水分胁迫对葡萄果实白藜芦醇合成相关基因表达的影响

为探究水分胁迫对葡萄果实白藜芦醇合成的影响,本研究以赤霞珠为试验材料,对其进行不同程度水分胁迫处理,测定葡萄果实白藜芦醇含量及白藜芦醇生物合成相关基因表达量。结果表明,葡萄果实进入转色期,PAL、4CL、STS基因随白藜芦醇合成而大量表达;不同水分胁迫处理均能增加葡萄果实白藜芦醇含量,同时提高白藜芦醇合成相关基因的表达量,不同水分胁迫处理间存在差异;水分胁迫对果实转色前期和后期PAL、STS基因表达的促进作用最为显著,但水分胁迫显著降低了CHS基因的表达量。相关性分析表明,白藜芦醇含量与PAL、STS基因的表达量呈显著正相关,表明水分胁迫主要通过诱导PAL、STS基因表达来增加果实白藜芦醇含量。本研究结果为进一步阐明葡萄白藜芦醇合成调控机制奠定了理论基础。     

Magnetic resonance imaging for nondestructive analysis of wine grapes

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study the growth and ripening of grape berries for three varieties. The results show that this technique allows the visualization of internal characteristics of berries using noninvasive procedures in order to obtain the volume and degrees Brix distribution within a cluster. Samples of Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenère, and Chardonnay varieties collected over the 2002 season were analyzed. Calibration models were developed to correlate soluble solids (degrees Brix) against spin-lattice relaxation time t(1) and spin-spin relaxation time t(2). The correlation of degrees Brix and t(1) was R(2) = 0.75 for Cabernet Sauvignon, R(2) = 0.8 for Carmenère, and R(2) = 0.65 for Chardonnay. In the case of t(2) the correlation was significantly lower. Reconstruction techniques for the three-dimensional representation of clusters were developed, allowing an interactive visualization of the bunches. The method also provides volume measurements of single berries and their distribution within the cluster with an accuracy of 3% and R(2) = 0.98. These results show the potential of MRI in the wine industry for both monitoring and research. Not only does it provide quantitative information about the berries such as volume and degrees Brix distributions, but it can also be used to support the sampling procedures by providing a better cluster characterization.     

E26菌剂对葡萄悬浮细胞防卫反应基因pal和sts表达的影响

摘要：以苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL）和1,2-二苯乙烯合成酶（stilbene synthase, STS）作为抗性反应指标，对秋黑（Vitis romanetii cv.Qiuhei）和赤霞珠（V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon）葡萄悬浮细胞系在根癌病生防制剂—E26(Agrobacterium vitis )菌剂的不同组分（E26菌体细胞、发酵液和代谢液）处理后的PAL酶活性及防卫反应基因pal和sts的转录进行了研究。在E26菌体细胞处理后12~48 h、E26发酵液处理后的4~48 h和E26代谢液处理后的12~48 h，秋黑和赤霞珠的PAL酶活性均明显高于对照。Dot blotting显示，在E26菌体细胞处理后的12~48 h，秋黑和赤霞珠的pal和sts的转录表达量（mRNA）均明显高于对照; E26发酵液处理后，秋黑在4~48 h的pal转录表达量明显高于对照，赤霞珠在4~12 h的pal转录表达量明显高于对照；秋黑和赤霞珠在4~48 h的sts转录表达量均明显高于对照; E26代谢液处理后，秋黑在4~48 h的pal转录表达量明显高于对照，赤霞珠在4~24 h的pal转录表达量明显高于对照；秋黑和赤霞珠在6~48 h的sts转录表达量均明显高于对照。     

Levels of stilbene oligomers and astilbin in French varietal wines and in grapes during noble rot development

Phenolics from grapes and wines can play a role against oxidation and development of atherosclerosis. Stilbenes have been shown to have cancer chemopreventive activity and to protect lipoproteins from oxidative damage. A method for the direct determination of stilbene oligomers (viniferin and pallidol) as well as astilbin in different types of wine using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection is described. In a survey of 21 commercial wines from the south of France, levels of pallidol and viniferin are reported for the first time in different types of wines. Viniferin was found to be present only in red and botrytized sweet white wines with levels between 0.1 and 1.63 mg/L; pallidol was not found in dry and sweet white wines but only in wines made by maceration with stems, with levels between 0.38 and 2.22 mg/L. Highest levels of astilbin were found in Egiodola (15.13 mg/L), Merlot (11.61 mg/L), and Cabernet Sauvignon (8.24 mg/L) for red wines and in Sauvignon (5.04 mg/L) for white varietal wines. Astilbin levels are highest for recent vintages, but pallidol is not found in older vintages. During noble rot development in Sauvignon or Sémillon grapes from the Sauternes area, levels of trans-astringin, trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, and pallidol are quite low (<0.5 mg/kg of grapes). Viniferin and astilbin levels become optimum at 2 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, during spot grape and speckle grape stages.     

1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic characterization of wines by grape varieties and production areas

(1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the metabolic differences in wines produced from different grape varieties and different regions. A significant separation among wines from Campbell Early, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Shiraz grapes was observed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The metabolites contributing to the separation were assigned to be 2,3-butanediol, lactate, acetate, proline, succinate, malate, glycerol, tartarate, glucose, and phenolic compounds by PCA and PLS-DA loading plots. Wines produced from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes harvested in the continental areas of Australia, France, and California were also separated. PLS-DA loading plots revealed that the level of proline in Californian Cabernet Sauvignon wines was higher than that in Australian and French Cabernet Sauvignon, Australian Shiraz, and Korean Campbell Early wines, showing that the chemical composition of the grape berries varies with the variety and growing area. This study highlights the applicability of NMR-based metabolomics with multivariate statistical data sets in determining wine quality and product origin.     

Detailed characterization of proanthocyanidins in skin, seeds, and wine of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon wine grapes (Vitis vinifera)

The distribution of proanthocyanidin (PA) polymer lengths, proanthocyanidin concentration at each polymer length, and polymer composition were determined in the seed, skin, and wine of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries grown in southeast Australia. PA was fractionated by semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by phloroglucinolysis and HPLC to report the degree of polymerization (DP), concentration, and composition at 11 DP values in seed and wine and 21 DP values in skin. In skin, the highest PA concentration was observed at a DP of 31 in Shiraz and 29 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing 15% of the total PA in both varieties. The distribution of seed PA had the highest concentration at a DP of 7 in Shiraz and 6 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing around 30% of the total PA. In the wine PA distribution, the highest concentration was observed at a DP of 11 in Shiraz and 9 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing around 26 and 32% of the distribution, respectively. A second peak in wine PA concentration was observed at the largest DP of 18 in Shiraz and 15 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing around 20% of the distribution. The composition in wine did not vary at different DP, but the proportion of epicatechin gallate varied in seed PA less than 4 DP. The proportion of epigallocatechin increased with increasing DP in skin PA. Wine PA had a DP range and composition similar to the distribution of skin PA between DP 4 and 18 suggesting that larger skin PAs are not extracted into wine. This study provides information that could be used to target the important PA fractions in grapes that need to be measured to understand (or predict) PA extraction into wine and eventual mouthfeel.     

Method for the quantitative extraction of resveratrol and piceid isomers in grape berry skins. Effect of powdery mildew on the stilbene content

A simple method for the quantitative extraction of resveratrol and its glycosides from grape berry skins has been developed. Optimal conditions for the extraction were investigated. Type of solvent, time, and temperature assayed influenced resveratrol and piceid yield. Adequate extraction was attained with ethanol/water (80:20 v/v) maintained at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Recovery (>96%) and reproducibility (6.83-15.13%) were satisfactory. After extraction, resveratrol and piceid isomers were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a ultraviolet-visible diode array detector. The amounts detected in 13 samples of 7 different varieties analyzed were, on average, 92.33 microg/g of dry skin for cis-piceid, 42.19 microg/g of dry skin for trans-piceid, and 24.06 microg/g of dry skin for trans-resveratrol. cis-Resveratrol was not detected in any sample. In grape berries infected by powdery mildew the contentw of these compounds were considerably increased and the degree of infection was positively related to their stilbene content.     

Fate of resveratrol and piceid through different hop processings and storage times

Trans-Piceid and trans-resveratrol contents of hop cones, hop pellets, CO2 extracts, and spent hop from American varieties (harvest 2004) were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry [RP-HPLC-APCI(+)-MS/MS]. Pelletization induced strong stilbene degradation in some cultivars. Similarly, 1 year of storage at 4 degrees C led to a huge loss of trans-piceid, especially in the case of hop cones (much faster than in model media, although well protected from light and oxygen). Therefore, after 8 months of storage, the overall stilbene content was in the same range whatever the conditioned form. Absent in fresh hop cones or pellets, cis-resveratrol was released from cis-piceid in all stored samples. On the other hand, no delta-viniferin was detected despite it is present in light-protected model media spiked with trans-piceid. Because supercritical carbon dioxide proved inefficient for recovering resveratrol and piceid from pellets, spent hop emerged as the most interesting material for subsequent specific stilbene extraction.     

酿酒葡萄果-蒂振动分离试验

为深入研究酿酒葡萄果-蒂振动分离特性,寻求影响分离效果因素的最优组合,该文基于酿酒葡萄做变速运动产生惯性力克服葡萄果-蒂连接力实现分离的原理,搭建了曲柄摇杆机构分离率测定装置。通过对曲柄摇杆机构运动及果-蒂分离临界条件的分析,构建了果-蒂振动分离模型,确定电机转速、偏心距离及摇杆长度为主要影响因素,并针对霞多丽和赤霞珠品种开展试验研究。结果表明:影响酿酒葡萄分离率显著因子的主次顺序为偏心距离、摇杆长度和电机转速;赤霞珠品种较霞多丽品种更适合机械采收;当转速为245 r/min,偏心距离为75 mm,摇杆长度为200 mm时,赤霞珠分离率为95.2%,葡萄果-蒂分离的频率范围为2.11~3.69 Hz,葡萄穗梗处的振幅为169.8 mm。该文研究结果可为酿酒葡萄收获装置的设计提供理论依据。     

中国野生葡萄抗白粉病基因RAPD标记的克隆及序列分析

对获得的中国野生葡萄抗白粉病基因RAPD标记OPW02-1756、OPO11-964、OPY13- 661、OPB11- 520、OPW05-766、OPV03-1365和OPJ16-759进行了回收、克隆、测序及序列分析。结果表明,7个RAPD标记的实际长度分别是1756bp、964bp、661bp、520bp、766bp、1365bp和759bp。OPW02-1756序列与3条欧洲葡萄cDNA克隆获得的EST序列有94 ~ 98%的同源性。OPO11- 964序列与欧洲葡萄“赤霞珠”的1条EST序列有93%同源性,与“霞多丽”的2条果实不同发育时期获得的EST序列有90%和87%的同源性,与甜橙在多种病原菌侵染后通过cDNA文库获得的1条EST序列有83%的同源性。OPO11-964最大的一个阅读框架包含444个碱基,编码147个氨基酸,该氨基酸序列和21个其它生物的未知功能蛋白序列有部分相似性。OPY13-661序列与欧洲葡萄16条EST序列有同源性,其中与“赤霞珠”cDNA克隆的EST有较高的同源性, 与“霞多丽”的2条叶片非生物胁迫有关的EST序列同源性均为89%。OPB11-520序列与拟南芥基因组4条未知功能DNA序列有94%同源性。OPW05-766序列与来自于酿酒葡萄的GAG-POL 前提有50%的同源性。OPV03-1365序列与水稻基因组6条序列有81 ~ 88%的同源性,与拟南芥基因组3条序列有84 ~ 91%的同源性。OPJ16-759与欧洲葡萄“霞多丽”叶片14条非生物胁迫EST序列有83 ~ 100%的同源性,与欧洲葡萄“Cabsau”浆果3条水分胁迫的EST序列有94 ~ 100%的同源性。     

Composition and cellular localization of tannins in Cabernet Sauvignon skins during growth

For two successive years, cell walls were isolated from the internal part of skin cells of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries grown in a vineyard. Procyanidin localization and composition were determined over the course of development. Tannins were mainly localized in the inner cell fraction, due to their biosynthesis and storage. Cell wall tannins always exhibited a higher mean degree of polymerization as compared to the internal cell fraction, which had a constant mDP. The mDP of cell wall tannins also tended to increase at the end of maturation. Our results suggest tannin polymerization near the cell wall but an aggregation in the vacuole during growth. The tannin composition was typical of skins, and small differences were noted between the two cell parts. Surprisingly, epigallocatechin-3-gallate was also detected, although in a very small amount. Epicatechin was present in significant proportions in both fractions, especially as an extension subunit, while epigallocatechin was likewise abundant, also as a terminal subunit. Last, procyanidin composition and organization seemed to be characteristic of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety.     

Content of the flavonols myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in finnish berry wines

The amounts of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol were analyzed in 16 red and 2 white berry and grape wines after acid hydrolysis using an RP-HPLC method with diode array detection. The red berry wines analyzed were made mainly from black currant, crowberry, and bog whortleberry, i.e., berries rich in flavonols. The red grape wines were made mainly from Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot grapes in several countries. The white wines studied were gooseberry and white currant wines and Chardonnay and Riesling wines. The amount of myricetin ranged from 3.8 to 22.6 mg L(-1) in red berry wines and from 0 to 14.6 mg L(-1) in red grape wines. The amount of quercetin was from 2.2 to 24.3 mg L(-1) red berry wines and from <1.2 to 19.4 mg L(-1) in red grape wines. Low levels of kaempferol were found in all red berry wines and in 9 red grape wines. The total concentration of these flavonols was from 6 to 46 mg L(-1) (mean 20 mg L(-1)) in red berry wines and from 4 to 31 mg L(-1) (mean 15 mg L(-1)) in red grape wines. Small amounts of quercetin were found in white currant and gooseberry wines, whereas no flavonols were detected in white grape wines. These results demonstrate that the contents of flavonols in red     

Ethephon elicits protection against Erysiphe necator in grapevine

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is susceptible to many pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, Plasmopara viticola, Erysiphe necator, and Eutypa lata. Phytochemicals are used extensively in vineyards to reduce pathogen infections, but the appearance of pesticide-resistant pathogen strains and the need for environmental protection require the use of alternative strategies. The phytohormone ethylene is assumed to play a role in the development of disease resistance. In the present study, we have treated grapevine foliar cuttings (Cabernet Sauvignon) with ethylene-releasing ethephon. This resulted in an increase in the number of pathogenesis-related protein (CHIT4c, PIN, PGIP, and GLU) gene copies and in an enhancement of phytoalexin biosynthesis by inducing the PAL and STS genes that correlated with the accumulation of stilbenes (antimicrobial compounds). Moreover, ethephon treatment triggered the protection of grapevine detached leaves and grapevine foliar cuttings against Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of powdery mildew (64% and 70%, respectively). These studies emphasize the major role of ethylene in grapevine defense.     

Postharvest stilbene-enrichment of red and white table grape varieties using UV-C irradiation pulses

The red table grape varieties Flame, Red Globe, Crimson, and Napoleon, as well as the white varieties Superior, Dominga, and Moscatel Italica, were irradiated with a previously optimized UV-C postharvest irradiation protocol (510 W, 40 cm, 60 s). The induction kinetics of the stilbenes trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, trans-piceatannol, trans-astringin, and viniferins was followed by using HPLC-DAD/MS/MS. The most inducible stilbenes were trans-resveratrol, trans-piceatannol, and viniferins. Both quantitative and qualitative differences were observed in both the stilbene induction kinetics and stilbene content in the seven table grapes analyzed here. The total resveratrol content ranged from 0.69 mg/100 g fw (Dominga) to 2.3 mg/100 g fw (Red Globe). The net resveratrol induction ranged from 3.4-fold (Flame) to 2315-fold (Red Globe). The highest viniferins content was observed in the variety Flame (0.73 mg/100 g fw), although the variety Red Globe presented the highest viniferins induction (175-fold). The highest content and induction of piceatannol (0.17 mg/100 g fw and 173-fold, respectively) was observed in the variety Flame. It should be stressed that taking into account the health-beneficial effects claimed for stilbenes, the UV-C irradiated table grapes can be considered as new functional fruits that can supply (a serving of unpeeled 200 g table grapes) the resveratrol content (depending on the variety) equivalent to more than seven glasses of red wine ( approximately 1.5 L) with high resveratrol content.     

Determination of stilbenes in hop pellets from different cultivars

About 30% of the polyphenols in wort and beer derive from hop, but little is yet known about their nutritional impact. The recent discovery of trans-resveratrol and piceid isomers in hop opens new doors to understanding beer health benefits. In the present work, resveratrol was quantified by HPLC-APCI-MS/MS in pellets from 9 different cultivars. Concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 mg/kg trans-piceid, from 2 to 6 mg/kg cis-piceid, and up to 1 mg/kg trans-resveratrol were detected. As previously shown for total polyphenols and flavonoids, the lower the alpha-acid content, the higher the total stilbene content.     

Stilbenes and tyrosol as target compounds in the assessment of antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of Vitis vinifera red wines from southern Brazil

The contents of stilbene monomers, cis-resveratrol, trans-resveratrol, cis-piceid, trans-piceid, and tyrosol, were quantified in Vitis vinifera red wines, cvs. Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Sangiovese, and Syrah, 2006 and 2007 vintages, from the Sa?o Joaquim region, a new grape-growing region at southern Brazil. Moreover, the effect of chronic consumption of these wines on the antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities was monitored in C57BL6 LDL receptor knockout mice and treated with a hypercholesterolemic diet. Red wines from this region had substantial levels of resveratrols (the predominant forms were glycoside and trans) and tyrosol. Biomonitoring of antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities in vivo revealed that consumption of these wines increased the antioxidant capacity and reduced the hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia promoted by the hypercholesterolemic diet. Significant correlations were found between the increase of antioxidant capacity markers, the decrease of lipid levels promoted by wine consumption, and the contents of stilbenes and tyrosol, supporting the important biological activity of these compounds.     

Variations in the profile and content of anthocyanins in wines made from cabernet sauvignon and hybrid grapes

To detect adulteration of wine, it has been proposed that the ratio of acetylated to p-coumaroylated conjugates of nine characteristic anthocyanins can be used to determine whether a wine is derived from Cabernet Sauvignon or hybrid grapes. If the ratio is >3, then a wine is classified as being derived from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. This test has significant commercial implications as it is being used to decide whether Cabernet Sauvignon-labeled wines are genuine and can be imported into Germany. To assess whether this is a valid approach, 24 wines were analyzed, 4 of which were made from hybrids and 20 from Cabernet Sauvignon, with vintages ranging from 1993 to 2000. Only 13 of the Cabernet Sauvignon wines contained all nine of the "characteristic" anthocyanins, and the ratio of acetylated to p-coumaroylated derivatives varied from 1.2 to 6.5. It is evident that the use of the anthocyanin ratio method is flawed and that examination of the whole anthocyanin profile and/or investigation of the proportion of monoglucoside and acetylated anthocyanins is a better approach to distinguish between hybrid and Cabernet Sauvignon wines.