现明显"剪刀差"变化特征,水稻的耕地种植面积基本保持稳定。2)研究区主要粮食作物的耕地利用空间分布呈现"西北-东南"动态格局,种植大豆和玉米的耕地利用重心位于研究区的中东部地区,分别向东偏南和西偏南方向迁移。3)研究区种植主要粮食作物的耕地利用结构具有较强的正负空间关联性,正相关类型聚集性较强,表现出明显的区域一致性;负相关类型无明显聚集区域,面积较小,且零星分布。研究结果较好地反映了种植结构调整政策实施阶段研究区种植主要粮食作物的耕地区域空间布局分化和耕地种植结构的空间关系,为区域种植结构调整及保障粮食结构性安全提供科学依据。     

黄淮海平原耕地变化及对粮食生产格局变化的影响

研究区域耕地资源时空变化特征及其对粮食生产格局变化的影响是保障区域粮食安全的重要基础。该研究采用耕地变化强度模型、分异指数模型、粮食生产空间转移模型等方法,分析黄淮海平原2000-2008年间耕地资源数量、质量时空变化及其对粮食生产格局变化的影响。结果表明,2000-2008年黄淮海平原耕地数量净减少38.49万hm2,形成北京-保定-石家庄-邯郸-新乡-郑州和天津-沧州-济南-济宁-徐州-连云港2条耕地锐减廊道,造成粮播面积净损失46.45万hm2,而耕地质量降低则造成粮食产量净损失270.37万t。粮食播种面积和高等地的增加主导海河平原东、东南部和黄淮平原东、南部县域粮食生产能力增强,而粮食播种面积减少和低等地补充大量被占用的高、中等地则主导海河平原西、北部和黄淮平原东北、西北部县域粮食生产能力退化,为黄淮海平原粮食安全政策制定和土地利用规划提供重要依据。     

东北粮食主产区耕地资源时空变化及其对粮食生产能力的影响

为了揭示耕地资源时空变化对粮食生产能力的影响,该文以东北粮食主产区巴彦县为研究区,以1991年土地详查数据库、2006年土地利用变更数据库和2009年SPOT5影像为基本信息源,以粮食单产等统计数据为基本数据源,运用遥感及地理信息手段,采用土地综合指数评价法分析研究区耕地资源数量、质量时空变化及其对粮食生产能力的影响,结果表明:1991-2009年研究区耕地资源数量呈持续增加的趋势,耕地向非耕地的转换主要发生在林地和其他用地之间;1991-2006年研究区增加耕地资源中三等地耕地面积增加最多,一等地增加最少。减少的耕地资源中二等地和三等地耕地减少最多,而一等地减少最少;2006-2009年增加耕地中二等地耕地增加最多,一等地耕地增加最少;减少的耕地资源中,三等地耕地减少最多,一等地耕地减少最少;位于北部岗平原农牧区的二等地耕地是影响粮食生产能力最大的区域,三等地和四等地耕地面积虽占到总耕地面积的50%左右,但受到自然因素和土壤因素的制约,粮食生产能力也受到影响。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.