苏北海涂围垦区土壤质量综合评价研究

以苏北海涂围垦区为研究区域,选取与作物生长密切相关的理化性质作为评价指标,分别采用相关分析法与主成分分析法确定权重系数,并应用综合指数法对土壤质量进行定量评价,获取区域土壤质量综合评价分级图.结果表明:围垦区土壤质量状况总体较差,存在一定程度盐渍化危害,土壤有机质和氮素含量偏低,碱解氮亏缺尤为严重.有机质是重要的土壤质量评价因子,土壤盐分与地下水矿化度是土壤质量的主要限制因子.相关分析法和主成分分析法对土壤质量的评价结果较为一致,r2 = 0.933 9**.围垦区不同部位土壤质量差异较大,围垦区西部棉花地土壤质量总体优于东部水稻地,且不同评价方法得到的土壤质量分级图具有空间相似性.该结果可为滩涂区中、低产地的精确施肥、障碍土壤的科学管理提供参考依据.     

生物基复合改良剂对滨海盐渍土综合地力的提升作用

[目的] 研究生物基复合改良剂对黄河三角洲和苏北滩涂盐渍土壤理化性质及微生物区系的影响,为该区域盐碱地的改良利用和实现生态农牧建设提供科学参考。[方法] 采用由蚯蚓粪、活性酶调理剂和内生菌根菌剂组成的生物基复合改良剂为试验材料,研究其在种植耐盐苜蓿条件下对黄河三角洲盐渍土、苏北滩涂盐渍土土壤理化性质和微生物区系的影响。共设置了4个处理：黄河三角洲盐渍土不添加改良剂和添加改良剂,苏北滩涂盐渍土不添加改良剂和添加改良剂。[结果] 在紫花苜蓿分枝期,与不添加改良剂相比,黄河三角洲和苏北滩涂两种盐渍土壤添加改良剂处理的土壤有机质含量分别增加了45.30%,32.45%;速效钾含量分别增加了41.00%,39.92%。在紫花苜蓿现蕾期,与不添加改良剂处理相比,黄河三角洲和苏北滩涂两种盐渍土壤添加改良剂处理的土壤全盐量分别降低了14.10%和27.85%;土壤有机质含量分别提高了51.99%,73.59%。此外,现蕾期的土壤微生物群落多样性指数明显增加,优势菌门主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。土壤全盐量和速效钾含量是驱动细菌群落结构变化的主要环境因子。[结论] 生物基复合改良剂可以有效降低土壤全盐量,增加土壤速效养分含量,并改善土壤微生物区系,从而显著提升土壤综合地力,是改良滨海盐渍土的有效措施。     

1985-2014年新疆玛纳斯灌区土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因

[目的]分析玛纳斯灌区进行盐碱地空间分布格局,清楚认识当地盐碱地类型和时空变化规律,找出因地制宜的盐碱地改良措施。[方法]以1985年玛纳斯灌区土壤普查数据,1998年 Landsat TM ,2006和2014年 CBERS（China‐Brazil earth resource satellite）影像为数据源,运用 RS 和 GIS 技术提取研究区4个时期土壤盐渍化信息,利用土地转移矩阵和盐渍化动态度模型分析30 a 来玛纳斯灌区土壤盐渍化时空动态变化,并探讨灌区盐渍化的驱动因素。[结果]（1）1985—2014年,盐渍化土地总面积增加,从1985年的4．27×104 hm2增加到2014年的7．90×104 hm2。（2）灌区土壤盐渍化主要分布在灌区内部,呈块状分布。[结论]自然因素是土壤盐渍化形成与变化的内因,人为影响则是促进土壤盐渍化尤其是绿洲次生盐渍化发展的驱动因素之一。     

生态风险分析用于苏北滩涂土壤盐渍化风险评估研究

针对制约苏北滩涂土壤资源开发利用的盐渍障碍因素,将生态风险理论引进该区域农田生态系统的盐渍化风险评价中,探讨了生态风险分析的方法与过程,建立了土壤盐渍化风险评价指标体系,构建了风险评价模型,并对区域土壤盐渍化风险状况进行了定量评估与分级。结果表明:研究区土壤盐渍化风险总体较高且不同部位风险差异较大,其综合风险值介于0.26～0.91之间,平均值达0.53;盐渍化风险分布表现出与土壤盐分、地下水矿化度较为相似的空间规律,受种植制度与耕作措施的影响,研究区东部水稻地盐渍化风险总体高于西部棉花地。研究区内风险较大的区域占总面积比例为63.54%,风险一般的占30.53%,风险很大的占5.01%,风险较小的仅占0.92%;其中较大风险和一般风险区分布面积最大,是土壤改良治理的重点区域。该结果可为滩涂区中、低产地改造、障碍土壤的科学管理提供参考依据。     

基于GIS的河北省丰宁县土地沙化演变及驱动力分析

[目的]综合分析河北省丰宁县土壤沙化区沙化演变规律和驱动因子,为沙化土地治理及合理开发利用土地资源上提供技术依据。[方法]以遥感和GIS作为信息获取和分析工具,通过对河北省丰宁县2009,2014年2期土地沙化遥感影像解译,研究了该区土地沙化的时空演变规律,并对引起其演变的驱动因子进行了探讨。[结果]沙化土地在空间分布上具有明显的区域性,主要分布于中部以西地区,且沙化类型以固定沙地为主;近5a来,尽管中度沙化面积有所增加,但沙化土地面积总体呈减少趋势,轻度沙化减少了560.9hm2,重度沙化减少了1 872.6hm2,沙化土地总面积减少了809.2hm2;高原区较低山区易发生土地沙化,干旱区土壤沙化程度重于半干旱地区。[结论]以当地地貌环境条件为基础,合理开发利用土地资源,增加林地面积,可有效减弱土地沙化。     

苏北典型滩涂区土壤盐分动态与水平衡要素之间的关系

为获知苏北滩涂区土壤水盐动态行为,从而为后续的节水灌溉和滩涂区农田水管理策略提供理论依据,该文选取典型滩涂区,进行土壤水、盐和地下水埋深的长期连续监测,并根据大丰市气象站提供的降水、地表蒸散数据,对土壤盐分变化和水平衡要素之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明：土壤表层盐分最高,波动最为剧烈,随深度不断增加,盐分逐渐降低,且波动趋缓。试验区夏季降水丰富,蒸散量相对较低,土壤含水率高,地下水埋深浅;冬季降水少,蒸散量较高,土壤含水率下降,地下水埋深较深。地下水埋深和水补充量是0～40 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子;地下水埋深和蒸散量是60～80 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子。地下水盐分是土壤盐分累积的主要来源,降水脱盐作用仅对0～40 cm表土作用显著,蒸发积盐作用则在整个土壤剖面上具有影响。该研究为消减苏北滩涂区土壤盐渍化灾害提供了科学依据,对指导农业生产具有重要意义。     

苏北滩涂区水盐调控措施对土壤盐渍化的影响研究

苏北沿海滩涂区具有大面积存在盐渍化风险的可利用耕地。近年来不合理的开发利用使该地区土壤盐渍化程度加重。通过微区定位试验,对该区典型滩涂盐渍化土壤进行微咸水灌溉结合农艺处理的试验研究,探讨了利用水盐调控措施防控该地区土壤盐渍化程度的可能性。结果表明,在低矿化度(3 g/L左右)的微咸水灌溉条件下,石膏处理和秸秆覆盖处理均可以有效降低各层土壤SAR值,降低耕层土壤盐分含量,并且促进作物生长;当灌溉水矿化度达到6 g/L时,石膏处理仍具有一定控盐效果,但覆盖处理已不能控制土壤表层盐分含量的升高,作物的生长开始受到影响;当灌溉水矿化度达到10 g/L时,各处理耕层均显著积盐,作物生长受到显著影响。因此,6 g/L及以上矿化度的咸水不能用于该地区的灌溉,6 g/L以下浓度的咸水灌溉须配合石膏和秸秆覆盖处理使用。该研究为苏北滩涂区农田管理提供一定的参考依据。     

滩涂围垦区不同连作年限蔬菜大棚土壤质量特征

通过区域调查、采样和分析,系统研究了苏北滨海围垦滩涂设施农业土壤的连作障碍特征。研究表明,随着大棚青椒和韭菜连作年限的增加,大棚土壤呈不同程度的板结趋势,0~20、20~60 cm的表、根层土壤逐渐呈轻中度的盐渍化趋势,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾等养分含量呈显著降低趋势,土壤全磷、有效磷、全钾含量则无显著变化,土壤微生物数量呈显著降低趋势。滩涂青椒和韭菜连作大棚土壤基本不缺磷肥,但有补充氮肥、钾肥和有机肥的必要性。滩涂地区大棚青椒和韭菜连作3年后,土壤呈现较为严重的连作障碍特征,主要表现为严重的次生盐渍化、养分失衡和微生物环境恶化风险,全年棚期的青椒连作障碍风险尤为显著,因此提出滩涂大棚青椒和韭菜的连作年限应不超过2年。     

苏北海涂围垦区耕层土壤养分分级及其模糊综合评价

针对制约滩涂土壤资源开发利用的障碍因素,以苏北滨海滩涂围垦区为研究区域,应用模糊综合评价方法对耕层土壤养分进行了分级与定量评价,获取了区域土壤肥力状况分布.结果表明,研究区域土壤磷素和钾素相对富余,有机质和氮素含量偏低,氮素亏缺较为严重,尤其是碱解氮.模糊综合评价表明研究区土壤养分分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,主要集中在Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,并没有Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级土壤;尽管总体上处于Ⅱ级水平,但可认为其养分仍处于极贫乏状态.研究区不同部位土壤养分分级存在明显差异性,养分分级较低的部位作物生长状况较差,土壤盐渍化程度较高.研究结果为海涂围垦区中、低产地土壤培肥和农田精确施肥提供一定的参考依据.     

有机肥与覆盖方式对滩涂围垦农田水盐与作物产量的影响

针对土壤盐碱障碍因子普遍存在于新围垦滩涂农田并严重抑制作物生长的问题,设置了有机肥(鸡粪堆肥)、薄膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖及有机肥+薄膜覆盖、有机肥+秸秆覆盖组合措施,研究其对土壤水盐的调控作用与对作物生长的促进效应。结果表明:各调控均有利于滩涂围垦农田土壤水盐环境的改善、作物的生长,并整体表现出组合措施优于单项措施、秸秆覆盖优于薄膜覆盖的趋势。其中,有机肥+秸秆覆盖组合措施为调控措施中的优化处理,表现在土壤含水量高、土壤电导率与pH值低,作物产量高,增产率达100%以上。单施有机肥虽能增加土壤含水量、降低土壤pH值,但其土壤电导率升高了11.56%,产生了一定的次生盐渍化风险,与覆盖措施的组合能有效控制土壤盐分的表聚,使其显著低于对照,从而保证了有机肥的持续使用。该研究表明,有机肥与覆盖传统农艺措施的有效组合可较好地调控滩涂围垦农田土壤水盐,促进作物增产,该研究为苏北滩涂新垦农田盐碱障碍因子的消减及作物增产提供了一种新途径,也为当地有机肥及秸秆资源的可持续利用提供了依据。     

地膜秸秆复合覆盖改善龟裂碱土水盐特性提高油葵产量

为了提高盐碱地降水利用率,抑制化学(脱硫石膏)改良碱土过程中土壤盐分表聚及板结问题,该文以宁夏平罗县西大滩盐碱地试验站为例,设置了地膜秸秆复合覆盖(plastic and straw dual mulching,PSM)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,PM)、秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)和无覆盖常规种植(no mulching,CK)4个处理,探讨改良龟裂碱土过程中不同覆盖措施下旱地油葵的土壤水盐结构特征及其对产量的影响。结果表明,PSM处理有效提高了30~100 cm土层土壤贮水、持水能力,推迟油葵消耗相对深层60~100 cm土壤水分的时间;在30~90 cm土层,其水分活跃性显著高于其他处理;比单一覆盖抑盐效果佳,土壤盐分缓冲性增强,盐分表聚程度显著降低;同时能显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度。PSM处理提高了油葵苗期存活率和产量,其较PM、SM处理和CK分别增产35.45%,120.15%,87.80%(P0.05);PSM处理较PM、SM处理和CK的降水利用效率分别提高了14.71%、86.45%和59.05%(P0.05),其水分利用效率分别比SM和CK提高了10.80%和32.71%。综上,地膜秸秆复合覆盖(PSM)可增强土壤保墒抑盐能力,改善作物根区土壤水盐环境,提高天然降水的生产潜力;促进碱土改良初期的保苗增产,提高经济效益。     

覆盖方式对夏玉米土壤水分和产量的影响

为探索半湿润偏旱区不同覆盖栽培模式夏玉米田土壤蓄水保墒和增产效果,于2014年6-10月在陕西杨凌节水灌溉试验站,通过设置垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆（PSM）、全覆膜平作（PM）、覆秸秆平作（SM）、露地平作（CK）4种栽培模式进行玉米种植试验,对0-200cm土壤不同深度土层含水率进行全生育期动态监测,分析比较各种模式下土壤含水率、土层贮水量以及作物耗水量的变化规律,并结合产量资料计算各种种植模式的水分利用效率。结果表明：一次30.5mm降水过程结束后,PSM处理的集水作用最明显,降水2d后,垄沟中40cm土层土壤含水率最高,达35.8%。与降水2d后相比,降水6d后,CK、PSM处理沟中（PSM-F）、PM和SM处理40cm土层土壤含水率分别下降10.3%、2.9%、1.8%和0.2%,而PSM处理垄下（PSM-B）含水率则提高10.4%。PSM处理在干旱季沟中和垄下土壤含水量差异明显,降雨较多时,沟垄土壤含水率基本达到平衡。PSM、PM和SM处理能显著提高玉米生育期0-20cm土层贮水量,其中以PSM处理最为显著;各处理苗期以后20-100cm土层贮水量均低于对照;100-200cm土层贮水量以SM处理最高,PSM处理最低。夏玉米产量与拔节-灌浆期耗水量呈显著正相关（r=0.98*）。PSM、PM和SM处理的玉米产量较CK分别提高95.3%、83.1%和55.4%,水分利用效率较对照分别提高75.7%、71.0%和58.8%。研究结果表明垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆栽培模式能够显著提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,适宜在半湿润偏旱区夏玉米生产中应用。     

Maize growth responses to deep tillage, straw mulching and farmyard manure in coarse textured soils of N.W. India

Abstract. The effects of deep tillage, straw mulching and farmyard manure on maize growth in loamy sand and sandy loam soils were studied in experiments lasting three years. Treatments included all combinations of conventional tillage (10 cm deep) and deep tillage (35–40 cm deep), two farmyard manure rates (0 and 15 t/ha) and two mulch rates (0 and 6 t/ha), replicated three times in a randomixed block design.
Deep tillage decreased soil strength and caused deeper and denser rooting. Mulching decreased maximum soil temperature and kept the surface layers wetter resulting in better root growth. Farmyard manure also improved root growth, and the crop then extracted soil water more efficiently. All three treatments increased grain yield in the loamy sand, but in the sandy loam only tillage and farmyard manure increased yields significantly. Deep tillage and straw mulch effects varied with soil type and amount of rainfall in the growing season. In the loamy sand the mean responses to deep tillage and mulching were largest in a dry year. A tillage-mulch interaction was significant in the loamy sand.     

微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分和作物产量影响研究

黄淮海平原部分地区分布着相当大面积矿化度在2～5g/L之间的浅层微咸水,有很大开发利用潜力。如何对其进行安全有效地开发利用是目前急需研究的重要课题。通过微区定位试验,研究了鲁西北低平原地区小麦玉米两熟制下微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分与作物产量的影响以及麦秸覆盖对微咸水灌溉土壤盐分的调控作用。结果表明,麦季利用3～5g/L矿化度的微咸水补充灌溉,两年后没有发生积盐现象,微咸水灌溉带入土体的盐分通过咸淡水轮灌和雨季自然淋洗,1m土体总盐量达到周年平衡。麦秸覆盖能够改善盐分在土体中的垂直分布,使土壤根系分布密集层保持较低盐分水平,缓解盐分对作物的危害,并有显著的增产效果。两年试验结果表明,与淡水灌溉比较,微咸水灌溉配合麦秸覆盖对作物年产量无显著差异,而不配以覆盖则导致减产。     

Long-term effects of straw and farmyard manure on crop yields and soil properties

The effect of cereal straw with added mineral N fertilization on crop yields, N uptake, total organic C content and hot water soluble C content in topsoil and on the relationships between organic C content in topsoil and organic matter balance was evaluated in a long-term field experiment established in 1966. The effect of straw plus mineral N fertilization was similar to the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) in the dry matter yields and also in the N uptake by plants. The effect of straw and mineral N fertilization on the organic C accumulation in soil was inferior to the effect of farmyard manure. Relationships between organic matter balance and total organic C content in the topsoil was positive and statistically significant. A favourable effect of mineral NPK fertilization on the C sequestration to soil was related to the effect of FYM fertilization.     

秸秆深层覆盖对土壤水盐运移及小麦生长的影响

通过对秸秆不同覆盖方式的土柱模拟实验研究表明,秸秆深层覆盖在土壤中形成了一个毛细管障碍层,破坏了土壤毛细管的连续性,明显降低深层土壤水分蒸发,减少了深层土壤盐分向表层的运移;秸秆表层覆盖使土表与空气的接触面变小,利于土壤保水。深层秸秆结合表层秸秆覆盖对土壤的保水效果最好,而且抑制盐分的土壤表聚,减轻土壤盐分对作物生长的胁迫,降低土壤耕层的返盐,保证了作物正常生长。     

Soil amendments and seed priming influence nutrients uptake,soil properties,yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkali soils

The effects of soil amendments [i.e., control, gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM), and gypsum?+?FYM] and seed priming (i.e., unprimed, seed soaked in water for 10?hr prior to sowing, and seed soaked in 0.4% gypsum solution for 10?hr prior to sowing) were assessed on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in alkali soil in northwestern Pakistan. A split plot design was used, keeping priming methods in main plots and soil amendments in sub-plots. The results showed that the effects of soil amendments and seed priming on grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and number of spikes were significant but their interactive effect was non-significant. The highest crop yields and yield index were obtained with gypsum?+?FYM amendments, and seed priming with gypsum solution. The effect on seed emergence, plant height and number of grains per spike was, however, not significant. Grain yield increased by 104% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment over control and by 16.8% with seed primed in water, followed by 8.5% with priming in gypsum solution, as compared to non-priming. The weight of 1000 grains was significantly increased by 35% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment and by 15.8% in gypsum priming. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content increased with soil amendments. Soil pH and gypsum requirement reduced significantly with soil amendments. The blend of gypsum and FYM has improved the properties of salt-affected soil and enhanced fertility for optimum production of wheat in addition to the beneficial effect of seed priming in gypsum solution on crop yield. Using these amendments could be ameliorative in removing the adverse effect of the salt-affected soils, rendering the soil a good medium for plant growth.     

覆盖及水质对土壤水盐状况及油葵产量的影响

为了分析不同地面覆盖措施及灌溉水矿化度对土壤水盐分布特征及油葵产量影响,该文以无地面覆盖措施为对比,研究了秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖条件下,采用不同矿化度微咸水进行灌溉时的土壤水盐分布情况以及油葵部分生理指标及产量特征。结果表明：无论是采用淡水还是微咸水灌溉,与无覆盖措施相比较,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖均能有效的减少棵间蒸发,起到蓄水保墒的作用,且能有效地降低油葵主根层土壤的积盐程度;地面覆盖措施不同,油葵主根层土壤含水率随灌溉水矿化度的变化而变化的规律不同;灌溉水矿化度相同时,采取地面覆盖措施处理的油葵产量普遍大于不覆盖处理。因而采用微咸水灌溉油葵时,结合以一定的地面覆盖措施是十分必要的。     

Exploring optimal soil mulching to enhance maize yield and water use efficiency in dryland areas in China

Water and nutrient availability significantly limits global crop production, especially for dryland agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. To explore the optimal soil mulching options for the Loess Plateau in China, a 3-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of various soil mulching practices on soil temperature and the water use and grain yield of spring maize. The treatments included traditional flat farming (CK), narrow plastic film mulch (NM), wide plastic film mulch (WM) and narrow plastic film mulch?+?maize straw mulch between rows (MS). The results showed that MS treatment increased consistently soil temperature during the initial stages of maize growth, and more importantly, it reduced diurnal temperature variation. MS also increased in soil water storage by 10.1%, leading to the highest water use efficiency (WUE?=?30.9?kg?ha^?1?mm^?1) over CK on 3 year average. MS significantly increased maize yield and net income of farmers by up to 20%, compared to CK. In conclusion, optimisation of soil mulching strategies significantly enhanced crop yield and water productivity in dryland agriculture in China. Our study provides important guidance for exploring better soil management practice for dryland agriculture in the other regions of the world.     

Combined Effect of Poultry Manure and Soil Mulching on Soil Properties,Physiological Responses,Yields and Water-use Efficiencies of Sorghum Plants under Water Stress

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was planned to determine the effect of deficit irrigation, mulching and poultry manure application on sorghum grain, forage yield and water-use efficiencies. Two field experiments were conducted during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons at Demo farm, Fayoum, Egypt. Eighteen treatments comprising of two rates of rice straw as soil mulching (SM; zero and 10 ton per hectare), three irrigation treatments (I_100% = 100%, I_85% = 85% and I_70% = 70% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and three poultry manure (PM) levels (0, 24 and 36 ton per hectare) were studied under controlled surface irrigation system. Sorghum growth attributes (plant height, stem diameter, leave area), grain and forage yield, water-use efficiencies (G-WUE and F-WUE) were significantly (p < .05) affected by irrigation quantity and both soil mulch and poultry manure application. Poultry manure resulted in a significant decrease in soil bulk density, electrical conductivity (ECe), soil pH, hydraulic conductivity and total porosity, useful pores, and water holding pores were increased. The results showed that underwater scarcity, application of (I₈₅ × PM₃₆× SM₁₀) treatment was found to be favorable to save 15% of the applied irrigation water as compared to I₁₀₀, at the time produced the same sorghum yields.