环境条件变化对滇池沉积物磷释放的影响

在实验室控制条件下,以滇池表层新鲜沉积物和湖水为材料,研究了氧化还原状况、水体扰动、pH值等环境因子对沉积物P释放的影响。结果表明,与好氧条件相比,厌氧状态大大促进沉积物中P的释放,最大释放量为3.96mg。随着湖水pH值的升高,沉积物的释P量明显增加,碱性条件下P释放量是中性条件的几百倍。水体扰动对沉积物P释放的影响不大。不同环境因子相比,湖水在碱性条件下(pH10.5)P的释放速率最大,高达68.04mg/(m2·d),厌氧条件次之,变化在7.73~8.91mg/(m2·d),对照和扰动条件下P释放速率很低。湖水pH值增加和氧化还原电位降低是滇池沉积物释P的主要机制。     

不同水动力下湖泊沉积物重金属释放通量

为探讨不同水动力下湖泊沉积物重金属释放通量,该文在室内可循环式水槽试验中模拟了动水条件下沉积物的运动,试验时通过控制闸门开关改变水槽内水体流速,探讨了不同水动力下沉积物的悬浮与释放规律。以鄱阳湖沉积物为水槽试验沉积物,通过分析沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb浓度的变化,建立了当沉积物粒径为50~200μm时,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb释放通量与流速的关系式。结果表明:释放通量随水体流速增大呈指数增长,当流速分别为15、35、65 cm/s时,Cu释放通量分别为45.82、65.18、127.16 mg/(m~2·d);Zn为104.35、139.82、220.5 mg/(m~2·d);Cd为0.116、0.163、0.28 mg/(m~2·d);Pb为4.78、6.72、11.57 mg/(m~2·d),鄱阳湖水体重金属浓度计算值与实测值误差在5%~20%范围内。研究结果可为湖泊重金属污染控制及治理提供科学依据。     

藻类生长对滇池沉积物磷释放影响的研究

室内对滇池沉积物进行藻类生长模拟试验,结果表明,以沉积物作为唯一P源进行培养,滇池藻类依然可以正常生长;沉积物在藻类生长的影响下,具有较强的P释放潜力,释放速率可达19.2mg/(m2·d);藻类生长对P的大量需求,是通过OH-对沉积物Fe结合态P阴离子置换,和对金属离子Fe的有机蝥合以增加被结合态P的解吸两种主要途径获得的,藻吸收利用沉积物中P的形态主要为Fe结合态P。     

低频率运转下人工湿地对养虾水的去氮作用及其动力学

联用虾塘设施、以低频率运转人工湿地生态系统循环处理养虾水, 研究湿地去氮作用及其动力学。由表面流与水平潜流组成的复合型湿地生态系统（582.2 m2）含斜坡区、挺水植物区与蓄水池,水力负荷1.65 m/d。养殖周期内（94 d）不换水,不用药,60 d 后3次循环处理规模化养虾塘水,总氨氮（total ammonia nitrogen, TAN）、总氮（total nitrogen, TN）与亚硝基氮（nitrite nitrogen,NO2-N）分别去除37.9%、26.7% (P≤0.01)与22.7%(P≤0.05)。湿地静止期间,挺水植物区NO2-N、硝基氮（nitrate nitrogen,NO3-N）与TN 分别在废水停留6 h、18 h、24 h时去除17.5%、25.8%与25.9%(P≤0.01),去除速率常数为0.0362, 0.0291 与 0.009 h-1。试验期间,试验塘主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,蓝绿藻被有效抑制,收获虾规格与产量优于对照塘(P≤0.01)。结果表明,复合型人工湿地生态系统联用塘内设施,以低频率运转循环处理虾塘水可有效去除TAN等有毒物及抑制蓝绿藻暴发,调控规模化养虾塘水质在对虾生长安全范围内,确保养殖成功。 该文可为处理养殖废水人工湿地的构建和应用以及污染物去除动力学模型的建立提供参考。     

城市污水的微生物-植物联合修复对水体N_2O、N_2和O_2释放的影响

针对城市河道污染水体治理这一问题,采用自主研发的自然水体原位收集装置对微生物和微生物-植物联合修复过程中气体N_2O、N_2及O2释放的特征进行野外原位监测。结果表明:微生物菌剂和微生物-植物联合净化期间水体氧化亚氮(N_2O)释放速率均值分别为10.68、5.91μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),与对照比,降幅分别为16.37%和53.86%;氮气(N_2)释放速率均值分别为1.49、0.87 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),降幅分别为5.70%和67.54%;氧气(O_2)释放速率均值分别为1.14、0.69 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),降幅分别为14.93%和72.06%;微生物菌剂及微生物-植物联合净化期间,目测水体透明度转好,藻类含量降低,水体溶氧由超饱和状态(17.17 mg·L~(-1))降至正常水体溶氧水平(9.49 mg·L~(-1)),降幅达到50%,可能是水体氧气释放速率降低的原因。因此,微生物-植物联合净化能显著降低水体N_2O、N_2及O_2的释放速率,推测是由于微生物和水生植物对水体养分的同化作用产生营养竞争,抑制了微生物反硝化作用产生N_2O、N_2并抑制藻类生长产生O_2及增加水体溶氧的原因。     

山东武河人工湿地对磷净化的长效性及其内源磷分布与释放

人工湿地运行的长效性值得关注,以山东省武河人工湿地为例,2017年10月选取10个和4个代表性采样点分别采集原位水样和柱状沉积物样,对该湿地正常运行10年后,其对水体磷的净化效果和沉积物磷的分布特征及其内源释放风险进行了研究。结果表明:武河人工湿地运行10年后,对水体磷仍具有较好的净化效果,净化效率在50%左右,出水口总磷(TP)浓度为0.29 mg L^-1,符合地表水Ⅳ类水质标准。4个沉积物柱样均显示,沉积物各磷形态含量大小顺序为:无机磷(IP)>钙磷(Ca-P)>铁铝结合态磷(Fe/(Al-P)>不稳定态磷(LP)>有机磷(OP),IP含量最高,约占总磷的69%~95%,OP含量极低,与湿地来水息息相关;在IP中,沉积物Ca-P含量最高,表现为较为稳定的特性;空间分布上,不同点位各磷形态含量差异显著,进水口较近区域含量较高,垂向上,除Ca-P外,其他磷形态含量总体呈现随深度增加而减少的趋势,湿地来水影响明显。静态释放实验表明,湿地不同点位沉积物磷的内源释放速率差异明显,4个点位总磷的沉积物-水界面释放速率分别为-1.98、-9.32、-11.99和-8.65 mg m^-2 d^-1,均以吸附为主,距离进水口较近区域,沉积物对磷的吸附能力有所降低,这对人工湿地的长期运行具有指导意义。相关性分析表明,除Ca-P外,沉积物其他磷形态同有机质(LOI)表现出较好相关性,沉积物磷形态和LOI来源相对一致,主要为临沂城区工业废水和生活污水的尾水,受农业面源污染的影响较小。     

哈素海表层沉积物中内源磷的释放研究

以浅水湖泊哈素海为研究对象,开展了上覆水质、温度、pH、溶解氧、扰动和光照等环境要素对湖泊沉积物内源磷释放的影响试验研究。结果表明,温度升高、碱性条件、厌氧和强烈的扰动作用等均有利于内源磷的释放,而照度则间接地限制了沉积物释磷对上覆水中磷浓度的影响。HSH-2、HSH-5和HSH-6等3个站位TP的最大释放量在自然光照条件下分别为1.53、1.39和1.27 mg·kg^-1,避光条件下分别为1.77、1.52和1.52 mg·kg^-1;静置条件下分别为1.42、1.38和1.68 mg·kg^-1,R=60 r·min^-1时分别为1.75、1.50和2.00 mg·kg^-1,R=120 r·min^-1时分别为2.52、2.64和4.02 mg·kg^-1;在pH=11时释放量最大,分别为10.82、6.83和16.68 mg·kg^-1。各环境因子中,以pH和扰动对哈素海沉积物内源磷的释放影响最大。哈素海为浅水湖泊,在湖水咸化程度逐渐增高的条件下,将会导致湖泊沉积物内源磷的大量释放,从而将进一步加剧水体的富营养化。     

伊犁河流域新垦区杨树水保林水分生态效益研究

对伊犁河流域新垦区两种造林密度杨树水保林林地土壤水分渗透速率、土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤蒸发量、杨树蒸腾速率进行了测定,结果表明:(1)加水初期(0～4 h)内3种测地土壤水分渗透速率排序为2 m×4 m＞1.5 m×2 m＞对照地.(2)加水后土壤含水量以2 m×4 m林地变幅最大(2.09%),其水分增加值分别为对照地和1.5 m×2 m林地的1.47倍和4.18倍.(3)2 m×4 m林地1天中最高地温(23.87℃)出现在16:00,而1.5 m×2 m林地地温在14:00-18:00较高.(4)全天各时段2 m×4 m林地的蒸发量均大于1.5 m×2 m林地,2 m×4 m林地土壤日蒸发总量为2.47 g/(dm2·d),比1.5 m×2 m林地高0.91 g/(dm2·d).(5)1.5 m×2 m林地杨树日蒸腾量为111.47 g/(dm2·h),2 m×4 m林地仅有87.81 g/(dm2·h).     

秸秆覆盖对东北黑土区土壤侵蚀及养分流失的影响

利用野外原位模拟降雨试验,研究了秸秆覆盖对东北黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。试验处理包括1个施肥水平(纯N为150kg/hm2;纯P为75kg/hm2),3个秸秆覆盖度(翻耕裸露,低覆盖2kg/m2,高覆盖4kg/m2),1个降雨强度(90mm/h,降雨历时60min)和1个坡度(5°),试验小区长10m,宽1m。研究结果表明,低秸秆覆盖与翻耕裸露处理相比,坡面的径流量和侵蚀产沙量分别减少了87%和99.86%;在高秸秆覆盖条件下,坡面不产生径流。低秸秆覆盖条件下,径流中的NO3-—N和PO34-—P的浓度分别是翻耕裸露处理的5.52倍和4.25倍,但NO3-—N和PO34-—P的流失量与翻耕裸露处理基本相同。同样,低秆覆盖条件下侵蚀泥沙中NO3-—N和PO43-—P的含量分别是翻耕裸露处理的4.38倍和2.93倍,但NO3-—N和PO43-—P的流失量与翻耕裸露处理相比分别减少了99.3%和99.6%。因此,在东北黑土区选取适宜的秸秆覆盖量对保护耕地质量具有重要意义。     

黑河上游草地蝗虫群落特征及其与植被的关系

采用沙土覆盖和疏浚疏松以改善疏浚表泥紧实度。研究了沉水植物重建和沙土覆盖等表层改良方式对污染湖泊底泥营养盐释放的组合控制效果。结果发现,对于未种植菹草处理,不同泥沙掩蔽方式在短期内均能显著降低沉积物中氮磷营养盐的释放速率,但随着时间的延长,氮磷释放速率有回复增加的趋势;而沉积物泥沙掩蔽后(表层覆盖5cm土,表层覆盖5cm细沙),同时进行菹草种植后发现,与未种植菹草空白相比较,氮磷释放速率均有明显的降低;不同改良方式间的比较结果发现,疏浚疏松后进行菹草种植对沉积物营养盐的释放控制效果最佳。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.