退化草地土壤农化性状与微生物区系研究

通过对三种退化程度不同的草地土壤农化性状与微生物区系进行研究，结果表明，草地退化后，其土壤肥力水平、土壤微生物数量和微生物种类有随退化程度增高而下降的趋势；退化草地存在不同的程度的营养元素比例失调，表现为少氮、缺磷、富钾和高有机质含量，且退化程度接近的草地间，在土壤微生物区系和农化性状有部分类似的特征。     

黄河上游玛曲不同退化程度高寒草地土壤物理特性研究

对黄河上游玛曲5种不同退化高寒草地土壤物理特性进行了研究。结果表明,在0—30cm土层范围内,不同退化高寒草地间土壤容重、孔隙度、持水量和贮水量差异显著;土壤容重随草地退化程度和土壤深度的增加而不断增加,其变动范围分别为1.085～1.447g/cm3和1.111～1.248g/cm3;土壤总孔隙度、最大持水量和总贮水量随草地退化程度的加重而不断减少,变动范围分别为46.214%～58.162%,26.765%～52.369%,1386.420～1744.872t/hm2,随土壤深度的增加而不断减少,变动范围分别为52.783%～57.285%,40.504%～50.057%,527.833～572.852t/hm2;土壤入渗性能随草地退化程度的加重先减少后增大,大小依次为中度退化草地轻度退化草地重度退化草地未退化草地极度退化草地;土壤入渗过程表明,未退化草地土壤透水性良好,土壤涵养水源功能较强,而重度退化草地土壤透水性较差,土壤涵养水源功能较弱。     

江河源区不同退化程度高寒草地土壤物理、化学及生物学特征研究

以不同退化梯度的高寒草地土壤为研究对象,研究草地退化对不同层次(0～10cm、10～20cm和20～30cm)土壤物理、化学和生物学特征的影响。结果表明:江河源区高寒生态条件下草地退化对土壤物理、化学和生物学性质具有相对一致的影响,随草地退化程度的加重,各土层土壤含水量和水稳性团聚体百分数逐渐下降,土壤容重则呈增加趋势。草地退化导致土壤各种营养物质含量(除全钾)、土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性显著下降,其中土壤有机质、速效氮、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、土壤细菌、真菌和微生物总量在0～10cm土层表现为未退化轻度退化中度退化重度退化,而土壤全氮、全磷、速效钾和放线菌数量在0～10cm土层表现为轻度退化未退化中度退化重度退化,在10～30cm土层,则表现为严重退化草地的有些指标有一定程度升高。相关性分析结果表明,各种土壤酶和微生物群落之间呈显著或极显著正相关(除土壤脲酶和中性磷酸酶之间无显著相关性外);土壤水分,容重、有机碳、全氮、速效氮、速效钾与各种土壤酶和各种微生物均具有显著相关性;水稳性团聚体与各种微生物和中性磷酸酶具有显著相关性。     

三种影响条件下黄河源区高寒草地土壤物理及力学性质

为探讨放牧和鼠害对黄河源区高寒退化草地土壤物理力学性质的影响,该研究选取位于黄河源区青海河南县高寒草地作为研究区,分别设置禁鼠、禁牧和自然3种影响条件,并将草地依次划分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4种退化类型。通过测定3种影响条件下4种退化类型草地的土壤含水率、密度、含根量、黏聚力和内摩擦角,分析3种影响条件对不同退化类型草地土壤物理力学性质的影响;采用灰色关联分析法探讨不同退化类型草地土壤含水率、密度、含根量对土壤黏聚力的影响程度。结果表明：随着草地退化程度加剧,土壤含水率、含根量及黏聚力均呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,而土壤密度则呈逐渐增大的变化趋势。进一步研究表明,同一退化类型草地,土壤黏聚力由大至小依次为禁鼠、禁牧和自然条件,且禁鼠条件土壤黏聚力显著大于自然条件（P<0.05）;未退化和轻度退化草地,土壤黏聚力与含根量间的关联度相对较高,关联度为0.706～0.778,而中度退化和重度退化草地,土壤黏聚力与密度和含水率间的关联度相对较大,关联度分别为0.586～0.785和0.622～0.779。研究结果对于科学有效防治黄河源区高寒草地退化及其所引起的水土流失、浅层滑坡等灾害现象的发生,具有实际指导意义。     

退化高寒草地土壤养分、酶活性及生态化学计量特征

为探究不同退化高寒草地土壤特性的变化规律。对祁连山康乐、皇城和天祝试验点退化高寒草地(轻度退化草地、中度退化草地和重度退化草地)土壤养分含量及其生态化学计量学特征进行测定分析。结果表明:(1)各试验点土壤pH、电导率、含水量和有机质含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低,在0—20cm土层中,土壤pH呈现出升高趋势,电导率呈现出先升高后降低趋势;在20—40cm土层中,土壤pH呈现出先升高后降低趋势,电导率呈现出先降低后升高趋势,土壤含水量和有机质含量在0—20,20—40cm土层中均随着退化程度的加剧而逐渐降低。(2)不同草地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均随退化程度的加剧和土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,且各样地间差异显著(p0.05)。(3)在不同退化草地土壤不同土层中,C/N变化范围为19.10~40.48、C/P变化范围为87.85~121.97和N/P变化范围为4.10~6.76。(4)随草地退化程度加剧,土壤纤维素酶活性呈先上升后降低趋势,脲酶、中性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶和氧化还原酶呈降低趋势。(5)通过土壤理化、酶活性及生态化学计量比间相关性和主成分分析表明,土壤理化、酶活性和土壤生态化学计量比指标可以敏感地反映出不同退化草地土壤质量状况。综上,祁连山不同程度退化高寒草地土壤已逐步恶化,应加强对该地区草地合理利用和科学管理。     

尕海湿地不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空分布特征

为探讨高寒湿地退化对土壤酶活性的影响，本文以青藏高原东缘尕海湿地未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4种不同退化梯度的0～10、10～20和20～40 cm层土壤为研究对象，研究不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空变化特征。结果表明：随退化梯度加剧，土壤含水量降低，温度升高；土壤脲酶活性在0～40 cm土层中表现为随退化加剧而逐渐降低，而蛋白酶活性趋势恰好相反；除重度退化外，其他退化梯度土壤两种酶活性均随土层加深而降低；0～40 cm土层中脲酶与蛋白酶活性分别在7、8月和6、7月最高；相关性分析表明土壤脲酶活性与蛋白酶活性和温度极显著正相关(P<0.01)；土壤蛋白酶活性与微生物生物量氮极显著正相关(P<0.01)，与含水量和温度显著正相关(P<0.05)，与硝态氮显著负相关(P<0.05)。沼泽化草甸退化显著增加土壤表层脲酶活性而降低蛋白酶活性；温度对土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性起促进作用，含水量、微生物生物量氮对土壤蛋白酶活性具有促进作用。     

不同退化阶段松嫩草地土壤对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

在环境条件和人为因素的双重影响下,松嫩羊草草地发生了不同程度的退化演替。种子萌发和幼苗生长是植物生长和定植的关键生育期。为了明确不同退化草地土壤对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,选取羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落、碱茅(Puccinellia distans)群落、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)群落和碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)群落作为4个草地退化演替阶段,研究了不同退化演替阶段的土壤对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响,探讨了不同退化阶段土壤理化性质与羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的关系。结果表明:随着植被群落从羊草群落到虎尾草群落的退化演替进行,土壤p H值和电导率逐渐升高后趋于稳定,土壤碱化度越来越高,碱蓬群落土壤碱化度显著高于羊草群落;草地退化导致土壤养分含量逐渐减少,碱蓬群落土壤速效氮含量显著低于羊草群落。羊草种子在羊草群落土壤中的发芽率最高,随着土壤退化程度的加剧,羊草种子发芽率显著降低,羊草幼苗生长受到的抑制作用增强,退化土壤对羊草幼苗根长的生长抑制要比对幼苗苗长生长的抑制强。表明在一定程度上,羊草草地退化伴随着土壤盐碱化的发展,且随着土壤退化程度加剧,羊草萌发成苗受到的抑制作用越来越大。     

云南干热河谷退化生态系统光合碳分配特征及其影响因素

为了探究云南干热河谷不同退化阶段草地光合碳对土壤有机碳的贡献,采用~(13)C脉冲标记对云南干热河谷不同退化阶段(轻度退化LD、中度退化MD、重度退化HD、极度退化ED、对照CK)草地光合碳分配及其向地下输入特征进行了为期1个生长季的研究。结果表明:(1)土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷含量随着退化程度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,大致表现为MDLDCKHDED,其中MD显著高于其他处理(p0.05),而土壤全磷在不同退化阶段差异不显著(p0.05);茎叶、根生物量和地上生物量随着退化程度的增加呈现增加后降低趋势,MD达到最大,而根冠比并没有明显的变化趋势。(2)脉冲标记当天不同退化阶段草地δ~(13)C值均表现为茎叶根土壤,随着退化程度的增加呈现先增加后降低趋势,由此可知,草地的根部对光合固定新碳的富集程度较大。(3)标记当天,不同退化阶段草地地上~(13)C固定百分比例较高,说明标记的效率较高且分配差异较大;脉冲标记21 d后,δ~(13)C值下降,固定的光合碳转移到土壤中的含量显著增加。(4) MD对土壤有机碳的贡献量最大,对土壤有机碳的贡献量随退化程度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势;有机碳的累积量随退化程度的增加呈先降低后增加趋势。(5)相关性分析结果表明,根系和地上部生物量与~(13)C-SOC之间存在显著的正相关关系。进一步分析结果表明,草地退化显著影响了光合同化碳在地上部和土壤中的分布,其中中度退化草地光合同化碳在植株—土壤系统的响应较为显著。     

高山退化草地不同恢复措施对土壤理化性质的影响

为了解高山退化草地不同恢复重建对土壤理化特性的影响,通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了高山退化草地3种恢复重建措施（围栏、禁牧和毒杂草防除）和对照重度退化草地土壤理化特性的变化规律。结果表明,退化草地恢复重建措施对土壤理化特性有明显影响。围栏、禁牧和毒杂草防除样地同层土壤容重显著低于对照重度退化草地（P < 0.05）。与对照相比,0—10 cm土层毒杂草防除和围栏处理土壤空隙度增加1.71%和1.44%,毛管持水量增加1.08%和1.15%。不同处理间土壤最大持水量表现为杂草防除 > 围栏 > 禁牧和重度退化草地,且之间差异达到显著水平（P < 0.05）。退化草地不同恢复措施间土壤化学特性有显著差异。禁牧和围栏样地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效钾含量显著高于对照（P < 0.05）。杂草防除样地0—30 cm土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量显著高于对照。因此,分析祁连山高山重度退化草地不同恢复措施样地土壤理化特性对评价退化草地恢复治理成效,具有一定指导和参照价值。     

退化演替对高山草地植被和土壤理化特性影响

[目的]分析3种不同草地退化阶段(轻度退化,中度退化和重度退化)草地植被和土壤理化特性的变化规律,为类似区域退化草地植被恢复提供有效途径。[方法]野外植被调查、土壤取样和室内分析。[结果]草地退化不同阶段草地植物群落组成和物种多样性均有差异,退化对草地土壤理化特性有明显影响。重度退化草地土壤容重显著高于轻度退化草地(p0.05)。轻度和中度退化样地0—10cm土壤空隙度显著高于重度退化草地。重度退化草地的土壤有机质、全碳、全钾、全磷和有效钾均明显小于轻度退化草地(p0.05),但土壤pH值和有效氮含量没有显著变化。[结论]高山草地退化演替对该区土壤物理特性具有显著影响。     

东祁连山不同退化草地植物群落特征与土壤养分特性

为探究东祁连山不同退化草地植物群落特征、土壤养分特性及其相关性,以轻度退化草地、中度退化草地和重度退化草地为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内测定和数据统计分析相结合的方法,分析了不同退化草地植被特征、土壤养分特性及其之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)从轻度退化草地-重度退化草地,植物群落特征(地上生物量、高度、密度、频度和总盖度)整体呈现降低趋势,且差异显著(P<0.05),中度退化草地Margalef指数、Shannon指数和Evenness指数最高,Dominance指数最低;(2)研究区植物共有19科38属41种,生态适应性较强的植物主要集中在豆科、禾本科、菊科和蔷薇科,不同退化草地植被型分别为矮生嵩草(K.humilis)+赖草(Leymus secalinus)、矮生嵩草+高山唐松草(Thalictrum alpinum)、矮生嵩草+赖草,其中矮生嵩草是各退化草地的优势种,不同退化草地的功能群以杂类草占优势,其次是禾草类,毒草类所占的比例最少;(3)随草地退化程度加重,土壤速效氮、有效磷、有机碳和含水量呈降低的趋势,而pH整体呈现升高的趋势;(4)不同退化草地土壤因子对植被生长贡献率最高分别为速效氮、有效磷和含水量。综上,随着草地退化程度加重,植物群落结构向单一趋势过渡,土壤养分含量减少,且土壤因子对植物贡献率也相应发生变化。     

Biochemical properties in managed grassland soils in a temperate humid zone: modifications of soil quality as a consequence of intensive grassland use

Although soil biochemical properties are considered to be good indicators of changes in soil quality, few studies have been made of the changes in biochemical properties brought about by anthropogenic disturbance of grassland ecosystems. In the present study, several biochemical properties were analysed in 31 grassland soils subjected to a high level of management, and the values obtained were compared with known values corresponding to native grasslands from the same region (Galicia, NW Spain). The 31 managed grasslands were divided into two groups (re-sown grasslands and improved grasslands) according to their management and past land use. The biochemical properties studied were: labile carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial respiration, metabolic quotient, net nitrogen mineralisation and the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, phosphodiesterase, phosphomonoesterase, casein hydrolysing proteases, benzoyl arginamide (BAA)-hydrolysing proteases, urease, cellulase, ß-glucosidase, invertase and arylsulphatase. Managed grasslands exhibited lower values of soil biochemical properties than native grasslands. Three biochemical equilibrium equations were used to compare soil quality in managed and native grasslands. One of the equations did not show any significant difference between the groups of grassland soils considered. In contrast, two of the equations showed similar soil quality for improved and native grasslands, while re-sown grasslands exhibited a loss of soil quality when compared to native grassland soils.     

Management effects on the vegetation and soil seed bank of calcareous grasslands: An 11-year experiment

Calcareous grasslands, most of which are man made and therefore depend on some kind of human interference for their maintenance, are among the most species-rich communities on Earth at a small scale. For many centuries, most of these grasslands have been used as extensive pasture. However, after 1900, and particularly from 1940 onwards, livestock grazing has declined throughout Europe leading to the abandonment of low intensity grasslands over large areas. To conserve the remaining grasslands or to restore recently abandoned grasslands, better insights about the effects of grassland management on above and belowground species diversity are needed. Here, we describe the results of an 11-year experiment to investigate the role of grassland management (grazing, mowing and abandonment) in determining species composition and diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and the seed bank of a calcareous grassland in Belgium. Species diversity declined by about 60% 11 years after abandonment, from 29 species m⁻² to as few as 12 species m⁻². Plots that were grazed remained constant in species richness, whereas mown sites lost about 20% of their original species. Abandoned plots were largely dominated by a few grass species, in particular Festuca rubra. Concomitant with changes in the aboveground vegetation, both the number of species found in the seed bank and seed density (number of seeds m⁻²) had changed significantly 11 years after abandonment. Species diversity and seed density were significantly lower in abandoned plots than in grazed or mown plots. We conclude that abandonment of calcareous grasslands may lead to rapid decline of plant species diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and in the seed bank. As a result, seed banks probably have a limited role to play in the restoration of recently abandoned grasslands.     

Legume Grasslands Promote Precipitation Infiltration better than Gramineous Grasslands in arid Regions

Precipitation infiltration is the most important process for soil water supply of vegetation in the arid regions. Higher infiltration rate is advantageous for vegetation growth and maintenance in the arid areas. Four grassland types (Medicago sativa , Agropyron cristatum , Caragana korshinskii and Stipa capillata ) were selected in this study. Results showed that the infiltration capacity in the legume grasslands was about 30% higher than in the gramineous grasslands and the difference was significant (p < 0·05). Furthermore, the infiltration rate in legume shrub‐grassland was 16% less than the legume grasslands, but the difference was not significant (p > 0·05). The below‐ground biomass, total porosity, capillary porosity, soil organic matters and soil aggregate were the main factors to determine the soil infiltration rates. The capillary porosity and soil aggregate of the top soil presented significant negative effects on soil infiltration rate (p < 0·05). The below‐ground biomass in 10–30 cm soil layer was the most important factor, which significantly and positively correlates with the soil infiltration rate (p < 0·01). It is possible to conclude that the legume grasslands presented the higher soil infiltration rate and promoted precipitation infiltration in the studied area. And the legume grasslands might be a more suitable option for vegetation restoration from the perspective of soil infiltration and water supply in the arid regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵区4种典型植被对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

土壤酶积极参与土壤系统的生物化学过程,是联系"植物-土壤酶-土壤养分"的关键纽带。为探讨植被类型对黄土高原丘陵区土壤养分及酶活性的影响,以黄土丘陵区4种典型植被(荒草地、文冠果林地、柠条灌丛、沙棘林地)为研究对象,通过采集0—10,10—20,20—40 cm层土壤样品,测定和分析土壤养分(碳、氮、磷)及土壤酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶)的变化特征。结果表明:文冠果林地0—40 cm层土壤有机碳和全氮含量比荒草地、柠条灌丛、沙棘林地高出了19.42%和35.15%、82.98%和40.49%、67.27%和24.12%,土壤全磷含量最大值(沙棘林地)比最小值(柠条灌丛)高出了12.45%。随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量在柠条灌丛中呈现"升-降"的变化规律,在其他3种植被类型中均呈逐渐减小的趋势。4种植被类型下土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性差异显著(P0.05),土壤酶活性随着土层深度的增加逐渐减弱。其中土壤淀粉酶最大值出现在荒草地,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最大值为文冠果林地,3种酶的最小值均出现在柠条灌丛。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳与全氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶极显著正相关(P0.01)。土壤全氮与脲酶在0.01水平上极显著正相关,与全磷、蔗糖酶在0.05水平上显著正相关。土壤全磷与硝态氮呈极显著的负相关(P0.01),与蔗糖酶呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与淀粉酶呈显著正相关(P0.05)。因此,植被类型是影响黄土高原土壤酶活性和养分变化的重要因素。     

黄土丘陵区草地表层土壤固碳特征及影响因素

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,分析了黄土丘陵区长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)草地表层(0—20cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)及其与地形、土壤、植被等因子的相关性,以期揭示自然恢复过程土壤固碳特征及显著影响因子。结果表明,不同恢复年限长芒草群落土壤表层SOC平均含量14~18a显著增加,年均增加量为0.295g/kg;18~26a增加平缓,年均增加量为0.186g/kg;26~45a略微下降,33,45aSOC平均含量分别低于26a(8.92%,3.18%),差异均不显著。白羊草群落则表现25~40a平缓增加,年均增加量为0.054g/kg,40~45a以上显著增加,40aSOC平均含量低于45a以上29.38%,差异显著(p0.05)。不同土层剖面,SOC含量均表现为土层0—10土层10—20cm。土壤总SOC密度变化趋势与SOC平均含量一致。相关分析表明,长芒草、白羊草群落SOC平均含量随着恢复年限、地上生物量、地下生物量、全氮的增加而增加,随着海拔、容重的增加而减小。随着恢复年限的增加,长芒草、白羊草群落土壤表层SOC存在明显固存效应,海拔、恢复年限、地上生物量、地下生物量、全氮、容重为显著影响因子。     

Effects of nitrogen addition on nitrogen mineralization and nutrient content of expanding Calamagrostis epigejos in the Podyjí National Park,Czech Republic

Effects of extra nitrogen (N) input on biomass production, the concentration of N and phosphorus (P) in plant material, and net N mineralization were studied during three growing seasons in a dry acidophilous grassland dominated by Festuca ovina and in a grassland where the tall grass Calamagrostis epigejos was aggressively expanding. In contrast to dry grassland, the Calamagrostis stand utilized more N due to higher plant and microbial demands for soil mineral N, which could prevent the N losses. Additional N supply resulted in the increased net N mineralization mainly in expanding Calamagrostis. There was no effect of N addition on biomass production of Calamagrostis, while a significant increase of total biomass was observed in Festuca in the dry grassland. This higher production was entirely accounted for by the increase in root dry weight. Concentrations of N in the aboveground biomass increased in both Calamagrostis and Festuca dry grassland as a result of N addition. However, P concentrations in Festuca were reduced, while being enhanced in Calamagrostis. The N : P ratio in aboveground biomass significantly increased in both vegetation types studied following N addition, although reaching higher values in dry grassland than in Calamagrostis. This species compensated enhanced N availability with a higher P uptake as compared to Festuca.     

Intra-annual variation in biochemical properties and the biochemical equilibrium of different grassland soils under contrasting management and climate

In this study, the effects of different management practices on soil biochemical properties were evaluated in three pairs of grassland soils (unmanaged and managed) located in three areas of Galicia (NW Spain) where different types of climate prevail. Variations in soil biochemical properties were monitored throughout 1 year. Changes in soil temperature, soil moisture content, and particularly soil location and soil management affected the values of the biochemical properties. Comparatively higher levels of enzyme activity were observed in the unmanaged grasslands than in the managed grasslands, especially for β-glucosidase activity and the enzymes involved in the P and S cycles (phosphodiesterase, phosphomonoesterase, and arylsulphatase activities). A biochemical equilibrium index was used to evaluate soil quality. Although variations in the index were observed throughout the year, the values mainly depended on soil management and revealed that unmanaged grasslands were in a situation of biochemical equilibrium throughout the study period, while no such equilibrium was observed in managed grasslands for most of the studied period.