山东荣成基岩裂隙含水层水文地质参数

荣成境内主要为低山丘陵区，地下水主要赋存于下元古界片麻岩和燕山期花岗岩之裂隙介质中，采用地下水位观测序列的谱特征，抽水试验和裂隙介质渗透张量等三种方法研究裂隙含水层水文地质参数，获得较为一致的结果。     

人工草地牧草优化种植结构和地下水资源可持续利用

用响应矩阵法将牧草生育期耗水量、灌溉抽水量及其抽水量对地下水系统水位降深的响应关系相嵌在一起，建立了确定地下水资源可持续利用决策的非线性多目标模型，用排序的表现矩阵度量可行解对所有目标总体表现优劣程度的向量比较多目标遗传算法求解模型，得出人工草地牧草最佳种植结构方案和地下水资源可持续利用决策。     

高地下水位条件下盐渍土区潜水蒸发特性及计算方法

为了了解盐渍土区潜水蒸发特性，通过室内模拟实验，研究了不同大气蒸发能力条件下，盐渍土中盐分对潜水蒸发强度以及模型中参数的影响。结果表明：由于土表盐壳形成后对水分蒸发的抑制，不同大气蒸发能力条件下地下水埋深为50 cm时，随蒸发历时的延长，潜水蒸发由稳定变为非稳定状态。雷志栋公式在计算盐渍土的潜水稳定蒸发强度时的误差明显小于阿维里扬诺夫公式，但其参数η并非为常数，且参数β和潜水极限蒸发强度均明显减小。最后，建立了非稳定潜水蒸发强度的计算模型。该研究将为重新认识盐渍土区土壤的蒸发特性以及对其进行进一步深入研究提供重要依据。     

高潜水位采煤沉陷区土地损毁程度评价

土地损毁程度评价是采煤沉陷区土地复垦方案编制和受损农民补偿标准制定的重要依据。该文以东滩煤矿为例,在系统梳理已有研究的基础上,构建评价指标体系,划分评价单元,采用基于模糊意见集中决策的序关系分析法(G1法)确定指标权重,针对高潜水位矿区的特点,将极限条件法和可拓评价方法相结合,对其2014—2018年开采造成的采煤沉陷区的土地损毁程度进行评价,结果表明:拟损毁的土地面积总共为1 675 hm~2,其中轻度损毁面积为968.2 hm~2,中度损毁面积为379.53 hm~2,重度损毁面积为327.27 hm~2。与简单的以积水状况确定损毁程度的经验方法比较表明,经验做法往往低估了高潜水位采煤沉陷区土地的损毁水平。该研究为东滩煤矿科学合理编制土地复垦方案、确定受损农民补偿标准提供了支持,为同类型的其他高潜水位采煤沉陷区土地损毁程度的评价提供了借鉴。     

潜水含水层水动力弥散试验研究

水动力弥散理论主要研究地下水可溶物质在时间、空间上的变化和弥散运移规律,预测地下水污染的发展趋势。通过在包头市某厂区现场弥散试验所得的实测数据,利用标准曲线法进行了潜水含水层水动力弥散试验。测定结果表明,浅层含水层的纵向弥散度(aL)为1.19~1.28cm,横向弥散度(aT)经验推断值为0.24~0.26cm。研究结果可为厂区有效地下水污染防治措施的制订提供科学依据。     

基于井电双控平台的地下水流场动态监测与提取

[目的] 基于灌区已建成“井电双控”平台的优势，提出利用抽水井水位来获取开采期地下水流场的动态变化，为地下水资源的科学管理及合理利用提供技术支撑。[方法] 利用Processing MODFLOW软件模拟得出研究区的仿真流场，以此作为抽水井水位确定流场的判别标准，并对该方法下流场的拟合效果进行评价与改进。[结果] 直接使用抽水井水位得出的流场较仿真流场整体偏小；使用抽水井降深修正后的水位得出的流场与仿真流场拟合效果较好，但实际中需要结合模型计算；在部分抽水井内安装水位监测设备基础上增加专用监测井，其得到的动态流场与仿真流场接近且易于实现，说明该方法可用于研究区流场的动态监测。[结论] 基于“井电双控”系统下，将抽水井作为监测井的方法有效解决了因地下水监测站网密度低、信息传输时效性差等造成对地下水管理存在偏差的问题，对加强地下水位—水量的双控管理及区域地下水资源的保护具有一定的应用价值。     

拖拉机自动转向最优控制方法的研究

该文讨论了拖拉机自动驾驶(自动转向)控制点的选择，并且在此基础上建立了拖拉机跟踪直线行驶时的运动学与动力学模型，分别对基于这两种模型的拖拉机自动驾驶最优控制方法进行了研究，分析了参数选择对控制方法的影响。由于拖拉机是一个具有大延迟、高度非线性的复杂系统，为了减少试验确定参数时的试凑次数，提高其最优控制参数的整定精度，提出一种融合运动学与动力学模型各自特点的控制参数的确定方法，对拖拉机自动驾驶试验时控制参数的整定具有指导意义。结果表明，所提出的方法用于拖拉机自动驾驶是可行的。     

土性参数波动范围的计算方法及影响因素

土体由于赋存条件的不同而具有空间变异性，波动范围（Scale of Fluctuation，简称SOF）是描述土性参数空间变异性的重要指标，其数值对岩土工程的可靠度分析与设计具有重要影响。当前常用的求解土性参数波动范围的方法是随机场法与地质统计学方法。本文基于公式推导及实例运算，对比分析了随机场法中自相关函数、地质统计学法中半变异函数及其对应SOF值异同点，探讨了数据的趋势性、拟合参数初值、拟合点个数等因素对土性参数波动范围计算结果的影响。指出在地质统计学方法中对半变异函数（Semi-Variogram Function，简称SVF）进行曲线拟合时，应先对SVF估算值进行归一化处理；并提出了同时适用于随机场法与地质统计学法的确定拟合参数初值及拟合点个数的统一方法。在此基础上，以某工程的非饱和黏土为研究对象，在试验研究的基础上计算分析了土体物理性质参数及水力参数的波动范围。     

分析一次阶梯流量井流试验数据的原理与方法

文中提出的分析一次阶梯流量井流试验数据的方法,与目前采用的多次阶梯流量井流试验数据的分析方法相比较,在同样可以得到井流试验欲求的井损系数C,综合性参数r_w²/a和含水层导水系数T三个参数的情况下,至少可以使抽水流量的变化次数减少两次。而且在数据分析中可以避免应用图解法,因此,能消除在作图中由于人为因素对计算结果准确性的影响。实际算例表明,一次阶梯流量与多次阶梯流量法得到的计算结果是非常吻合的。     

桑树坪井田地下水化学特征及矿井水的再生利用

简要介绍了桑树坪井田地质与水文地质概况,按地层的含水性将井田含水层划分为第四系砂砾石层孔隙潜水中等含水层组(H1)、二叠系砂岩裂隙承压弱含水层组(H2)、石炭系砂岩灰岩裂隙承压极弱含水层组(H3)和奥陶系石灰岩溶隙溶洞承压强含水层组(H4)等4种类型。在分析各含水层组水质特征及矿井水水化学特征的基础上,得出奥灰水是矿井水的主要补给来源;并针对该井田矿井水硬度大,矿化度、SO_4~(2-)含量高的水质特征,提出了以物理一物理化学方法为基础,以电渗析法为主的净化处理矿井水方法。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.