海南岛砖红壤中铅、镉的化学形态与转化

采用土培实验和连续提取.原子吸收分光光度法,研究了重金属Pb、Cd在海南岛花岗岩砖红壤中的形态组成、外源Pb、Cd污染及化学修复剂磷、钙、硫对土壤重金属形态的影响.结果表明:在供试原土壤中,重金属Pb的化学形态以结合态和残余态为主,土壤有效态Pb含量较低,其中残余态Pb>有机质结合态Pb>铁锰氧化物结合态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,说明土壤Pb的环境风险较低;重金属Cd的化学形态以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态为主,土壤中交换态Cd含量较高,其中铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>交换态Cd>有机结合态Cd>残余态Cd>水溶态Cd,说明土壤Cd的环境风险较高.当外源Pb、Cd污染土壤时,有铁锰结合态Pb>残余态Pb>有机态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,交换态Cd>铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>残余态Cd>有机态Cd>水溶态Cd的趋势.向污染土壤施加化学改良剂过磷酸钙、硫化钠和石灰,能显著降低水溶态Pb、Cd和交换态Pb、Cd的含量,并使有机结合态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量下降,但残余态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机态Cd有增加的趋势,残余态Cd的含量基本稳定.     

铁锰氧化矿物添加对土壤镉有效态及生物效应的影响

利用铁锰氧化矿物对土壤中镉的吸附特性,研究了镉污染的土壤中施加铁锰氧化矿物后对土壤中镉的有效态及植物有效性的影响,结果表明：在土壤中添加铁锰氧化矿物后,土壤中镉的有效态含量明显降低;铁锰氧化矿物对土壤中镉的吸附在十天左右达到平衡;在相同的加入量,软锰矿比针铁矿的吸附效果好;利用数量化理论预测法,建立了氧化矿物加入量和土壤中镉含量及理化性质之间关系的预测模型,预测精度较好;通过温室土培试验,几种植物添加铁锰氧化矿物后镉的总量明显降低,证明添加铁锰氧化矿物可以明显降低土壤中镉的生物有效性。     

外源铜和镍在土壤中的化学形态及其老化研究

采用连续提取法测定了外源铜和镍进入田间土壤后的化学形态分布,比较研究了这2种重金属在3种不同类型土壤(红壤,水稻土和潮土)中随老化时间的形态转化和分布.结果表明,外源铜以残留态(40%～60%)和EDTA可提取态(40%)为主;随老化时间,EDTA可提取态、易还原锰结合态及铁铝氧化态向残留态转化;外源镍在酸性红壤中以可交换态(40%)和残留态(30%～50%)为主,在中性水稻土中以EDTA可提取态(30%)和残留态(30%～50%)为主,在碱性潮土中以铁铝氧化态(20%)和残留态(40%)为主.随老化时间,水溶态、可交换态、EDTA可提取态等向残留态转化.土壤pH较低时水溶态和可交换态含量较高,但是同时随老化时间的降低量也明显;pH较高时有利于易还原锰结合态和有机质结合态的转化.     

安徽省水稻土中锰形态及其影响因素研究

通过对安徽省不同母质发育的稻田土壤的采样分析,研究了水稻土中不同形态锰含量及其与土壤性质的关系。研究结果表明:供试水稻土全锰含量低于全国平均水平,含量在191.7～805.0 mg kg-1之间,平均为375.0 mg kg-1,有效锰含量平均为25.4 mg kg-1。不同锰形态含量有较大差异,其占全锰比例顺序为残渣态铁锰氧化态有机态、可交换态碳酸盐结合态,Tessier法与BCR法锰形态分级结果有明显的相关性。各形态锰以有机态锰、可交换态锰、碳酸盐结合态锰、铁锰氧化态锰活性较高,与有效锰之间呈现显著或极显著正相关关系。土壤pH值、有机质和粘粒含量是影响土壤锰形态和含量的主要因素。     

长期定位施肥对土壤铁、锰形态及剖面分布的影响

本文采用改进的BCR连续提取法,对沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验地31年不同施肥处理土壤铁和锰含量变化及其剖面变异规律进行研究。结果表明:与试验前相比,耕层土壤两种元素水溶态和弱酸溶态含量都有所增加,而可还原态和残渣态含量则有不同程度的减少;铁和锰都以残渣态和可还原态为主。在空间分布上,两种元素弱酸溶态和可氧化态含量随土层的加深而减少,残渣态则相反。研究表明,有机肥能在一定程度上改变铁和锰在各形态间的分配,并且有机肥能活化残渣态铁和锰。     

腐殖酸对灰棕紫泥中汞赋存形态的影响

通过室内培养探讨不同富里酸/胡敏酸(FA/HA)、腐殖酸含量、汞污染浓度对灰棕紫泥中汞赋存形态的影响。结果表明,施用腐殖酸降低汞的活性,腐殖酸各处理均能促进土壤中水溶态、交换态和酸溶态汞向碱溶态、有机结合态和残渣态汞转化。FA/HA≤0.7时,腐殖酸能够促进土壤中的活性态汞向惰性态汞转化,但当FA/HA≥1时,腐殖酸对土壤汞有一定的活化作用;含碳2%的腐殖酸对土壤汞的固定效果好于其他碳含量(0.5%,1%,1.5%碳)腐殖酸;当土壤中汞污染浓度达到3mg/kg时,腐殖酸对汞的固定效果要降低。     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn形态及其有效性定量分析——以昆山市为例

研究了江苏省昆山市农田土壤有效态Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn各形态含量及其有效性。结果表明,土壤重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn各形态含量以残渣态有机质结合态铁锰氧化物结合态碳酸盐结合态、可交换态,残渣态含量明显高于其他形态。Cu和Pb有机质结合态所占比例相对也较高,分别达36.09%和28.30%。土壤可交换态含量、碳酸盐结合态含量、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态含量及残渣态含量均以Zn最高;土壤有机质结合态含量以Cu最高;土壤可交换态含量变异系数、土壤碳酸盐结合态含量变异系数及土壤Fe-Mn氧化物结合态含量变异系数以Ni为最大;土壤有机质结合态含量变异系数以Zn最大;土壤残渣态含量变异系数以Pb最大。土壤铁锰氧化物结合态铜和可交换态铜对土壤有效态铜含量影响最大;土壤可交换态镍含量对土壤有效态镍含量最大;土壤铁锰氧化物结合态铅和有机质结合态铅对土壤有效态铅含量影响最大;土壤可交换态锌和碳酸盐结合态锌对土壤有效态锌含量影响最大。     

旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用

本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

不同脱沼泽阶段土壤中铁锰的比较研究

本文以沼泽土、起源于沼泽土的潜育型水稻土和潴育型水稻土系列为研究对象，研究了土壤脱沼过程中铁锰的变化规律。根据铁锰的剖面分布特征、土体和各粒级硅铁率与钛锰率，以及游离铁和活性铁的变化规律，土壤脱沼过程可分为两个阶段：（1）铁锰强烈淋失阶段。脱沼过程初期，土壤有机质含量甚高，且随着有机质分解加速而破坏性有机物如酸、酚类等物质的含量增加，故土壤还原能力增强，加之随着排水而提高了渗漏性，铁锰便强烈淋失。主要是以较粗粒级中的铁锰，特别是以游离态和活性态淋失为主，然后较细粒级中的铁锰亦发生明显淋失。（2）铁锰再淀积阶段。当土壤有机质下降到一定程度之后，还原能力便减弱，铁锰则氧化淀积。主要是以铁锰新生体等游离态形式向较细粒级再淀积。由于长期渍水，阻碍了铁的老化，因而再淀积的铁活性甚高，其活化度达80%以上。     

河北主要土壤中Cd和Pb的形态分布及其影响因素

采用网室盆栽试验和大田取样 ,运用连续提取方法 ,研究了河北平原潮土和潮褐土两种土壤中Cd、Pb的化学形态特征及与其影响因素的关系。结果表明 :随着Cd、Pb污染程度的增加 ,其交换态有增加趋势。当高浓度重金属污染土壤时 ,Cd(潮土 >1mgkg- 1、潮褐土 >5mgkg- 1)主要以交换态存在 ,并表现为 :交换态 >碳酸盐结合态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 >有机结合态 >残留态 ;Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在。在低浓度重金属污染的土壤中 ,Cd (潮土 <1mgkg- 1、潮褐土 <5mgkg- 1)的残留态、有机结合态成倍增加 ,甚至超过交换态 ,表现为 :残留态 >碳酸盐结合态 >有机结合态 >交换态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 ;Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残留态存在。Cd、Pb在土壤中的分布与土壤的pH值 ,有机质含量密切相关。     

Sorption and desorption of cobalt by soils and soil components

The sorption of Co by individual soil components was studied at solution Co concentrations that were within the range found in natural soil solutions. Soil-derived oxide materials sorbed by far the greatest amounts of Co although substantial amounts were also sorbed by organic materials (humic and fulvic acids). Clay minerals and non-pedogenic iron and manganese oxides sorbed relatively little Co. It is considered that clay minerals are unlikely to have a significant influence on the sorption of Co by whole soils. Cobalt sorbed by soil oxide material was not readily desorbed back into solution and, in addition, rapidly became non-isotopically exchangeable with solution Co. In contrast, Co was relatively easily desorbed from humic acid and a large proportion of the Co sorbed by humic acid remained isotopically exchangeable. Cobalt sorbed by montmorillonite was more easily desorbed than that sorbed by soil oxide but less easily than that sorbed by humic acid. Cobalt sorption isotherms for whole soils at low site coverage were essentially linear and the gradients of isotherms increased with pH. A comparison of isotherm gradients for whole soils and individual soil components supported the suggestion that Co sorption in whole soils is largely controlled by soil oxide materials.     

外生菌根真菌Laccaria bicolor S238N增强花旗松生长及其对磷钾吸收的能力

Two variable charge soils were submerged after the addition of 30g/kg of organic matter to examine the differences in behavior between iron and manganese with respect to reduction and the distribution of different froms of the reduced elements.The reduction of manganese proceeded almost synchronously with the fall in redox potential,while the reduction of iron showed a remarkable lag behind the Eh change.Once formed,the distribution of water-soluble,exchangeable and precipitatied forms of ferrous iron was controlled by pH,CEC of the soil and total concentration of the element.For manganous ions,the proportions of water-soluble and exchangeable forms in total Mn^2 were larger than those for ferrous ions.The reduction of the two elements led to a mobilization of them,and such effect persisted even after drying of the soil,i.e.,the content of amorphous Fe became higher than that of the original soil.     

溶液培养条件下腐殖酸对铁异化还原的影响

腐殖酸对土壤和水体环境中铁(Fe)的还原过程有重要影响。本文采用从山西大同风化煤、河南巩县褐煤、云南昆明滇池底泥中提取制备的腐殖酸,通过布置培育试验并接种土壤悬液,研究了不同来源的腐殖酸对无定形氧化铁异化还原的影响。结果表明:单独添加腐殖酸对氧化铁的还原几乎没有影响;而当同时添加腐殖酸与葡萄糖时,培养基质中氧化铁的还原过程显著加强;腐殖酸浓度越高对氧化铁还原的促进作用越明显。不同来源的腐殖酸因其复杂程度和结构不同,对氧化铁还原的促进作用有明显差异,其中山西大同风化煤提取的腐殖酸促进作用最大,云南昆明滇池底泥和河南巩县褐煤提取的腐殖酸之间则无显著差异。     

Mechanism of reduction of exchangeable aluminum by gypsum application in acid andosols

Mechanism of reduction of exchangeable aluminum in acid Andosols treated with gypsum was studied by using cation exchange resin methods to determine the amount of polymerized aluminum. Two types of acid Andosols were used as test soils: Kitakami light colored Andosol (fine, mixed, mesic, Andic Dystrochrept) and Kawatabi thick high humic Andosol (medial, mesic mixed Alic Pachic Melanudand). Polymerization of aluminum in the soil solution of both Kitakami and Kawatabi Andosols treated with gypsum was suggested based on an analysis using cation exchange resin methods, whereas that in monomer aluminum solution was not detected. Accumulation of polymerized aluminum in both Kitakami and Kawatabi Andosols was determined by using cation exchange resin, and the amounts of polymer aluminum trapped by the resin and the ratio of polymer aluminum to monomer aluminum were increased with the incubation time. The values of CEC which decreased in the Kitakami Andosol after gypsum treatment were almost equivalent to the amounts of cation exchange sites occupied by polymer aluminum ions which were calculated based on the decrease of the values of Y _l. We conclude that the mechanism of reduction of exchangeable aluminum in strongly acid Andosols treated with gypsum is as follows: firstly, exchangeable aluminum adsorbed on the cation exchange sites of soils may be released into the soil solution due to the increase in the ion strength caused by gypsum application, and then monomer aluminum in soil solution may be polymerized in the presence of soil colloidal materials. Consequently, the polymer aluminum formed in the soil solution may be selectively and irreversibly fixed on the cation exchange sites of 2 : 1 clay minerals.     

施用有机物料对土壤镉形态的影响

采用室内培养试验,研究作物新鲜秸秆和腐熟猪粪对模拟镉（Cd）污染的土壤中Cd形态转化的动态影响。结果表明,各处理土壤交换态Cd含量随培养时间均逐渐降低。碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd含量先增加后降低, 而有机质结合态和残渣态Cd含量则逐渐增加。添加秸秆可增加土壤交换态Cd含量,但随时间延长,增幅逐渐降低, 猪粪则可降低土壤交换态Cd含量。添加有机物后土壤交换态Cd含量的变化主要是由有机质结合态或残渣态Cd含量的变化而引起。秸秆和猪粪对土壤Cd形态的转化与土壤胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）的变化有关。秸秆对能活化土壤Cd的FA增加幅度大于对能钝化土壤Cd的HA增加幅度,降低HA/FA比,但降幅随时间逐渐减少; 猪粪在整个培养阶段对HA增加幅度均大于FA的增加幅度,增加HA/FA比。秸秆和猪粪均可降低潮土pH而提高红壤pH,但只有猪粪可通过提高红壤pH降低Cd向交换态转化。添加秸秆和猪粪后,Cd由低活性态向交换态转化与HA/FA呈显著负相关。     

Mobilization of aluminium, iron and silicon by Picea abies and ectomycorrhizas in a forest soil

Weathering of soil minerals is a key determinant of ground and surface water quality and is also important in pedogenic and rhizosphere processes. The relative importance of biotic and abiotic studies in mineral weathering, however, is poorly understood. We investigated the impact of Picea abies seedlings, an ectomycorrhizal fungus and humic acid on the solubilization of aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) in an E horizon forest soil over 10 months. Elemental budgets were constructed based upon losses in drainage water, accumulation in plants and changes in the pools of exchangeable ions. Plants and mycorrhizas or both had a significant effect on the total amounts of Al, Fe and Si mobilized from the soil. Significantly larger amounts of Al and Fe were recovered in plants than those lost in drainage water, whereas the opposite trend was true for Si. The continual addition of dissolved organic matter to the soil in the form of humic acid had an effect only on mobilization of Fe, which increased due to larger plant uptake and an increase in the exchangeable pool. The mobilization of Fe and Si were positively correlated with hyphal length, soil respiration and concentrations of oxalate in the soil solution, and mobilization of Al was strongly correlated with plant weight. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that most fungal hyphae were associated with mineral surfaces with little occupation of cracks and micropores within mineral grains. Evidently ectomycorrhizas have important impacts on mineral dissolution and the chemistry of forest soils.     

Enhanced anaerobic degradation of hexachlorobenzene in a Hydragric Acrisol using

Humic substances acting as an electron shuttle and nitrogen transformation process influence remarkably the electron transfer in anaerobic reaction systems and thus may affect the reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene(HCB). In order to develop an efficient agricultural strategy for the remediation of organochlorine-contaminated soils, a batch incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of humic acid, urea, and their interaction on the reductive dechlorination of HCB in a Hydragric Acrisol with high iron oxide content. After 44 d of anaerobic incubation, the five treatments, sterile control,control, humic acid, urea, and humic acid + urea decreased HCB residues by 28.8%, 47.8%, 64.7%, 57.8%, and 71.3%, respectively. The amendment of humic acid or urea significantly decreased soil Eh values and accelerated Fe(Ⅲ) reduction to Fe(Ⅱ), thus promoting markedly reductive dechlorination of HCB. Humic acid had a larger dechlorination effect than urea. Since there was a synergistic interaction between humic acid and urea that accelerated HCB dechlorination, the treatment having both amendments together was the most efficient for HCB dechlorination. The results showed that the combination of NH4⁺_-N supplied by a fertilizer and humic substance is a feasible strategy for the remediation of organochlorine-contaminated soils with abundant iron oxide.     

秸秆还田对砂姜黑土理化性质与锰、锌、铜有效性的影响

采用田间试验与实验室培育试验研究作物秸秆还田对砂姜黑土理化性质及Cu、Zn、Mn有效性的影响,结果表明,秸秆还田可降低土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度,特别是毛管孔隙度显著增加。土壤中胡敏酸和富里酸含量显著增加,胡敏酸含量的增加对提高土壤有机质活性和改善土壤肥力具有良好效应。与单施化肥比较,秸秆配施化肥土壤中交换态锰、锌、铜含量分别增加11%、21%和41%,有机结合态锰、铜分别增加19%和103%。培育试验表明,加入粉碎的作物秸秆培育90d后,土壤中有效锰、有效铜含量分别增加21%和27%。     

发酵脱氢产氢过程对微生物铁还原的影响

发酵型微生物是铁还原菌中的主要类群,但其发酵产氢过程对铁还原的作用尚不清楚,为此采用接种水稻土浸提液混合培养的方法对微生物分别利用葡萄糖、丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐为碳源时,Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程中脱氢酶活性变化、培养体系pH、氢气分压及铁还原特征进行分析,探讨了发酵微生物脱氢产氢过程与微生物Fe（Ⅲ）还原的内在关系。结果表明：2种水稻土浸提液中的微生物均能够以葡萄糖为优势碳源进行脱氢、产氢及还原氧化铁,Fe（OH）,可以诱导脱氢酶的产生,利用葡萄糖时脱氢酶活性在厌氧培养的4-6d出现最大峰值,利用丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐时脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间分别为培养的15d和21-22d,脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间与最大铁还原速率Vmax显著负相关、与最大反应速率对应的时间zk存在显著正相关关系。脱氢产氢过程中产生的H＋导致培养体系pH的变化是影响铁还原过程的主要原因,培养体系pH与体系氢气分压及Fe（Ⅱ）累积量呈极显著负相关。微生物利用不同碳源产氢时,利用葡萄糖的产氢能力最高,丙酮酸盐次之,乳酸盐最低。Fe（OH）3的加入增加了氢气的消耗量,培养体系氢气分压与Fe（Ⅱ）累积量存在极显著正相关关系。     

钙盐诱导下土壤锰和铁的释放及其对胡椒的生物有效性

Releases of manganese and iron ions from an albic soil (Albic-Udic Luvisol), a yellow-red soil (Hap-Udic Ferrisol) and a yellow-brown soil (Arp-Udic Luvisol) induced by calcium salt addition and their bioavailability to pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in a pot experiment. Addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ decreased soil pH and increased both exchangeable and DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable Mn and Fe in soils. Meanwhile, total Mn accumulation in the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. on the salt-treated soils increased significantly (P< 0.01) compared with the control, suggesting that salt addition to soil induced Mn toxicity in Capsicum frutescens L. Although exchangeable and DTPA-extractable Fe increased also in the salt-treated soils, Fe uptake by the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased. The effect of added salts in soils on dry matter weight of pepper varied with the soil characteristics, showing different buffer capacities of the soils for salt toxicity in an order of yellow-brown soil > albic soil > yellow-red soil. Fe/Mn ratio in shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased with increasing salt addition for all the soils, which was ascribed to the antagonistic effect of Mn on Fe accumulation. The ratio of Fe/Mn in the tissue was a better indicator of the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone.