几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响

以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性     

支持电解质浓度对磷酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附和解吸的影响

研究了离子强度对2种可变电荷土壤中磷酸根吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,当pH分别大于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增加;当pH分别小于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度呈相反的变化趋势。电解质主要通过改变离子专性吸附面上的电位来影响磷酸根的吸附。Zeta电位的测定结果表明,当pH大于土壤胶体的等电点(IEP)时,吸附面上电位为负值,且随离子强度增加数值减小,对磷酸根的排斥力减小,土壤表面对磷酸根的吸附量增加;当pH小于IEP时,吸附面上的电位为正值,它随离子强度增加而减小,不利于磷酸根的吸附。解吸实验的结果表明,吸附于可变电荷土壤表面的磷酸根在去离子水中的解吸量高于0.1 mol L-1NaNO3体系中的解吸量。这同样由于电解质浓度对土壤表面吸附面上的电位的影响所致。     

可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤CI^—吸附特性的研究

对不同浓度KCI和不同pH下，3种可变电荷土壤和4种恒电荷土壤CI^-吸附量进行了测定。结果表明，土壤CI^-吸附量随平衡CI^-浓度C（e）增加而增大，恒电荷土壤呈线性，可变电荷土壤在添加CI^-0.5-5.0mmol/L下，符合Langmuir吸附等温式。同一浓度下的CI^-吸附量及其随浓度增加的速率均为砖红壤＞红壤＞赤红壤＞黄棕壤＞棕壤、暗棕壤和黑土，与这些土壤所带正电荷量顺序相一致。Langmuir方程K值较小且几种土壤差异不大。恒电荷土壤对CI^-的吸附量很小，在浓度较低时常出现负吸附，其吸附机理可能更多的是与K^ 吸附时的同时吸附。7种土壤CI^-吸附量均随pH增加而降低，但降低强度可变电荷土壤远大于恒电荷土壤。     

可变电荷土壤对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附及二者的竞争作用

三种可变电荷土壤对砷的吸附实验结果表明,在pH3~7范围内,As(Ⅲ)的吸附量随pH的升高而增加,三种土壤对As(Ⅲ)吸附能力的大小顺序为砖红壤>黄壤>红壤。红壤和砖红壤对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量随pH的升高而降低,黄壤中呈相反的变化趋势,三种土壤对As(Ⅴ)吸附能力的大小顺序是黄壤>砖红壤>红壤。三种可变电荷土壤对As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力较对As(Ⅲ)大得多,砷的吸附量既与土壤游离氧化铁的含量有关,又与氧化铁的结晶形态密切联系,由于黄壤中水化氧化铁在游离铁中所占比例较高,其对As(Ⅴ)吸附能力较砖红壤和红壤大。As(Ⅲ)与As(Ⅴ)共存体系的研究结果表明,两种形态的砷可以竞争可变电荷土壤表面的吸附位,但在酸性条件下As(Ⅴ)较As(Ⅲ)有更强的竞争能力,因为As(Ⅴ)使土壤对As(Ⅲ)的吸附量显著减小,而As(Ⅲ)对红壤和砖红壤吸附As(Ⅴ)有一定的影响,对黄壤中As(Ⅴ)的吸附几乎没有影响。     

恒电荷土壤及可变电荷土壤与离子间相互作用的研究Ⅲ Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附特征

研究了3种典型可变电荷土壤和4种典型恒电荷土壤在不同pH和不同浓度下单纯及共存体系中Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附及其影响因素。结果表明,两类土壤对Cu2 或Zn2 的吸附量均随平衡浓度增加而增大,符合Langmuir吸附等温式;当Cu2 、Zn2 浓度一定时,pH升高使Cu2 、Zn2 吸附量增大,但当pH >5时,Cu2 、Zn2 吸附量随pH变化甚微,出现一个接近最大吸附量的“平台”。当添加Cu2 、Zn2 浓度相同,但二种离子的总浓度不同时,平衡液的Cu2 /Zn2 浓度比均小于1,说明两类土壤对Cu2 的吸附选择性大于Zn2 ,且这种趋势不因pH和离子浓度而改变。当Cu2 、Zn2 共存时,使可变电荷土壤的Zn2 吸附量减小约70 % ,是恒电荷土壤降低量的约1.5倍;可变电荷土壤吸附一个Cu2 或Zn2 时所释放H 的平均数,明显大于恒电荷土壤者,说明可变电荷土壤对Cu2 及Zn2 的吸附中专性吸附的比例较恒电荷土壤大     

应用Multi-Langmuir模型评价土壤的表面电荷特性

用返滴定技术测定土壤的可变电荷量(Qv),应用Muti-Langmuir模型评价土壤的表面电荷特性。结果表明,黄壤和黄棕壤可变电荷量的变化范围在0～45cmolkg-1,红壤为0～21cmolkg-1,砖红壤和赤红壤为0～14cmolkg-1。可变电荷量(Qv)依赖土壤悬液的pH,3点位模型能很好地描述6种土壤的可变电荷量随pH的变化关系;黄壤、黄棕壤、湖南红壤、江西红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤的pK1分别为4.45、4.46、4.76、4.62、4.66和4.74,可变电荷量Qv1分别为11.7、9.64、9.31、7.14、4.86和5.95cmolkg-1。黄壤和黄棕壤pK1较红壤、砖红壤和赤红壤约低0.3。pK1与ZPC呈现极显著的线性关系,可变电荷量(Qv(i))与有机质含量呈极显著的正相关。     

硫酸根离子添加顺序对可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子的影响

研究了SO2-4添加顺序对三种可变电荷土壤(昆明铁质砖红壤、徐闻砖红壤和江西红壤)吸附Cu2+的影响,作为对照,也研究了其对恒电荷土壤(黄棕壤、棕壤)以及两种不同矿物(高岭石与针铁矿)吸附铜离子的影响。实验结果表明,在同等条件下,SO2-4添加顺序对两类表面性质不同的土壤吸附Cu2+有着不同的影响。对于恒电荷土壤,SO2-4添加顺序对土壤吸附Cu2+几乎没有影响。同等pH条件下,对可变电荷表面而言,加入CuSO4者具有最高的Cu2+吸附率;对昆明砖红壤、徐闻砖红壤以及针铁矿和高岭石而言,先加入Cu2+者相对先加入SO2-4者Cu2+吸附率更高;对江西红壤而言,上述这个次序则刚好相反。SO2-4浓度和有机质去除对同等pH条件下铜离子吸附率高低的排序并无实质性影响。     

酸性条件下可变电荷土壤对铜吸附动力学特征

用自行设计的动力学装置,研究了酸性条件下Cu在可变电荷土壤表面的反应动力学吸附特征。结果表明,在酸性条件下,Cu吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应。从一级动力学方程拟合的参数可知,3种土壤的最大吸附量依次为砖红壤〉赤红壤〉红壤,Cu最大吸附量随酸度增加显著下降;用Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程常数b值,解释离子的表观扩散速率,3种土壤的b值依次为砖红壤〉赤红壤〉红壤,且随酸度的增大而降低。从相关系数的比较看,Elovich方程在描述Cu的吸附数据比一级动力学方程和抛物线扩散方程要差。在Cu吸附过程中,pH为5．5和4．3时,红壤和赤红壤流出液中有质子释放,质子的释放可能涉及铜离子的水解;而砖红壤在pH为5．5有质子的释放,pH4-3时有质子的消耗。当原液pH为3.3和3．8时,都存在质子的消耗。3种土壤H＋的消耗过程有较大的区别,砖红壤上快速消耗H＋鱼-远远大于红壤和赤红壤。反应初期,H＋质子的消耗是快速反应,主要包括土壤交换阳离子的缓冲作用、土壤表面的质子化及硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和H＋质子;而以后的反应中,H＋质子对矿物的溶解是一缓慢过程。     

可变电荷土壤中铜离子的解吸

研究了我国四种可变电荷土壤红壤、赤红壤、砖红壤和铁质砖红壤以及二种恒电荷土壤黄棕壤和黑土中吸附性铜离子的解吸特征。研究结果表明 ,可变电荷土壤吸附的一部分铜离子可以被去离子水解吸 ,而且在pH～解吸率曲线上在一定pH值时出现解吸率最大值。在最大值时不同土壤中铜离子解吸率的大小与土壤中氧化铁的含量有关。氧化铁的含量越高 ,在最大值时铜离子的解吸率越大。当用中性电解质解吸可变电荷土壤吸附的铜离子时 ,电解质的浓度越大 ,解吸率越低。与此相反 ,恒电荷土壤吸附的铜离子不能被去离子水解吸 ,只能被中性电解质解吸 ,且电解质的浓度越高 ,解吸率越大。这表明 ,可变电荷土壤中吸附性铜离子的解吸规律 ,完全不同于恒电荷土壤中者。本文初步讨论了其原因     

As(Ⅲ)在可变电荷土壤中的吸附与氧化的初步研究

用一次平衡法研究了两种可变电荷土壤与As(Ⅲ)之间的吸附和氧化还原反应。结果表明,当As(Ⅲ)溶液平衡浓度由0·25上升到1·0mmolL-1,砖红壤对砷的吸附量由15·0增加至25·9mmolkg-1,红壤由7·6增至13·0mmolkg-1,砖红壤对砷的吸附量约为红壤的2倍,这是因为前者铁、铝氧化物的含量高于后者。在pH3~7范围内,土壤对As(Ⅲ)的吸附量随pH的增加而增加。砖红壤中的氧化锰能将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(V),砷的氧化量在pH3~7范围内随体系pH的增加而减小。砷在红壤中的氧化反应不显著。用1·0molL-1的KNO3对吸附性砷进行解吸的结果表明,砷的解吸率在35%以下,说明大部分砷通过形成内圈型表面络合物为土壤所吸附。在pH2~7范围内,砷的解吸率随吸附体系pH的升高而增加,说明较高pH下外圈型表面络合物的比例增加。     

Adsorption of phthalic acid and salicylic acid by two variable charge soils as influenced by sulphate and phosphate

Low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) organic acids exist widely in soils, especially in the rhizosphere, and the adsorption of these acids may affect their reactions in soils. The adsorption behaviour of phthalic acid and salicylic acid by two variable charge soils (a Rhodic Ferralsol and a Haplic Acrisol) was investigated. Both soils exhibited great adsorption capacity for these organic acids, with a greater affinity for phthalic acid. The Rhodic Ferralsol adsorbed more organic acids of both kinds than the Haplic Acrisol, which was consistent with the content of iron and aluminum oxides in the two soils. The iron oxides in these soils played a significant role in adsorption of the organic acids, whilst the soil aluminosilicate minerals, such as kaolinite, showed a small adsorption capacity. The presence of phosphate and sulphate caused a decrease in the adsorption of both organic acids because of their competition with them for sorption sites. The phosphate showed a bigger inhibition on the adsorption than sulphate as a result of a greater amount of phosphate adsorbed by the soils. The adsorption of both organic acids was affected by pH only slightly at pH < 4.5. However, the adsorption decreased with the increase in pH at pH > 4.5. A similar trend was observed for the phosphate system, but the opposite was seen for the sulphate system. This suggests that the inhibition of sulphate on the adsorption of the organic acids decreased with the increase in pH, because the adsorption of sulphate decreased strongly with increasing pH.     

Effect of Low Molecular Weight Organic Anions on the Adsorption of NO3− by Variable Charge Soils

Low molecular weight organic acids exist widely in soils and have been implicated in many soil processes. The results in the present paper showed that the presence of organic anions led to a decrease in the adsorption of NO₃⁻. The effect of citrate was much larger than that of oxalate and malate. Among different soils, the effect for Hyper-Rhodic Ferralsol and Rhodic Ferralsol was larger than that for Haplic Acrisol, which was related to the content of iron oxides in these soils. The effect of organic anions decreased with the increases in pH value and the amount of organic anions added. The organic anions depressed the adsorption of NO₃⁻ through two mechanisms, the competition of the organic anions for adsorption sites with NO₃⁻ and the change of soil surface charge caused by the specific adsorption of organic anions.     

Effect of Low Molecular Weight Organic Anions on Adsorption of Aluminum by Variable Charge Soils

To examine the effect of organic anions on adsorption of Al by variable charge soils at different pH values, the adsorption by three soils in the presence of three low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids was investigated. The results showed that the effect depended on pH, the type of organic anions and their concentration. The presence of citrate and oxalate led to an increase in the adsorption of Al at low pH and low concentration of organic anions, with citrate showing a stronger effect than oxalate. For example, the maximum increments of Al adsorption in the presence of citrate were 131.9, 104.8 and 32.9% in the Hyper-Rhodic Ferralsol, the Rhodic Ferralsol and the Ferric Acrisol, respectively, whereas in the presence of oxalate it was 36.1% in the Rhodic Ferralsol. At high pH or high concentration of organic anions, they showed an inhibiting effect on the adsorption of Al. For example, citrate caused the increase in Al adsorption by 164.0, 131.0 and 61.0% at pH3.85 and the decrease in Al adsorption by 15.2, 19.5 and 45.6% at pH 4.8 for the Hyper-Rhodic Ferralsol, the Rhodic Ferralsol and the Ferric Acrisol, respectively. In the citrate and oxalate systems, the adsorption of Al increased with the increase in the concentration of organic anions, reaching a maximum values at about 0.4 mmol L^?1, and then decreased. When the concentration of organic anions was higher than about 1.0 mmol L^?1, both citrate and oxalate inhibited the adsorption of Al. The ability of organic anions in increasing the adsorption at low pH and decreasing the adsorption at high pH followed the same order: citrate > oxalate > acetate. The increase of Al adsorption at low pH is caused by the increase in soil negative surface charge as a result of the adsorption of organic anions by variable charge soils, while the decrease of Al adsorption at high pH and high concentration of organic anions is related to the competition of organic ligands for aluminum ions with soil surface. After the removal of free iron oxides from the soil, Al adsorption decreased in the presence of citrate, the anion species most strongly adsorbed by variable charge soils and complexed with aluminum ions. For example, for the Rhodic Ferralsol and the Ferric Acrisol, the removal of free iron oxides caused a decrease in the adsorption of Al in the presence of citrate at pH4.4 by 26.2 and 21.9%, respectively.     

Effects of phthalic and salicylic acids on Cu(II) adsorption by variable charge soils

In the present study, the effect of two substituted benzoic acids on Cu(II) adsorption onto two variable charge soils was investigated, with the emphasis on the adsorption and desorption equilibrium of Cu(II). Results showed that the presence of organic acids induced an increase in Cu(II) adsorption onto the two soils. The extent of the effect was related to the initial concentrations of Cu(II) and organic acid, the system pH, and the nature of the soils. The effect of organic acids was greater for Oxisol than for Ultisol. Phthalic acid affected Cu(II) adsorption to a greater extent than salicylic acid did. The effect of organic acids varied with pH. The adsorption of Cu(II) induced by organic acids increased with increasing pH and reached a maximum value at approximately pH 4.5, and then decreased. It can be assumed that the main reason for the enhanced adsorption of Cu(II) is an increase in the negative surface charge caused by the specific adsorption of organic anions on soils because the desorption of Cu(II) adsorbed in organic acid systems was greater than that for the control. The desorption of Cu(II) absorbed in both control and organic acid systems also increased with increasing pH; it reached a maximum value at pH ∼5.25 for control and salicylic acid systems and at pH ∼5.1 for a phthalic acid system, then decreased. This interesting phenomenon was caused by the characteristics of the surface charge of variable charge soils.     

亚热带土壤不同矿物组分中铬的吸附

Safe application of chromium (Cr)-containing organic industrial wastes to soil requires considering the ability of the soil to adsorb Cr.In this study,the maximum Cr adsorption capacity was assessed for the bulk samples and their clay and iron-free clay fractions of four subtropical soils differing in mineralogy.To this end,the samples were supplied with Cr(Ⅲ) nitrate solutions at pH 4.5 or 5.5.The results of Cr(Ⅲ) adsorption fitted to a Freundlich equation and the adsorption capacity was positively correlated with soil organic matter and iron oxide contents.The clay fractions adsorbed more Cr per unit mass than the bulk soils and the iron-free clay fractions.The Cr(Ⅲ) adsorption capacity increased with increasing soil pH due to more charges on adsorbing surfaces.Our results suggest that the soils rich in organic matter and iron oxides and having a pH above 4.5 are suitable for application of Cr(Ⅲ)-loaded industrial wastes.     

用土柱淋溶实验研究水杨酸对酸性土壤铝迁移的影响

选择2种可变电荷土壤和1种酸性恒电荷土壤用土柱淋溶实验研究了水杨酸对土壤铝迁移的影响。结果表明，不同土壤由于矿物组成的差异，它们对有机酸的吸附容量有很大的不同，因此有机酸对不同土壤中铝的迁移有不同的影响。富铁土游离氧化铁的含量低于铁铝土，它对有机酸的吸附量也低于铁铝土的，因此在淋溶实验初期，有机酸对铝迁移的影响较小，在淋溶实验后期，由于土壤对有机酸的吸附达饱和状态，有机酸对铝的迁移表现出很强的促进作用，特别在有机酸初始浓度较高的情况下。铁铝土含有大量铁、铝氧化物，对有机酸有很高的吸附容量，有机酸对这类土壤铝迁移的影响很小。淋溶土对有机酸的吸附量很小，当有机酸的初始浓度较高时，淋溶实验开始后不久，有机酸就对铝的迁移表现出明显的促进作用。实验结果还表明，铝的迁移还与体系pH有关，低pH条件有利于土壤铝的溶解和迁移。     

Lime potential of variable charge soils

The lime potentials of several electrodialysed variable charge soils of Australia and China were directly measured with two ion-selective electrodes when titrated with Ca(OH)₂. The lime potential (pH – 0.5 pCa) was higher for the Ferralsol than that for the Acrisol or the Luvisol. The presence of organic matter led to a lower pH – 0.5 pCa value. The pH – 0.5 pCa curve was closely related to the pH curve for a given soil, but was more distinct than the latter. Lime potential ranges of 1.5–3.0, 3.0–5.0 and 5.0–7.0 corresponded to pH ranges of about 4.0–5.2, 5.2–7.0 and 7.0–8.2 respectively.     

Nitrate adsorption in some andisols developed under different moisture conditions

Nitrate leaching from agricultural lands is one of the most critical problems related to both environmental quality and human health. Although in many studies surfacecharge properties of and nitrate adsorption in soils have been analyzed in tropical and subtropical regions, fewer studies have been conducted on the nitrateretention properties of allo phanic Andisols. The objectives of the present study were to examine the potential nitrate adsorption capacity and the factors affecting nitrate retention in topsoils and subsoils of three Andisols Tokaachi, Hokkaido. Nitrate adsorption at pH 6.0 was found to be low or negligible even in the subsoil of a Haplic Wet Andisol (Melanaquands), despite the high clay content, Nitrate adsorption maxima calculated from the Langmuir equation were higher in the lower horizons of a Haplic Andisol (Melanudands) and a Lowhumic Andisol (Hap ludands), which were developed under moderate to moderately dry moisture conditions and displayed a high allophane content and a low total carbon content. The nitrate adsorption of the aliophanic Andisols was much higher than that reported from other studies conducted in Ultisols and Oxisols, which are rich in iron oxides. The potential capacity to adsorb nitrates and retard nitrate movement should be taken into account in predicting the fate of nitrate in soils and the consequent mitigation of groundwater contamination.     

Influence of organic matter on phosphate adsorption by aluminium and iron oxides in sandy soils

The phosphate adsorption capacity (P_max) of samples from various horizons of five Danish podzolized soils were investigated before and after organic matter removal. Removal of organic matter had no direct influence on P_max suggesting that organic matter did not compete with phosphate for adsorption sites. In the soils investigated aluminium and iron oxides were the main phosphate adsorbents. Thus, more than 96% of the variation in P_max could be accounted for by poorly crystalline aluminium and iron oxides (extractable by oxalate) and by well-crystallized iron oxides (taken as the difference between dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate-extractable iron and oxalate-extractable iron). Organic matter affected phosphate adsorption indirectly by inhibiting aluminium oxide crystallization. The resulting poorly crystalline oxides had high P_max. In contrast, the influence of organic matter on the crystallinity of the iron oxides, and therefore on their capacity to adsorb phosphate, seemed limited.