用修正的Green-Ampt模型确定土壤入渗性能的速算方法

土壤入渗性能的确定对水文过程及其相关研究与应用具有重要的意义。该文在土壤入渗性能的水平土柱测量方法和Green-Ampt修正模型的基础上,推导出了Green-Ampt模型与修正模型之间的比例关系,进而提出了土壤入渗性能的速算模型。该计算模型在保证土壤入渗性能计算精度的前提下,计算过程较修正Green-Ampt模型有了很大的简化。将3种方法计算得到的土壤入渗率进行了比较,快速方法计算得到的土壤入渗性能与Green-Ampt修正模型计算得到的土壤入渗性能非常接近。在水量平衡原理的基础上得到3种方法计算结果误差分别为11.5%（Green-Ampt模型）,0.66%（修正模型）和2.68%（快速计算模型）。表明快速计算方法具有很高的精度。新方法大大简化了修正模型的计算步骤。该文提出的土壤入渗性能速算法与水平土柱试验相结合,可以方便地应用于室内土壤入渗性能的测量,为水文循环/地表产流等相关研究提供便捷的土壤入渗性能计算工具。     

土壤入渗性能自动测量系统原理与应用研究

土壤入渗性能对水资源转换利用、农业水管理等方面有着十分重要的作用。该文运用机器视觉及数字图像处理技术，开发了一套以线源入流方法为基础的土壤入渗性能自动测量系统。完成了对该系统的硬件设计、组集和系统软件的开发。利用数字摄像头对表征土壤入渗性能变化过程的线源水流在地表的推进过程进行实时采集截取图片，并对图片进行处理和分析，提取水流在地表推进过程中的湿润面积。根据测量土壤入渗性能的线源入流方法中的数学模型自动计算土壤水入渗率，并实时显示入渗性能曲线的变化过程。采用该系统进行了土壤入渗性能的室内验证试验，取得很好的效果，系统实现了实时测量、后台计算、实时显示土壤入渗性能曲线，结果表明测量误差为5.27％,说明了该测量系统的合理性和准确性。为土壤入渗性能的高效、自动化测量提供了工具。     

用水平土柱和修正的Green-Ampt模型确定土壤的入渗性能

土壤入渗能力和降雨产流过程及地下水密切相关。土壤入渗过程决定了灌溉/降雨过程中水分进入土壤的过程,影响了化肥、农药及其他污染物随水分迁移过程以及坡面水文与土壤侵蚀过程等。该研究根据水流在水平土柱中运动的能量要求以及实际测量得到的土壤水分分布,对Green-Ampt模型中含水率分布呈活塞运动推进(即湿润锋内部土壤水分为恒定值)的假定进行了修正。采用更符合实际的呈线性分布的土壤水分分布模型,基于水量平衡和土壤水动力学原理,提出了对应的土壤入渗性能的计算模型。给出了利用修正模型估计土壤入渗性能的方法,计算模型以及计算过程。结果表明,利用修正模型估算得到的土壤入渗性能回归的入渗水量与实际供水量的相对误差为0.66%,说明该修正模型和计算方法具有很高的精度。该文提出的修正模型很好地描述了水分在土壤中的分布,较Green-Ampt入渗模型中的活塞模型更符合土壤水动力学中关于土壤水分运动的分析。将该修正模型与水平土柱试验结合,可以大大地提高土壤入渗性能计算的精度,为以后的土壤水分运动,地表产流计算以及土壤侵蚀等方面的研究提供非常有效的工具。     

不同坡度和不同生育期的谷子坡耕地入渗特征

坡度和作物生育期是影响坡耕地土壤入渗性能的关键因素,作物生长导致土壤特性及根系变化进而影响坡面入渗过程。通过人工模拟降雨试验,设计4个坡耕地坡度(3°,5°,10°,15°)及2个降雨强度(40,80 mm/h),在谷子4个生育期(拔节初期、拔节中期、抽穗初期、灌浆初期)开展试验,探究坡度和生育期对谷子坡耕地土壤入渗特征的影响机制,并结合入渗模型(Horton、Kostiakov、Philip模型)对谷子坡耕地土壤水分入渗过程进行拟合并评价其适用性。结果表明:(1)随坡度增加土壤入渗能力下降,与3°相比,15°坡耕地土壤稳定入渗速率、平均入渗速率及累积入渗量分别减小30.76%~52.38%,21.28%~37.50%和22.51%~43.55%。(2)随着谷子生育期的延长,土壤入渗能力显著增加,与拔节初期相比,灌浆初期时土壤稳定入渗速率、平均入渗速率及累积入渗量分别增加23.81%~80.00%,20.83%~40.00%,17.84%~54.10%,表现为拔节初期<拔节中期<抽穗初期<灌浆初期。(3)通过对入渗速率实测值进行拟合,Horton模型对坡耕地土壤入渗过程拟合最好,且模型拟合参数具有物理意义。研究结果可为增加坡耕地降雨入渗、提高水分利用效率、减少坡耕地水土流失提供理论依据。     

不同土地利用方式峰丛坡地土壤入渗特征及其模拟

喀斯特峰丛坡地的水土过程基础研究相对短缺,阻碍了相关土壤水文机理认识和适合该区模型的构建。为探明峰丛坡地上土壤入渗性能及变化过程,提出适合峰丛坡地的土壤入渗模型,通过室内一维垂直入渗试验,研究了峰丛坡地上不同土地利用方式土壤的初渗率、稳渗率及平均入渗率,并利用Horton,Philip,Kostiakov及经验通用模型拟合其入渗过程并进行评价。结果表明:(1)峰丛坡地上灌木林地的土壤砂粒含量约占50%以上,土壤渗透性能较强,而梯田旱地黏粒含量较高、有机质含量低,土壤渗透性能较差。(2)不同土地利用土壤前期入渗率均较高,为1.33～3.17cm/min,随后入渗速率急剧下降82.2%～96.2%,在20min左右达到稳定入渗率。灌木林地的前期入渗率下降幅度最大,而裸石地和梯田旱地相对缓慢。(3)Horton模型适宜于描述喀斯特峰丛坡地的土壤入渗过程,Horton模型的初始入渗率和稳定入渗率与实测值较为接近,而Kostiakov和Philip模型的拟合值与实测值存在差距。本研究为进一步认识峰丛坡地土壤水分入渗机理及构建入渗模型提供了理论依据。     

用水平土柱与Green-Ampt模型方法测量土壤入渗性能的原理与误差

土壤入渗是自然界水循环中的一个重要环节。研究提出了一种新的方法，根据水量／物质平衡原理和水平土柱中土壤剖面含水率分布所遵循的Green—Ampt模型中的活塞假定，测量和计算土壤入渗性能。用天然容重下的风干砂壤土，通过室内水平土柱试验，说明了获取数据的实验方法、过程，并利用提出的数学模型计算得到土壤入渗性能曲线。利用测量得到的土壤入渗性能回归计算得到的入渗水量分别与实际供水量和由土壤含水率的实际分布计算得到的入渗水量进行对比，得到相对误差分别为11．5％、15．89％，而实际供水量与由土壤含水率实际分布计算得到的水量之间的相对误差只有1．02％，说明了该方法的测量精度以及方法精度有进一步提高的可能性。该方法与传统的土壤入渗率测量方法相比，可以测量出土壤初始很高的入渗率，而且试验操作简单，省水，省时，为相关研究提供了有力的工具。     

非饱和坡面水分与氮素迁移耦合模型与应用

目前对坡面径流氮素流失的研究以解析方法为主,难以描述坡面不同位置水分及氮素的变化情况,且较少关注水分入渗造成的氮素迁移。为了描述非饱和坡面上的降雨-径流-入渗及氮素迁移过程,该文构建了坡面尺度数值模拟模型。对于水分入渗,采用运动波方程描述坡面产流过程,采用Green-Ampt公式描述坡面入渗过程。对于氮素迁移,将研究区离散,采用混合层理论对每个离散区域建立质量平衡方程。通过与坡面水分、氮素运移试验数据的对比验证了本模型的正确性。开展室内土槽坡面径流试验,观测数据与数值模拟结果的对比表明,本模型水分、铵态氮、硝态氮计算相对误差分别小于15%、5.5%和32%,质量误差均小于0.02%,验证了本模型较好的计算精度和质量误差控制。     

土壤点源入渗自动测量系统监测滴头下土壤湿润过程

土壤水运动过程是滴灌系统设计和运行管理的重要内容。该研究采用点源土壤入渗自动测量系统,利用计算机可控数码相机和图像识别技术测量滴灌地表湿润面积和土壤湿润体随时间的变化过程。采用正三棱形有机玻璃土箱,设计一系列点源滴灌室内试验,获得点源滴灌入渗过程随时间的变化过程。试验采用3个流量:2、4及8 L/h处理,每个处理设置了3个重复。用数码相机每4 min拍摄一次地表湿润面积,用于计算地表湿润面积随时间的变化过程。同时,在1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、120、140、160、180 min时刻,在贴在土箱侧面的透明胶片上,手工记录地表湿润面积和垂直湿润锋面随时间的变化过程。由测量系统根据记录的地表湿润面积随时间的变化过程自动计算得到土壤的入渗过程。通过入渗过程,计算得到滴头下地表土壤的湿润面积,由计算得到的土壤入渗率和计算得到土壤的湿润剖面,将计算结果与实测结果对比,检验测量的精度。结果表明,手工测量得到的地表湿润面积都略大于由土壤入渗自动测量系统计算得到的入渗率计算的地表湿润面积。由计算得到的入渗率预测的土壤入渗深度,略大于实测土壤入渗深度。计算得到前者的相对误差为2%~15%,后者的相对误差为1%~8%。说明土壤入渗自动测量系统,能够准确描述点源滴灌地表湿润过程及土壤入渗过程,并能预测不同流量下垂直入渗深度,测量方法可以为滴灌系统的设计提供相关参数。     

农地耕层与犁底层土壤入渗性能的连续测量方法

研究农田土壤入渗性能对于了解铧式犁耕作对土壤水力性能的影响、指导农地耕作方式决策、农田灌溉、改善农地生态环境具有重要意义。该文提出了一种农耕地耕层与犁底层土壤入渗能力连续测量方法以及相应的计算模型。采用恒定流量向地表供水,由供水在地表湿润面积随时间的变化过程估计地表耕层土壤初期很高的入渗性能,由产流后供水流量与产流流量之差计算相对较低的土壤入渗性能及犁底层土壤入渗性能。并进行了室内模拟试验,结果表明该方法可连续测量农地耕层与犁底层的入渗过程。采用入渗量和供水量对比的方法进行误差分析,相对误差为5.75%,说明该方法具有较高精度。该方法省时、省水便于野外应用,为今后的进一步研究提供手段。     

紫色土丘陵区土壤入渗及其测定方法研究

为了研究紫色土丘陵区林草地土壤入渗规律,并对比不同测定方法间的差异性,采用点源入渗法、双环法和环刀法对其入渗性能进行测定。结果表明:林地土壤入渗过程呈现的规律性比草地的好,且用点源入渗法和环刀法测定进入稳定阶段用时较双环法快1倍以上;采用4种入渗模型对土壤入渗过程拟合的效果表现为Horton模型(R~2=0.953)通用经验模型(R~2=0.941)Kostiakov模型(R~2=0.920)Philip模型(R~2=0.819),且草地的拟合效果比林地的好;林地的初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均入渗速率比草地的大,分别大了21.03%~116%,30.43%~102.56%,26.35%~112.73%;2种地类的初渗速率大小为点源入渗法双环法环刀法,稳渗速率表现为双环法环刀法点源入渗法,平均入渗率则为双环法点源入渗法环刀法;土壤入渗性能各项指标与其理化性质相关性差别较大。点源入渗法在紫色土丘陵区尚属新方法,在研究中应视情况而采用。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.