干旱荒漠区EC-5土壤水分传感器的校准和应用

应用EC-5土壤水分传感器在沿黄干旱荒漠绿洲地区的风沙土和粘土两种土壤类型中对不同土层深度的土壤含水率进行测定,同时以烘干称重法测定数据为标准值,采用回归分析方法建立EC-5在两种土壤中测定含水率的校准模型。结果表明,风沙土的校准模型为线性函数,且与埋设土壤深度有关,QS=0.71393S+0.01543D+1.71354(R2=0.920,P<0.05),D为土层深度(cm),S为传感器输出值(%);粘土的校准模型则为非线性的,lnQN=1.112S0.316(R2=0.949,P<0.05)。通过模拟回代结果显示,模拟值与标准值间均具有显著的相关性。在EC-5的应用验证阶段,校准值能够反映该地区风沙土和粘土土壤含水率的年变化特征,校准值与传感器输出值之间呈极显著相关关系(P<0.01),说明EC-5土壤水分传感器的校准模型稳定可靠,应用效果良好。     

电介质型水分传感器测定栽培基质含水率的标定模型

土壤与基质的理化特性相差较大,土壤水分传感器测定基质含水率时有较大误差,不能直接用于基质含水率测定。为实现栽培基质水分快速检测,在不同配比的基质中采用电介质型EC-5土壤水分传感器进行了适应性测试。试验研究了温度、体积质量和电导率对传感器输出值的影响,采用多项式和线性回归处理方法,建立了基于温度、体积质量影响下的基质含水率标定模型。试验表明,经标定后,EC-5电介质型土壤水分传感器的测定含水率与实际含水率之间有较好的线性关系（R2＞0.9791）,且最大误差小于13%,因此,EC-5电介质型土壤水分传感器经标定后可作为基质的快速检测设备。     

半干旱沙地3种土壤水分测定方法对比研究

土壤水分是影响干旱、半干旱地区植物生长和发育的重要因素。分别采用烘干法、TDR法(时域反射计)和EC-5法这3种方法对毛乌素沙地土壤水分进行了观测。结果表明,3种方法测得的各层土壤含水率之间均无显著差异;3种方法测得结果彼此间相关性显著;EC-5在观测低含水率土壤水分中具有与烘干法和TDR法相当的效果。EC-5土壤水分传感器在组建自动化、网络化土壤监测系统中具有优势。     

EC-5和5TE土壤水分传感器的多因素性能测试与校正

摘要：含水率、电导率及表层温度等土壤墒情信息是进行农牧业精确灌溉作业的基础。无线传感器网络是目前广泛采用的监测土壤墒情的有效方法,其对传感器有着低成本、低功耗和可靠性的要求。针对网络整体需求,本文在对比不同土壤水分传感器后选定并测试了土壤水分传感器EC-5和5TE的工作性能。结果表明：EC-5和5TE的电工作特性均受温度、电导率和pH影响。5TE受电导率的影响要比受温度或pH的影响大,应用校正模型,三者相关决定系数R2依次可达0.918、0.971和0.906;EC-5具有与5TE一样的温度稳定性,但其受电导率或pH的影响效果与5TE的相反,校正模型相关决定系数R2分别为0.977、0.944和0.978。此外,虽然5TE自带的电导率测定的可靠性很高,但其温度测定漂移较大,线性校正后相关决定系数R2为0.993。总的来说,5TE和EC-5已能满足无线传感器网络监测土壤墒情信息的需求,但有必要根据本试验结果提供的对温度、电导率和pH的校正模型对其进行补偿校正。     

利用热脉冲技术测量土壤表层含水率

准确测定表层土壤水分对陆地-大气间水热交换研究具有重要意义。由于对土壤结构影响轻微,热脉冲技术在原位监测含水率方面具有较大优越性,但目前田间应用集中在5 cm以下土层。该研究利用多针热脉冲传感器测定土壤容积热容量,然后基于热脉冲含水率法和热脉冲含水率变化法分别得到了3、9、21和39 mm的土壤含水率。结果表明,与烘干法含水率比较,热脉冲含水率变化法含水率在4个深度的均方根误差分别为0.022、0.006、0.004和0.006 m3/m3,均小于相应深度上热脉冲含水率法含水率的均方根误差。另外,热脉冲含水率变化法也降低了4个热脉冲传感器测定含水率的变异性。因此,热脉冲技术能够监测表层的土壤水分动态,表层土壤含水率的均方根误差在0.022 m3/m3以内。     

时域反射仪对水分非均匀分布土壤含水率的测定

为了评估时域反射仪测定水分非均匀分布土壤的含水率的性能,该研究在室内试验中将土柱纵向分为上下2层,设置土壤水分差为0.05、0.10和0.15 cm3/cm3 3种情况,进行不同含水率梯度下水分非均匀分布对该仪器测定土壤含水率的影响试验,并在田间试验中进行了实地测试。结果表明,在室内新型时域反射仪随着上下2层土壤含水率梯度差的增加,测定土壤含水率的均方根误差略有增大,在水分分布相对均匀的土壤中测定土壤含水率的均方根误差小于 0.028 cm3/cm3。在田间竖直埋设探头,上湿下干和上干下湿的土壤     

基于BEPS生态模型模拟农田土壤水分动态

为了提高农田水分动态的模拟精度,以提高农田水管理的效率,该文研究验证了BEPS机理生态模型模拟季风气候区农田土壤水分的能力,分析了导致模型误差的原因。结果表明,BEPS模型能较好地模拟江苏省徐州农业气象试验站冬小麦生长季根层土壤水分动态,2000－2004年模拟结果与实际观测值的决定系数R2的范围在0.1339～0.9225之间,均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别在0.026113～0.06317和0.0232～0.0525之间。土壤水分饱和传导率和决定土壤水分传导率变化的参数对模拟结果有较大影响。模拟结果的可靠性及其对土壤水分饱和传导率和决定土壤水分传导率变化的参数的敏感性与降水和土壤含水率条件有关,当降水长期偏少、土壤含水率下降时,模拟的上层土壤含水率会较观测数据偏低,对2个参数的敏感性上升。     

去除水分影响提高土壤有机质含量高光谱估测精度

土壤水分的影响是当前采用光谱分析法预测土壤养分含量的关键问题,该文旨在探索去除土壤水分影响、提高有机质高光谱定量估测精度的方法。首先采用地物光谱仪进行湿土和过筛干土的高光谱测试,并进行一阶导数变换;然后,采用奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)结合相关分析筛选土壤水分特征光谱,构建去除水分因素的修正系数,形成湿土光谱的校正光谱;最后基于校正前后湿土光谱,应用偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)回归构建土壤有机质含量的估测模型,并对模型进行验证和比较,分析评价校正前后光谱的预测精度。结果显示:按土壤水分含量梯度划分的2组和全部棕壤及褐土土样共4组样本校正后建模决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.85、0.82、0.74、0.76和0.19%、0.20%、0.23%、0.19%,决定系数提高了0.02~0.09,均方根误差降低了0.01~0.03百分点,验证决定系数、均方根误差和相对分析误差分别为0.78、0.77、0.72、0.76,0.21%、0.15%、0.21%、0.15%和2.03、2.02、1.86、1.98,决定系数提高了0.06~0.15,均方根误差除褐土土样提高0.02百分点外,其他样本组降低了0.01~0.08百分点,相对分析误差提高了0.17~0.43,模型决定系数和相对分析误差得到显著提升;尤其对于土壤水分含量变异系数较小的3组土样,模型从待改进级别提高到性能良好级别,对土壤有机质含量具有较好的预测准确性。说明该方法用于去除土壤水分因素影响和提高有机质含量高光谱估测精度的有效性。     

番茄种植地土壤水分传感器最佳埋设深度试验

土壤水分传感器测定土壤含水率从而指导灌溉,对于提高作物水分利用效率和产量都具有十分重要的意义。对番茄种植中产量与水分利用效率最佳的水分条件以及土壤水分传感器的最佳埋设位置进行了试验研究。结果表明,在开花坐果期土壤含水率下限控制在60%的田间持水率,结果盛期土壤含水率下限控制在75%的田间持水率是番茄生长的最优水分条件;同时,10-20cm土层土壤含水率能很好地代表计划湿润层内的平均土壤含水率(开花坐果期和盛果期R²分别达到0.95和0.85以上),把土壤水分传感器埋设于此土层深度比较合理。     

层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动数值模拟与验证

[目的]为进一步认识层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动规律。[方法]依据非饱和土壤水分运动理论,建立了垂直一维土壤饱和—非饱和水分运动的数学模型,并用SWMS-2D软件进行求解。采用已有文献资料,对均质土和层状土的土壤剖面含水率、土壤湿润锋运移值和累积入渗量及入渗速率等指标的实测值与模拟值进行分析验证。[结果]实测值与模拟值具有较好的一致性,所提出的数学模型既适用于均质土壤,也适用于层状土壤。[结论]所建模型能比较真实地反映均质土和层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动的状况,证明利用SWMS-2D软件对层状土柱中土壤水分运动进行模拟具有可行性。     

Cadmium Release in Soil Solutions at Low Moisture Content

Abstract

Speciation of cadmium (Cd) was studied in four spiked agricultural soils at moisture content corresponding to 1.2 times field moisture capacity (FMC) and in the range from 1.2 FMC to soil–water 1∶10. Cadmium desorption isotherms were nonlinear in all soils, resulting in the decrease in Cd partition coefficient with loading. The Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM VI) was applied to predict Cd concentration in the solutions, and predicted values were compared with the measured ones. Based on total Cd content in soils, with concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) and soil solution pH as the input variables, WHAM VI predicted Cd concentration in soil solutions with the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of log[Cd] RMSE_log[Cd]=0.54 (n=37). Using total Cd content in soils, average concentrations of Ca and DOC in soil solutions, and soil pH instead of soil solution pH enabled prediction of Cd concentration in soil solution with RMSE_log[Cd]=0.56. Calculation of Cd concentration as a function of moisture content resulted in RMSE_log[Cd]=0.25 (n=20).     

人工樟子松林对毛乌素沙地土壤颗粒组成和固碳效果的长期影响

[目的]探讨人工樟子松林对毛乌素沙地土壤颗粒组成和固碳的长期影响,为综合评价沙地植被恢复的生态环境效应提供科学依据。[方法]选择毛乌素沙地东南缘人工栽植21,36和56 a的樟子松林和流沙地为采样地,对0—30 cm的土壤进行了分层取样分析,以探讨人工林建设对半干旱荒漠区土壤颗粒组成及不同粒级含碳量的长期影响。[结果]随着栽植年限的增加,土壤颗粒呈逐渐细化的趋势,且表层(0—5 cm)细颗粒含量均高于下层(5—30 cm)。造林后土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)含量均显著增加,最高值分别是流沙地的4.90倍和4.32倍;栽植年限对SOC含量和土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的影响大于SIC含量和土壤无机碳密度(SICD)。相对于流沙地,各粒级SOC,SIC含量均在栽植56 a样地增幅最大,且均在细砂粒组分中增幅最大。团聚体和粉黏粒有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳含量之间存在显著的线性相关关系(p0.01),粗砂粒和粉黏粒有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率和粉黏粒无机碳对总无机碳的贡献率较为显著(p0.05)。[结论]随着樟子松栽植年限的增加,土壤团聚体、粉黏粒含量和土壤固碳能力均显著提高。     

三深度土壤水分传感器的研制及试验

针对当前植物根区不同深度下土壤含水量测量存在的传感器安装困难、对原位土壤扰动大以及传感器间一致性差等问题,该文基于阻抗法设计了一种三深度土壤水分传感器。该传感器不仅可以同时测量3个不同深度的土壤含水量,并且在安装时对原位土壤扰动极小。试验标定结果显示,该传感器具有较高的精度,所测的土壤含水量与烘干法所得的实际含水量非常吻合,决定系数R2和均方根误差(RMSE,root mean square error)分别达到0.996和0.013 cm3/cm3;传感器可适用于多种不同质地的土壤,在3种不同质地土壤中的输出灵敏度均大于1V/(cm3/cm3)。传感器的输出与土壤体积含水量呈现良好的线性关系,对黏土、砂土及壤土的决定系数R2分别达到0.983、0.965和0.975;土壤水分入渗试验结果进一步表明,该传感器性能良好,3个不同深度的传感器电极具有较高的一致性,在壤土和砂土样本中3个深度传感器电极的输出,相对误差分别小于2%和5%。     

Effect of Induced Soil Compaction on Changes in Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay Loam Soils: A Greenhouse Experiment

The continuous use of heavy machinery and vehicular traffic on agricultural land led to an increase in soil compaction, which reduces crop yield and deteriorates the physical conditions of the soil. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to study the effects of induced soil compaction on growth and yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties grown under two different soil textures, sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Three compaction levels [C₀, C₁, and C₂ (0, 10 and 20 beatings)], two textural classes (sandy loam and sandy clay loam), and two genotypes of wheat were selected for the experiment. Results indicated that induced soil compaction adversely affected the bulk density (BD) and total porosity of soil in both sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils. Compaction progressively increased soil BD from 1.19 Mg m^?3 in the control to 1.27 Mg m^?3 in C₁ and 1.40 Mg m^?3 in C₂ in sandy loam soil while the corresponding increase in BD in sandy clay loam was 1.56 Mg m^?3 in C₁ and 1.73 Mg m^?3 in C₂ compared to 1.24 Mg m^?3 in the control. On the other hand, compaction tended to decrease total porosity of soil. In case of sandy loam, porosity declined by 5% and 17% in C₁ and C₂, respectively, and declined in sandy clay loam by 29% and 54%, respectively. Averaged over genotypes and textures, shoot length decreased by 15% and 26% at C₁ and C₂, respectively, and straw yield decreased by 21% and 61%, respectively. The compaction levels C₁ and C₂ significantly decreased grain yield by 12% and 41%, respectively, over the control. The deleterious effect of compaction was more pronounced on root elongation and root mass, and compaction levels C₁ and C₂ decreased root length by 47% and 95% and root mass by 41% and 114%, respectively, over the control. Response of soil texture to compaction was significant for almost all the parameters, and the detrimental effects of soil compaction were greater in sandy clay loam compared to sandy loam soil. The results from the experiment revealed that soil compaction adversely affected soil physical conditions, thereby restricting the root growth, which in turn may affect the whole plant growth and grain yield. Therefore, appropriate measures to avoid damaging effects of compaction on soil physical conditions should be practiced. These measures may include soil management by periodic chiseling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, addition of organic manures, and incorporating crops with deep tap root systems in a rotation cycle.     

水分胁迫和粉煤灰添加对风沙土颗粒分形维数及肥力的影响

探讨不同比例粉煤灰在水分胁迫下与风沙土复配对沙土颗粒分形维数及肥力的影响，为毛乌素沙地土壤肥力提升提供理论依据。采用盆栽控水方法，设置4个粉煤灰水平(F0、F1、F2、F3,分别占风沙土干重的0,1%,5%,10%)和3个水分梯度[W1、W2、W3,分别占田间持水量的(75±5)%,(55±5)%,(35±5)%],采用分形维数反映在水分和粉煤灰作用下风沙土粒径分布特点，利用主成分分析结合聚类分析方法评价不同处理下风沙土肥力变化。结果表明：(1)在相同水分条件下，风沙土分形维数随着粉煤灰复配比例的增加而增加。(2)在相同粉煤灰复配比例下，风沙土中硝态氮(NO₃^-—N)含量随着水分胁迫利用效率提高，呈现出增加的趋势。(3)粉煤灰和水分处理条件下风沙土中全氮(TN)含量均处于较低水平，在实际生产过程中应考虑配施氮肥。(4)对风沙土肥力综合评价结果表明，粉煤灰10%复配比例效果较好，且在干旱情况下有一定的适用性。     

黄土丘陵区治沟新造耕地土壤的水盐分异特征

[目的] 黄土丘陵区“治沟造地”工程形成的部分新造耕地面临着土壤盐碱化的风险,探究新造耕地土壤水盐空间分异特征及其影响因素,为预防和防治土壤盐碱化,促进新造耕地可持续利用提供理论依据。[方法] 选择该区典型新造耕地,沿沟头至沟口设置6个试验小区,依次为采样点1,2,3,4,5,6,利用网格法获取每个小区0—20,20—40 cm深度的土壤样品,采用多重分形方法分析新造耕地土壤水、盐空间分异特征。[结果] 新造耕地土壤水、盐含量沿沟头至沟口皆逐渐降低,采样点1,2,3地块的平均土壤水分和平均盐分含量分别为17.6%和0.81 g/kg,分别比采样点4,5,6地块的平均值高23.0%和14.1%（p<0.05）。采样点1,2,3地块土壤水、盐的多重分形参数D₁小于采样点4,5,6地块,而ΔD表现出相反的结果,表明采样点1,2,3地块土壤水、盐的空间变异性均较高。浅的地下水影响深度是促进采样点1,2,3地块盐分在表层土壤积累的主要原因（p<0.05）;地形特征也是一个重要原因,采样点1,2,3地块地形狭窄,不利于排水,易发生涝渍,加剧了盐分积累（p<0.05）。此外,采样点1,2,3地块可能受到较高盐分含量的坡面径流和泥沙侵入,提高了该区域土壤水、盐分含量及其变异性。[结论] 地下水影响深度、地形特征及坡面径流泥沙是造成采样点1,2,3地块土壤水、盐含量及其空间变异性较高的重要原因。因此,靠近沟头位置的新造耕地是未来土壤盐碱化预防的重点区域。     

Potassium Leaching as Affected by Soil Texture and Residual Fertilization in Tropical Soils

Potassium (K) leaching is affected by soil texture and available K, among other factors. In this experiment, effects of soil texture and K availability on K distribution were studied in the presence of roots, with no excess water. Soils from two 6-year field experiments on a sandy clay loam and a clay soil fertilized yearly with 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha^?1 of K₂O were accommodated in pots that received 90 kg ha^?1 of K₂O. Soybean was grown up to its full bloom (R2). Under field conditions, K leaching below the arable layer increased with K rates, but the effect was less noticeable in the clay soil. Potassium leaching in a sandy clay loam soil was related to soil K contents from prior fertilizations. With no excess water, in the presence of soybean roots, K distribution in the profile was significant in the lighter textured soil but was not apparent on the heavier textured soil.