用热管换热器回收密闭式鸡舍冬季换气中的余热

中国北方地区冬季气温低且冬季长，鸡舍结构上多采用密闭式以保温，使得冬季舍内空气质量恶化，须强制通风换气以保证空气质量，其结果使舍内气温降低。各种鸡舍在通风换气下舍温仅-2～3℃(东北地区舍温更低)，导致蛋鸡舍在冬季的生产性能下降5%～10%。由于冬季舍内排出的废气与补充的新风温差可达10～25℃，废气与新风还有湿度差，废气余热(包括显热和极少量的潜热)有一定的利用价值。为解决通风换气与保温这一对矛盾，该文提出将热管换热器用于回收密闭式鸡舍冬季排出废气中的余热。利用热管换热器可以将废气的50%以上余热回收以加热由舍外强制送入鸡舍的新风，以适当提高新风的温度。文中对热管换热器作了传热及阻力设计计算，对一定工况进行了参数优化并编制了通用程序。将热管换热器系统运用在鸡舍中运行，热管换热器实测热效率可达50%～65%，可节能、节省饲料 、提高产蛋率，有一定的推广价值。     

气-气换热器对太阳能再生装置性能的影响

再生装置是太阳能蒸发除湿降温系统的重要组成部分,但普遍存在再生性能较低的问题。为了提高再生性能,将气-气换热器加装于再生装置中用于回收部分空气余热。讨论了两种再生装置的特点,测试了加装前后再生装置的性能。试验结果表明：再生装置的除湿增量、再生效率都随着太阳能热水温度的升高而提高;气-气换热器的加装能有效提高再生装置的再生性能,除湿量可以达到40～55 g/kg,较未加装时提高了35～45 g/kg;再生效率在热水温度90℃时可以达到60%,同等温度下高出未加装换热器50%。因此,余热的回收利用对于再生装置性能的提高至关重要。     

模式搜索算法在地埋管换热器热阻确定中的应用

为了准确确定土壤源热泵系统地埋管换热器的热物性参数和热阻,该文以地埋管换热器线热源模型为基础,结合土壤的热响应试验,提出了一种应用模式搜索算法确定土壤综合导热系数和地埋管换热器热阻的方法。搜索算法实施时,热阻作为一个待定参数,不必考虑换热器的各项物理参数,降低了运算工作量。试验实测结果表明,应用模式搜索算法后该文试验条件下确定的土壤综合导热系数的相对误差为1.42%,热阻的相对误差为1.73%;通过与其他方法比较,模式搜索算法确定的参数的相对误差较小,算法精度较高,可靠性较高;该研究结果为土壤源热泵系统的设计与应用提供参考。     

甘肃省中东部农户地膜应用及回收现状

为了解甘肃省中东部地区农户地膜应用、回收状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年3月26日—4月1日采用手机问卷方式,在甘肃中东部开展了地膜应用及回收情况调查。结果显示:调查区域主要种植有玉米、小麦、蔬菜和马铃薯等作物覆膜面积占种植面积的73.2%;种植不同作物的调查农户中,99.3%玉米种植户采用覆膜技术,28.5%、77.1%、57.9%和52.1%种植户分别对小麦、蔬菜、马铃薯和其他作物采用覆膜技术;甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收方式主要为人工捡拾,占调查对象的89.3%;回收残膜的农户中47.7%的农户将残膜交给回收网点,28.3%在地头焚烧,13.8%将其堆放田间,7.9%进行填埋处理,还有2.2%采取其他方式处理;调查作物的地膜回收作业率均在80.0%以上,其中蔬菜高达99.3%;按照人工回收作业的地膜离田率为80%和90%分别估算,2018年甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收率达74.2%和83.5%,其中蔬菜上地膜回收情况最好,分别为79.4%和89.4%。目前甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收工作仍存在回收难度大、回收机械化强度不够、回收地膜处置不当,政府支持力度不够等问题。政府和相关部门应加大地膜新国家标准宣传及执行力度,制定相关扶持和奖励机制,提高地膜回收的机械化程度,快速推动农膜回收及资源化利用工作,为合理应用地膜及农膜污染防控提供数据支撑。此外,手机调查地膜应用及回收系统的启用,能快速有效地获得一手数据,为未来全面快速获取中国地膜应用回收的基础数据提供借鉴。     

小型玉米收获机的使用现状与问题分析

玉米收获机械化是玉米生产全程机械化的一个重要标志,在东北地区实现玉米全程生产机械化的意义非常重大。玉米生产从春天整地开始,一直到播种以及播种后的化学药剂除草,早已实现了机械化。收获环节实现机械化一直是一个难题,主要是山区和半山区的地块小而分散,大中型玉米收获机在山区和半山区无用武之地。近两年,直到小型玉米收获机的广泛推广应用才真正解决了这一难题。调研发现,小型玉米收获机在东北地区的推广过程也不是一帆风顺的。开始农民的积极性很高,但最初生产的小型玉米收获机还不够成熟,收获质量差,效率低,故障率高。生产企业经过近几年改型升级,产品性能和作业质量有了很大提高,小型玉米收获机也逐渐被农民所接受。基于此,对小型玉米收获机的使用现状和调研过程中发现的问题加以分析,并提出一些解决办法和建议,希望能对小型玉米收获机的生产企业和广大农民有所帮助。     

广西巴马小型猪肥胖基因（leptin）成熟肽序列的cDNA克隆、序列分析

以广西巴马小型猪的脂肪组织总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR扩增出巴马小型猪的leptin基因成熟肽序列,经纯化回收后连接到pMD18-T载体上,经鉴定后测序。研究结果表明,本试验克隆到leptin基因成熟肽cDNA序列,其长度为441bp,与GenBank中报道的猪leptin成熟肽cDNA序列同源性高达99．06％,与奶牛、家鼠、马等物种的成熟肽cDNA序列间同源性可达到84．5％以上,证明leptin基因具有较高的保守性。同时发现,与普通猪相比,巴马小型猪leptin基因成熟肽cDNA序列有四处存在碱基突变,均为元义突变。     

空调降温兔舍热回收通风设备的节能效果

为缓解中国南方湿热气候下夏季兔舍中降温与通风之间矛盾,一种改进的热回收通风设备应用于空调降温繁殖兔舍中,拟解决空调制冷运行能耗成本高的问题。在制冷空调运行阶段,室外气温在31～39℃时,兔舍内温度维持在22～27℃。选取两间均使用空调降温的兔舍分别作为处理舍和对照舍,处理舍中使用热回收通风设备降低通风带来的能量损失,对照舍中没有通风。试验结果表明,相比于对照舍,处理舍中因为通风的原因,温度提高了1.4℃,但同时舍内的NH3和CO2浓度分别降低10%和21%。在整个炎热季节中,热回收的应用能够降低10.2%的空调能耗,热回收效率达到63.3%。试验中,当室内外温度差高于5.1℃时运行热回收通风才是经济的,在中国东南地区典型夏季气候下,一年有501 h满足节能运行的要求,每平米兔舍总计能够节约电量为4.6 kWh。此外,热回收设备的压降和管道系统的通风组织,是提高热回收通风效果的潜在重要因素。     

高寒地区沼气发酵料液加热增温装置传热特性

在北方高寒地区,为了保证沼气厌氧发酵所需的稳定温度,同时考虑到沼气生产的成本和能量平衡等因素,本研究提出以沼气生产系统自身产出的沼气为燃料,以沼气热水锅炉为热源,通过水—发酵料液换热器对进入发酵反应器的料液进行加热增温的模式,并应用威尔逊图解法,对加热增温系统所选用的水-发酵料液浸没蛇管式换热器的传热特性进行了试验研究,得到了换热器壳侧水的表面传热系数、管内侧发酵料液的表面传热系数等参数的变化规律。该研究结果将为今后加热发酵料液用浸没蛇管式换热器的理论计算和结构设计提供依据。     

土壤源热泵系统运行特性的快速预测方法

土壤源热泵系统的逐时运行特性预测对于系统设计和运行策略评估是十分重要的。该文在分析地埋管换热器传热基本原理的基础上,通过与动态负荷作用下"负荷叠加"的G函数法的对比,提出了一种热泵系统运行特性的快速预测方法。在进行年逐时运行特性预测时,通过与采用有限长线热源模型加准三维钻孔热阻模型换热器的某热泵系统算例计算结果的比较,该文预测方法对应的主要性能指标相对误差均低于1%,计算耗时仅为原方法的1/1000。该方法对于土壤源热泵系统的设计和应用具有十分重要的意义。     

小型冷库多效冷凝制冷机组的能耗及节能分析

为解决目前我国小型冷库用风冷机组在高温季节运行时存在耗能大、制冷效率低、开机时间过长、压缩机排气压力超高造成故障停机等问题,设计研制出一种集风冷、水冷和蒸发冷却于一体的多效冷凝制冷机组。以10 t保鲜冷库（0～3℃）为试验库,在室外温度36℃左右的条件下,利用热电偶、数据采集系统、三相电参量监测仪和计算机处理系统等对多效冷凝制冷机组进行了节能和安全高效运行的试验研究。试验表明：多效冷凝制冷机组平均每次降温用时仅0.38 h,与风冷机组比较,节电46%以上,压缩机排气温度降低了28.79℃,排气压力降低了0.9 MPa。多效冷凝制冷机组的翅片管簇式换热器冷凝温度较低、温度场均匀。因此,多效冷凝制冷机组应用于小型冷库节能效果显著,属节能、高效、安全型制冷机组。     

Heat expanded starch-based compositions

A heat expansion process similar to that used for expanded bead polystyrene was used to expand starch-based compositions. Foam beads made by solvent extraction had the appearance of polystyrene beads but did not expand when heated due to an open-cell structure. Nonporous beads, pellets, or particles were made by extrusion or by drying and milling cooked starch slurries. The samples expanded into a low-density foam by heating 190-210 degrees C for more than 20 s at ambient pressures. Formulations containing starch (50-85%), sorbitol (5-15%), glycerol (4-12%), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVAL, 5-15%), and water (10-20%) were studied. The bulk density was negatively correlated to sorbitol, glycerol, and water content. Increasing the EVAL content increased the bulk density, especially at concentrations higher than 15%. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) increased the bulk density more than EVAL. The bulk density was lowest in samples made of wheat and potato starch as compared to corn starch. The expansion temperature for the starch pellets decreased more than 20 degrees C as the moisture content was increased from 10 to 25%. The addition of EVAL in the formulations decreased the equilibrium moisture content of the foam and reduced the water absorption during a 1 h soaking period.     

考虑土壤分层的竖直埋管换热器传热特性研究

建立柱热源的分层土壤地埋管传热模型,利用分层岩土热响应试验验证模型的准确性,并与均质土壤模型比较分析了不同工况下地埋管换热器的传热特性。结果表明:使用均质土壤模型分析地埋管换热器传热特性会低估该埋管系统的换热能力,在变进口流体温度、变进口流体流速和变管径工况下,用均质土壤模型估算的单位管长换热量及钻孔平均导热系数,比分层土壤模型估算值分别低7.00%和6.62%、6.20%和6.19%、6.57%和6.56%;由于分层土壤模型考虑了土壤热物性沿埋管轴向分布、土壤温度也呈分层非均匀分布的特点。分层土壤、均质土壤模型模拟的最大热作用半径基本相同,且随着模拟时间的延长,分层土壤模型模拟土壤温度场温度分布呈均匀化趋势。由此可见,分层土壤模型可更好的揭示土壤热特性、热传导及热分布规律,将其应用于不同实际工况的系统设计计算可为工程量和工程费用的合理估算提供支持。     

蓄热过程中竖直U型地埋管周围土壤传热规律

为了探讨不同因素对竖直U型地埋管周围土壤传热规律影响,在试验验证基础上,基于有限元分析法建立二维非稳态物理数学模型,分析了土壤类型、地埋管管径、热流密度、地埋管管脚间距和热泵运行模式对竖直U型地埋管周围土壤温升率和热作用区域的影响。研究表明:地埋管附近土壤温升率随热泵运行时间的增加呈现先迅速增大后下降最后趋于稳定的变化规律;热作用区域随热泵运行时间的增加而增加;轻土适合作为地源热泵长期运行的蓄热材料;土壤温升率及热作用区域均随地埋管管径和热流密度的增加而增加;热泵间歇运行时,土壤温升率曲线表现为先上升后下降,且随热泵开停比的减小而减小。在本研究计算条件下,地埋管管脚间距宜取120 mm。经试验验证,本研究所建模型吻合度较好,其最大误差为1.4%。     

半干旱区土壤热量传递的慢过程对波恩比法估算感热和潜热的影响

感热和潜热的估算在陆气、海气相互作用的研究中具有重要意义;波恩比法是估算感热和潜热的重要方法,它以其低廉、简单和无需知道近地层动力特征的特点而被普遍使用。利用黄土高原陆面过程试验(LOPEX)的观测资料,研究了半干旱区热量在土壤中传递的慢过程对波恩比法估算感热和潜热的影响。结果发现,反映慢过程的传输线法和四边形法比不考虑慢过程的常规法在波恩比法估算感热和潜热的精度方面有一定提高,而反映慢过程的三角形法估算精度低于常规法,究其原因是三角形法计算复杂所致。所以,扣除计算中的不确定因素,考虑慢过程在一定程度上可以提高半干旱区波恩比法的估算精度。     

Yard Waste Composting with Heat Recovery

? The feasibility of yard waste composting in a closed continuous reactor with heat recovery has been investigated. Results obtained in this research are reported and discussed. In the system, the recovered energy (heat) can be transformed by a heat pump in hot water both for domestic and for residential heating. The organic fertilizer produced can be used in horticulture.     

Heat output of the soil biomass

Amending soils with glucose (5 mg g^?1) resulted in an immediate increase in microbial activity and within 30 min the rates of heat output and respiration at 22° C were increased by up to 17.8 and 23.4 times, respectively. The increased rate of heat output remained stable for up to 6 h and there was good correlation with the amount of CO₂ respired. The soil biomass was calculated by the method of Anderson and Domsch (1978). The rate of heat output of the biomass varied in different soils and ranged from 11.5 to 83.7 Jh^?1 g^?1 biomass C. In glucose-amended soils, however, the rate of heat output was much more consistent; the soils were in two groups having between 169–265 Jh^?1g^?1 biomass C or 454–482 J h^?1 g^?1 biomass C, both the latter two soils were from pasture. The increased rate of heat output from the amended soils was lower than expected from the respiration rate and the heat of oxidation of glucose, suggesting that a proportion of the CO₂ respired was from catabolism of substrates other than glucose. Use of ¹⁴C-glucose confirmed that between 57–91% of the CO₂ was derived from the glucose substrate.     

铁线莲品种耐热性分析及评价指标筛选

为探讨南方夏季高温对铁线莲生理生化的影响,筛选耐热品种并建立耐热性评价体系,于2015年5-8月,以20个铁线莲品种为试验材料,对其高温半致死温度及高温胁迫下植株热害指数(HII)、相对电导率(REC)、萎蔫程度(WD)等10个生理生化指标性进行测定,并采用主成分、隶属函数、聚类分析和逐步回归等方法对其耐热性进行综合评价。结果表明,20个品种可以分为耐高温、较耐高温、高温较敏感和高温敏感4个类型,其中罗曼蒂克、如古和浪子耐热性较强;高温半致死温度可作为耐热性评价的指标;建立了以HII、REC、叶绿素(CC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等6个指标为变量的铁线莲耐热评价模型。本研究结果为铁线莲品种栽培适应性评价体系的建立和耐热型铁线莲品种选育提供了理论依据。     

Heat inactivation and reactivation of broccoli peroxidase

Heat inactivation characteristics differed for acidic (A), neutral (N), and basic (B) broccoli peroxidase. At 65 degrees C, A was the most heat stable followed by N and B. The activation energies for denaturation were 388, 189, and 269 kJ/mol for A, N, and B, respectively. Reactivation of N occurred rapidly, within 10 min after the heated enzyme was cooled and incubated at room temperature. The extent of reactivation varied from 0 to 50% depending on the isoenzyme and heating conditions (temperature and time). The denaturation temperature allowing the maximum reactivation was 90 degrees C for A and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 70 and 80 degrees C for B and N, respectively. In all cases, heat treatment at low temperatures for long times prevented reactivation of the heated enzymes. Calcium (5 mM) increased the thermal stability of N and B but had no effect on reactivation. The presence of 0.05% bovine serum albumin decreased thermal stability but increased the extent of reactivation of A..     

Heat of immersion of soil allophanic clays

Amorphous soil inorganic materials, specifically allophane. are believed to have a marked effect on soil properties and soil productivity, even in a relatively small amount, due to their large specific surface area, peculiar nature of surface and high chemical reactivity. They seem be present in soils, more or less, but determination of their content is generally semiquantitative or not fully reliable, because allophane includes aluminosilicates in a wide range of chemical composition and of properties, and any satisfactory, quantitative analytical method has not been established.     

Heat transfer through covering materials of greenhouses

Conductive, convective and radiative heat transfers are evaluated through single and double walls for a series of materials used as greenhouse covers. Among others, radiative exchanges explicitly take into account the far-infrared partial transmittance of many synthetic materials. The k-values are proposed for cloudless sky, wind speed = 4 m s⁻¹, outside temperature = −10°C. and inside temperature = 20°C. The influence of the wind speed, overcast sky, rain or condensation and thickness of the wall is investigated.