基于多源遥感数据的奎屯市城市扩展分析

采用Landsat TM,ETM⁺和ALOS/AVNIR-2遥感影像,获取城市用地信息,并计算出城市扩展速度、扩展强度指数、紧凑度、分形维数及弹性系数,从而对奎屯市城市扩展变化进行综合分析。结果表明:奎屯市城市扩展明显、城市用地规模扩大,扩大的城市用地主要由草地和未利用地转移而来;城市扩展强度指数1989—2000年、2000—2010年间分别为9.69%和9.72%;城市空间格局由外延式逐渐向填充式转变;弹性系数低于1.12,人口增长速度高于城市扩展增长速度;紧凑度逐渐减少,分形维数逐渐增大,城市结构松散、形态不规则、复杂化。依据分析结果提出了发展边界区域,使城市和人口增长速度协调的建议。     

天津城市用地时空扩展研究

利用中国科学院资源与环境数据中心提供的关于天津市20世纪80年代中期,90年代中期,2000年度3期1:10万土地利用数据,以GIS为制图和数据提取的分析手段,通过引入城市扩展速度、强度、重心坐标、紧凑度、分维数、弹性系数等指标,研究了天津城市扩展的时空规律,形态特征,与人口、经济发展之间的协调关系以及对周边土地利用的影响.结果表明,天津城市用地扩展的时空分异特征明显,城市核心区扩展依然以西北一东南走向为主要轴向,北运河一海河轴向扩展一直是城市扩展的主轴.改革开放后滨海轴扩展速度也在加快.城市扩展过程中紧凑度数值先降低后稍有增加,空间形态由向着趋于不稳定状态发展而趋向稳定.城市扩展先是远慢于城市人口的增长,后来则大大快于城市人口的增长,出现了城市增长速度与人口增长速度之间不协调现象.面积-GDP弹性系数有上升的趋势,此时段经济的年均变化率远远超过了城市扩展的年均变化率.城市建成区面积的扩展对耕地的影响最大,其次是林地、草地、水域及未利用地等其它土地.     

1988-2002年郑州市景观格局演变分析

以郑州市区1988年、1995年和2002年3幅遥感影像为基础数据源,在3S技术支持下,利用景观生态学理论和方法,通过遥感影像解译、景观格局指数选取与计算、逐步回归分析等,对郑州市景观格局动态及其城市扩展的时空分异特征进行了全面分析。结果表明:（1）1988-2002年郑州市建设用地、林地显著增加,景观空间结构仍以农业用地为主。其中建设用地增加85.27 km²,主要由农村居民点和水浇地转化而来。（2）郑州市景观破碎度增大、优势度指数降低、整体分维数略有增加,城市景观格局趋于复杂化、破碎化和多元化。（3）城市景观具有显著的空间梯度变化特点,且存在明显方向分异,NW-SE向为城市扩展中轴线。（4）城市扩展主要集中在三环路内,扩展强度达1.36,且多为内部填充式扩展;三环与绕城公路间,扩展倍数为1.56,扩展强度仅0.37,城市主要沿道路外延式扩展。     

城市土地集约利用与用地扩展研究

城市扩展与城市土地集约利用存在内在联系。以干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐的城市扩展特征为出发点,研究城市扩展与城市用地集约化间的动态相关性,评价城市对土地利用压力的响应能力。结果表明在1990—2014年,乌鲁木齐城市用地扩展呈现从缓慢扩展到快速扩展,再到中速扩展的特点;各时期城市用地紧凑度小,分形维数大,建设用地分布分散,城市用地的增加主要依靠于城区用地向内部的填充;对应时期内的城市土地集约利用水平呈现波动上升的特点,在近10年来城市用地集约化显著;经相关分析得出:城市用地的集约化与城市建成区面积的扩展速度关系不大,但受城市扩展的空间形态影响较大,建成区分散度、破碎度越大,则城市用地越趋于集约化发展。城市扩展与城市用地集约化二者的耦合关系可反映出一段时间内城市土地利用的效率或对用地压力的响应程度:当城市扩展强度土地集约利用率,说明在城市化进程中存在土地浪费现象;当城市扩展强度土地集约利用率,说明城市土地利用高效,应以经济—社会—生态三者协调发展为原则开展合理的城市土地集约利用。     

大型山地城市建设用地空间扩展及地形分异

近年来,我国城市化进程已经进入加速发展阶段,城市建设用地日益紧张,对山地城市来讲,建设用地的供需矛盾尤为突出。以城市建设用地扩张的地形梯度变化为切入点,运用重庆市主城区2001年、2007年和2014年的遥感影像数据,通过混合像元分解提取建设用地。通过计算建设用地的分形维数、紧凑度指数和放射状指数分析了主城区城市建设用地扩张水平方向的形态变化特征;结合区域的高程、地形起伏度,分析了建设用地的地形分异特征。结果表明:城市规模扩展迅速,建设用地数量从2001年的237.62 km²增加到2014年的818.85 km²;综合分形维数指数、城市紧凑度指数、放射状指数来看,城市扩展从2001—2007年的紧凑型扩展发展转变成2007—2014年的外延扩展;主城区建设用地的扩展呈从低高程区的增长达到饱和状态向高程较高的区域发展的态势;从起伏度分析来看,建设用地无法向起伏度较大的区域大规模扩展。     

近38年来格尔木河中下游绿洲时空演变及其与 人类活动的关系

基于1977、1987、1999、2006、2014年5期Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像,结合"中国1︰10万土地利用数据"及土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)和景观格局、城市扩展指标等分析了绿洲时空演变及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明:近38年来,格尔木河中下游绿洲变迁呈急剧退缩-退缩-扩张的变化趋势,特别是1977—1987年绿洲退缩速度最快,退缩面积高达638.67 km~2,累计动态度-3.55%,1987—2006年绿洲继续退缩,但速度明显变缓,累计动态度分别为-0.52%和-0.88%,2006—2014年绿洲首次呈扩张状态,绿洲面积增加27.19 km~2,累计动态度0.26%,绿洲变迁趋于稳定。草地变化对绿洲退缩的贡献率最大,林地、耕地和建设用地变化对绿洲扩张的贡献率逐渐增大;绿洲重心迁移明显,迁移方向为南偏东-东南-西南-东南,迁移距离1977—1987年最长,为2.96 km,以后逐渐变短。1977—2014年绿洲景观斑块和破碎度呈增加趋势,景观形状趋于复杂,且当城市扩展率、城市扩展强度减小时,绿洲变化动态指数均减小,表明绿洲景观趋于复杂的同时受人类活动影响日益增大。     

银川市近30年城市扩展时空演变

应用1991年、1999年、2006年、2011年和2017年五期Landsat TM/ETM/OLI影像数据,在遥感和地理信息系统软件支持下,人机交互提取5个时期银川市建成区边界,通过城市空间扩展强度、重心坐标、紧凑度指数和分形维数等指标,对银川市城市空间扩展的时空演变特征进行了定量分析。结果表明:（1）时序上,除1991—1999年慢速扩展外,其余3个时段都为快速扩展期,扩展强度为20.32%,扩展速率7.88 km²/a,至2017年银川市建成区面积净增了204.96 km²,为1991年的6.29倍。（2）空间格局上,银川市建成区由“东、西分离”扩展成“整体发展”,城市重心总体往东南偏移,扩展的主要方位在东南、正东,分别增加了45.44 km²,41.49 km²,而正南、正北扩展较少,仅增加6.26 km²,8.05 km²。（3）城市形态上,紧凑度逐渐增加,由0.17上升到0.32,分形维数逐渐减小,由1.71下降至1.25,说明在研究期间,扩展以内部和边缘填充为主,随着城市的扩展银川市空间形态日趋简单,稳定。     

城市化进程中县域土地利用类型的转移特征及其对热环境的影响

[目的]评估城市化过程中土地利用类型的转移特征及其对热环境的影响,为优化土地利用格局和低碳背景下区域发展和管理提供科学依据。[方法]以浙江省海盐市为例,基于4期Landsat卫星影像,解译土地利用类型并反演地表温度,通过县域土地利用转移矩阵和热效应贡献度指数,分析城市热岛的时空分布及土地利用类型转移特征对热环境造成的影响。[结果] 2007—2017年10 a间,海盐县中心城区的建成区明显扩张,土地利用类型格局变化显著,土地利用动态度达42.3%。城市用地面积显著增加,转入比率达44.1%,主要由植被与道路转入;植被覆盖面积明显减少,转出比率达51.2%,主要转移为城市用地和道路。城市高温区分布从聚集的岛状逐渐分散化,向建成区边缘转移。城市用地的热贡献度最大,伴随着其面积的增加,其热贡献度从2007年的59.6%上升到2017年的87.5%。[结论]城市用地是影响海盐县中心城区热环境的决定性因素,城市化进程中,合理有效地规划和控制建成区的扩展,是减缓热岛效应的重要措施。     

石河子市城市化过程中城市用地扩张的特征研究

以石河子市为研究区,利用1990年,1999 2000年和2009-2011年的Landsat TM/ETM+卫星遥感影像解译的空间数据,在GIS的支持下,基于Fragstats 3.3软件平台,采用景观格局指数和城市扩展测度指标等分析方法,对研究区的城市扩张及其变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)城市依规划而渐进建设的痕迹非常明显,城市东西两面的用地已基本用尽,城市的拓展方向现已依托综合建成区向北、向南扩展;(2)随着城市化的推进,城市景规格局类型与结构发生了明显的变化,人类活动是造成城市景观格局变化的重要因素之一;(3)在城市扩展速度和扩展强度方面,与区内其它主要绿洲城市相比存在较明显的差异,该城市扩展速度和扩展强度在全疆城市的排名中位居前列.     

山区城市建设用地集约利用时空分异研究——以玉溪市为例

受区域土地资源禀赋限制,山地区域城市建设用地节约集约利用时空变化上与平原地区有很多区别之处。为完善山区城镇建设用地评价及管理,以云南省玉溪市为例,通过构建城市区域建设用地节约集约利用评价指标体系,对玉溪市及其下辖各县(区)的建设用地集约利用程度和水平定量评价,判定土地集约利用类型,进而分析了玉溪市及下辖县(区)5年度评价指数的变化和集约用地水平的时空分异特征。结果表明:(1)区域指数之间差异明显,且各区域评价存在短板指数;(2)各县(区)的建设用地集约水平存在空间分异,市辖东部坪坝县(区)节约集约水平优于西部山地民族自治县(区);(3)玉溪市空间主要分异因素为投入产出水平、产业结构、人口聚集状况和存量建设用地供应水平。玉溪市应结合区域实际,实现山区城市建设用地集约利用要进一步加快区域经济发展,协调区域发展关系,优化资源配置,提高土地时空效率。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.