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1.
准确测量坡面径流小区集流桶含沙量是定量精准监测坡面土壤侵蚀的关键,野外径流小区观测方法测量精度、影响因素及其适用性的研究是实际应用的基础。该研究以第四纪红土为研究对象,采用室内模拟试验,对比不同含沙量(1.05、5.07、10.49、50.72、101.45、439.10 kg/m3)、不同水深(30、60、90 cm)下4种集流桶含沙量测量方法的精度,并对测量结果进行修正。结果表明:1)在60 cm水深、不同含沙量下,4种测定方法中,以机械+全剖面法测量误差总体最低;2)水深和含沙量是影响坡面径流小区集流桶取样测量误差的重要因素。总体而言,含沙量越高,测量误差越大;不同含沙量下,水深对测定误差影响程度不一,当含沙量小于50.72 kg/m3时,水深对机械+全剖面法测量精度无显著影响;3)4种方法的测量值与真实值均呈极显著正线性相关,含沙量测量值经过方程修正后相对误差明显降低。4)在含沙量小于5.07 kg/m3时,人工搅拌法可以应用于野外径流小区观测;当含沙量大于等于101.45 kg/m3后,全剖面法可以直接用于野外径流小区观测;机械法、机械+全剖面法在野外径流小区观测中可以直接使用。研究结果为集流桶含沙量取样测量方法在红壤区应用提供依据。  相似文献   

2.
为了研究激光扫描技术应用于土壤侵蚀监测的可靠性,利用3D激光地貌分析仪对黑龙江省水土保持科技示范园内坡耕地径流小区土壤侵蚀进行监测.采用恒定降雨强度(20、40、60、80、100和120 mm/h)对径流小区进行连续6次等历时(30 min)人工降雨,每场降雨前后使用3D激光地貌分析仪对小区内不同位置的坡面形态进行扫描,并与集流桶收集土壤侵蚀量进行对比分析.结果表明:3D激光扫描分析法与集流桶测量法得到的土壤侵蚀量之间具有良好的线性相关关系,3D激光地貌分析仪用于径流小区内土壤侵蚀测定具有较高的精度与可靠性.  相似文献   

3.
多点出流PVC材料径流小区建设   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
 径流小区是研究降雨一地表径流一土壤侵蚀规律的主要科研设施和方法。传统的径流小区使用混凝土建成,由边界墙、集流槽、集流桶组成。在建设过程中需要开挖边界墙基础榷,造成自然坡面的破坏或扰动,短时期内不能恢复到原始状态,影响观测的精度,研究和监测的工作效率低下,同时工程造价高,研究的成本很髙,很难实现特殊研究或监测的需要。所谓多点出流PVC(聚氯乙烯)材料径流小区,就是用PVC(聚氯乙烯)材料代替混凝土建筑小区边界和集流槽,降低建设成本,减少建设过程中对原始坡面的扰动,从而实现径流小区的即建即用,提髙工作效率;由原来的集流槽单点出流,改进为多点出流,在集流槽上多放置几个出流口,尽量多地消除集流槽汇流时间长导致的对小区实际出流时间的影响,提髙径流小区出流过程的观测精度。  相似文献   

4.
在江西水土保持生态科技园径流小区选择红壤作为研究对象,通过6个不同含沙量(1、5、10、50、100、300 kg/m~(3 ))及3个不同水深(30、60、90 cm)条件下的径流桶机械搅拌法模拟试验,探究机械搅拌法的含沙量测量精度,以及含沙量与水深对机械搅拌法含沙量测量误差的影响。结果表明:在试验设计水平下,机械搅拌法测量的平均相对误差为13.49%~31.19%;含沙量对机械搅拌法测量的平均相对误差存在较大影响,水深对机械搅拌法的测量精度影响不大。试验结果表明,机械搅拌法操作简单易行、误差稳定,在红壤地区集流桶泥沙观测领域有良好的应用前景。  相似文献   

5.
径流小区集流桶含沙量测量方法研究   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
径流小区是研究坡面土壤侵蚀的重要观测手段,含沙量的测定是准确计算土壤流失量的关键。用传统方法很难测到粗颗粒,使测到的含沙量明显偏小。试验在密云石匣示范区坡面径流试验小区下面的分流桶内进行,用人工在径流桶内加沙的方法制备约4,12,30,60,90,120kg/m3不同含沙量。然后分别用传统测量方法和改进的分层测量方法进行了粗沙区的含沙量观测,并将观测结果与实际含沙量进行了对比。研究结果表明,传统测量方法所测得的含沙量远小于实际含沙量,平均相对误差为-83.05%;而分层测量所测得的含沙量基本上接近于实际值,平均相对误差为-2.77%。  相似文献   

6.
进行土壤侵蚀定量观测,最常用的方法是径流小区法。这种方法所测得的结果也比较准确。使用这种方法,最重要的一点是要测定降雨、径流和冲刷的过程。根据这些基本资料可以分析引起土壤侵蚀的条件,并进一步分析各种因素对土壤侵蚀的影响。但是由于受测量设备的限制,很难作到这一点。一般的径流小区,只观测径流和冲刷的总量,这就大大降低了径流冲刷资料的使用价值,个别重点径流小区也曾由人工观测降雨产生径流和冲刷的全过程,工作非常艰苦。实验人员必须冒雨在现场定时观测径流量和采取浑水样,经常是在夜间工作,并且这种方法,往往误差很大。如何改变这种落后状况,利用自动化或半自动化的机械设备和测试手段进行观测,是当  相似文献   

7.
坡度和坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14  
该文采用径流小区试验和标桩观测试验的方法,研究了坡度和坡长与土壤侵蚀率的关系,建立了福建省土壤侵蚀预报方程。  相似文献   

8.
坡面径流实时监测装置的测试与率定   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
径流小区观测技术是水土保持监测评价的基础.研发适用于径流小区尺度的径流观测装备可有效减少人工监测的随机性,降低监测人员的工作强度.通过人工模拟不同强度的产流汇水条件,对“径流泥沙含量实时测量装置”开展径流测量性能的专项测试,结果表明:该装置在测试环境条件下的径流测量相对误差范围为-4.33%~-24.01%,稳定时长范围为55 ~ 130 s.偏相关分析发现:测量稳定时长与径流的含沙量、流量分别呈显著正相关关系和显著负相关关系(P<0.05);测量精度与含沙量和流量的相关系数均呈负相关关系,但含沙量和流量对测量精度的影响有限(α=0.05).通过回归分析,得到该装置径流量修正模型;经验证,该模型可使平均相对误差由修正前的11.53%降低至6.80%,平均测量数据稳定时间由修正前的96 s降低至80 s.研究分析提出,通过对上述设备增设波浪过滤消减装置、增大滤波管直径等措施可进一步降低测量误差,提高工作稳定性.基于上述测试结果,本研究认为通过利用修正模型,测试设备的径流测量效果在测试流量范围内较为理想,即该设备在降雨强度范围为3.60 ~ 66.96 mm/h的产流工作条件下较为适宜.  相似文献   

9.
小流域径流泥沙自动采集器的试验研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
仪器仪表作为对信息进行采集、测量、处理和控制的重要手段和设备,已成为推动科学技术和国民经济高速发展的关键技术之一。在小流域出口处设置量水堰是研究流域水文过程及土壤侵蚀监测的一个重要方法,为实现小流域径流含沙量的动态监测,自行研制了一种小流域径流泥沙自动采集器,以一种简单的采样技术代替传统方法来提高含沙量测定的自动化水平及测量精度。通过模拟试验验证了采集器的适用性,结果证明采集器具有很好的可靠性和观测精度,与标准值的平均相对误差仅为0.42%。另外,该装置与传统水样收集方法相比自动化程度高,管理方便,适于野外无人看守情况下径流样品的自动采集。因此,所研制的小流域径流泥沙自动采集器有一定的应用前景。  相似文献   

10.
随着我国大规模水土流失监测工作的开展,径流小区径流量的自动监测越来越受重视,而翻斗流量计是备选设备之一。为了明确翻斗流量计用于小区监测的适用性,依据已有的小区资料,设计0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 L/s共5个流量,0、50、100、300和500 g/L共5个含沙量,通过与径流桶测量数据对比,测定翻斗流量计的测量精度。结果表明,当流量与含沙量较低时,翻斗流量计所测径流量精度较高;随着流量增大,翻斗流量计测量结果比实际值偏小,且误差逐渐增大;随着含沙量增大,翻斗流量计测量结果比实际值偏大,且误差逐渐增大;这些变化有很好的规律性,可以通过线性回归公式进行校正获得较好的测量精度。  相似文献   

11.
Sediment samples were collected from three known sources contributing to a depositional basin of the Upper Mississippi River, USA. The heavy silt fraction (2–63 μm, density >2.95) isolated from the sediments was analyzed for 42 elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) to give signature profiles characteristic of each source catchment. Known proportions of heavy silt fractions from each source were mixed and the composite samples analyzed in the same way. The proportions of components in the composite samples were compared to their apportionments calculated statistically using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) chemical mass balance (CMB) air quality receptor model. This showed that the CMB technique can apportion sediments to their catchment sources reliably. The technique was then applied to dated sediments of Lake Pepin, in the Upper Mississippi basin, to apportion them to their contributing catchments. The results show that almost all the recent sediments deposited in the basin originated in the Minnesota River catchment, and that the sediment load increased over time as anthropogenic impacts increased. This technique could be used elsewhere to determine sediment provenance and identify changes in sediment sources over time.  相似文献   

12.
侵蚀泥沙坡面沉积研究初报   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11  
利用元素示踪法的优点,对坡面侵蚀土体的颗粒在坡面上的运移、沉积状况进行了研究。通过对野外全坡面径流小区的试验、观测数据的分析,讨论了侵蚀泥沙在坡面沉积的分布特征及其影响因素,探讨了沉积对利用示踪法研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的影响程度。研究结果表明稀土元素示踪方法在坡面、沟道侵蚀泥沙的沉积研究中可望有广泛的应用前景。  相似文献   

13.
Background  River and lake sediments constitute complex and difficult analytical samples. On the other hand, sediments play a fundamental role in the distribution of toxic compounds in aquatic systems and in the evaluation of the current state and the course of changes taking place in the environment. Among elements present in the environment in trace concentrations, but having well-elaborated toxic properties, one of most dangerous is arsenic. The element occurs in the environment in several chemical forms, predominant are inorganic forms of As(V) and As(III), and methylated forms such as monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). Objectives  Reported herein are experiments, which were undertaken with the aim of examining the dynamics of arsenic sorption in sediments and its dependence on speciation of the element and the pH in the environment. Simultaneously, influence of organic matter content and chemical composition of the sediments on As sorption, were investigated. Methods  Sediment samples (upper 10 cm layer) were collected from three sites located in the vicinity of Cracow:
•  Rudawa river — 37 km long river, flowing mainly through the suburban area;
•  Vistula river — heavily contaminated, main Polish river;
•  Dobczyce reservoir — artificial reservoir on Raba river, total capacity of 125,000,000 m3, supplying about 60% of drinking water to the city of Cracow.
Using XRD and IR methods, mineral composition of sediments was analysed. Concentrations of iron, manganese, aluminium and arsenic as well as organic matter content in solid samples were analysed. Sorption experiment  100 g of dry sediment sample was placed in a 400 ml volume glass beaker. 300 ml of arsenic containing solution was poured into the beaker. Every 30 min (total experiment time span equalled 7 to 7.5 hours), 0.5 ml of the suspension’ (the beaker content was constantly mixed) was collected and centrifuged, and the concentration of arsenic was determined in the supernatant. In the series of experiments, solution contained about 0.05 μg/ml of arsenic in organic (DMAA) and inorganic forms, at different pH values — 3, 5, 7 and 9. Results and Discussion  Examined sediments of Vistula river and Dobczyce Lake were characterised by relatively high concentrations of arsenic, iron, manganese and aluminium.Rudawa river. At pH 3, the concentration of inorganic As in solution decreased from an initial value of 0.049 μg/ml to 0.012 μg/ml in 7.5 hours time. The same decreasing tendency was found at pH 5 (initial value 0.046 μg/ml, after 7.5 hours - 0.015 μg/ml). Less distinct sorption effects were noted at pH 7 and 9. Vistula river. At all pH values, a very significant decrease of inorganic As concentration up to 80% of the initial value, as well as a short time of achieving an equilibrium state (1 – 2.5 hours), was found. Dobczyce lake. Inorganic As was distinctly accumulated in sediments at pH 3 (decrease of As concentration in solution from 0.052 to 0.007 μg/ml after 7.5 hours of the experiment) and at pH 5. At pH 7, about 40% of As was accumulated in sediments (solution As concentration decrease from 0.050 to 0.030). Only 20% of As adsorbed on sediments at pH 9.Very weak accumulation of organic form of As (DMAA) was found in all examined sediments at pH 3 and 5. At higher pH values no sorption was registered. Conclusions  The following facts were established:
•  inorganic form of arsenic was effectively accumulated in all analysed sediments;
•  inorganic As sorption in sediments strongly depended on pH — for sediments of Rudawa river and Dobczyce lake, the highest sorption was found at pH 3, and a decrease of accumulated As was noted with an increase of pH (at pH 9, the lowest amount of As was immobilised in sediments); in the case of Vistula river sediments, a reverse tendency was found;
•  organic form of arsenic (DMAA) was accumulated only at pH 3 in all sediments and less significantly at pH 5 (Vistula river sediments); no sorption of that form of As was found in the other sediment samples;
•  state of equilibrium (no change in inorganic As concentration in liquid medium) was achieved in 1 hour for Vistula river sediments, after about 2 hours for Rudawa river and after about 4 hours for Dobczyce lake sediments.
Recommendations  The presented method of analysis of As sorption in sediments and results visualization (based on a newly defined coefficient) provides a useful tool for the characterization of sorptive properties of sediments and may be used for other compounds as well. Crucial, functional information — how much of a given element may be accumulated in sediments at a certain pH — is obtained without digestion of the sediment sample, in an experiment taking less than one day.  相似文献   

14.
Background, Aims and Scope  Our study determined the role of light, aeration, grain size, amount of sediments and of water, density of animals and presence of additional food on the movement of Ilyanassa obsoleta. Spiked relative to reference sediments were also tested for avoidance or preference by the mud snails. Our goal was to develop exposure conditions to be used in future assessment studies of the environmental quality of sediments inhabited by mud snails. The behavioural response of the snails towards different concentrations of contaminated Halifax Harbour sediments placed in one half of a tank relative to reference sediments in the other half is examined in Part 2 and a chemical link investigated. Methods  Animals were exposed in 7 L aquaria at 12°C to their native sediments placed in one or two halves of a tank and the effect due to the presence of a light source, air bubbles, sediment grain size, added algae examined relative to the snails’ behaviour. Preference or avoidance of one half of a tank relative to the second half, the immersed or dry glass surface represented the various media to be chosen by snails. After choosing the optimum set up, exposures were performed in triplicate, under slightly differing initial placement of the snails to compare means and variability in the results. Three specific biogenic chemicals, cholesterol, coprostanol and a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were spiked at 0.002, 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 and 1.2 mg/g, dry weight of sediment. A hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract of harbour sediment were also spiked in reference sediments. In all cases, the location of the snails was recorded over a period extending up to 96 hrs. Results  Twenty snails exposed during a 72 hrs period in commercial 7 L tanks containing 50 g of sediments (wet weight) in the bottom half of a tank filled half way with seawater represented the chosen conditions to test the avoidance/preference behaviour of snails for part of a tank. The presence of additional food on sediments attracted snails within 24 hrs of exposure. Discussion  A general lack of preference was indicated in exposures to three biologically derived compounds spiked in reference sediments, i.e. a C-18 FAME, cholesterol and coprostanol. The repelling properties of a harbour sediment extract pointed to a role for non polar chemicals. Conclusions  It is proposed that behaviour reflects a balance between the repelling effects of contaminants and the attractive value of food. The present study provides a robust green assessment tool that is easy to set up to assess the quality of sediments. Recommendations and Perspectives  The interpretation of field observations regarding the abundance of animals during environmental assessments must consider both nutritional and toxicological causes. Additional laboratory exposures are needed to determine which chemicals play a role in the field.  相似文献   

15.
巢湖沉积物总磷含量及无机磷形态的研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
以巢湖为研究对象,分析研究了巢湖沉积物总磷含量的水平、垂直分布以及磷的无机形态.表明结果:巢湖表层沉积物中的总磷含量范围在0.3~1.1 mg/g间,平均含量为0.55 mg/g.总磷含量的水平分布有由北向南递减的趋势,河口沉积物总磷的垂直分布出现变化程度的差异.巢湖沉积物无机形态的磷主要以Fe-P、Ca-P为主,两者之和为总磷的80%以上,但Fe-P与Ca-P表现出相异的空间变化特征.  相似文献   

16.
洪水对河流底泥有机污染物分布的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
文章结合我国1998 年遭受特大洪水灾害的情况,介绍了美国密西西比河洪水对底泥有机污染物分布影响的研究成果。结果表明洪水前后所有底泥样品中都存在粪醇、多环芳烃( 包括芘) 、直链烷基苯磺酸盐、多氯联苯和有机氯农药等污染物,浓度一般小于1 mg/kg ,其中上游浓度最高。洪水前后各种污染物浓度变化较大。洪水发生后,上游段底泥中芘和多氯联苯的浓度降低而粪醇浓度升高,这表明城市和农业水域中的污染底泥被洪水冲刷至河内并稀释或覆盖原来的底泥。并列举了这一成果给予我们的启示。  相似文献   

17.
沉水植物对不同层次沉积物及土壤中磷迁移的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用相同区域湖泊沉积物及土壤培养黑藻,分析不同层次底质中各形态磷含量和间隙水中磷浓度的变化,揭示在沉水植物作用下淹水土壤和沉积物中不同层次磷的迁移规律。结果表明,本试验条件下,土壤各层次均比营养水平相当的沉积物中磷的迁移性大,黑藻能促进上层底质中无机磷向上覆水中迁移,通过根系作用促进根尖分布层底质中有机磷的迁移转化;黑藻对沉积物下层(根尖分布层)磷迁移转化的影响小于土壤,对上层底质中磷向上覆水中迁移的影响大于土壤;黑藻通过吸收作用及改变根区环境条件,影响底质间隙水中各形态磷的浓度,黑藻对沉积物间隙水中磷浓度的影响大于土壤。  相似文献   

18.
80年代黄河中游来沙减少的原因分析   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
  相似文献   

19.
裸露耕地土壤风蚀物化学组分的分布特征   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
为研究风蚀引起的土壤营养物质的流失,进一步理清土壤沙化的原因及机理,该文以内蒙古阴山北部的典型农牧交错带耕地为试验区,采用SCC-6型集沙仪收集跃移土壤风蚀物,对收集到的土壤风蚀物进行筛分、称质量,并对表层土壤及收集的土壤风蚀物采用化学滴定及火焰原子吸收分光光度法对土壤营养物质中的主要成分及部分金属元素组成进行测定。通过分析整理,得出了风蚀物各化学组分含量、各化学组分总质量在地面垂直高度的分布规律,以及土壤各化学组分含量、土壤粒径大小与风蚀程度的相关关系;通过化学组分含量的分布规律分析进一步验证了风蚀是使细小颗粒的损失,造成土壤贫瘠的主要因素。  相似文献   

20.
芦苇对白洋淀底泥重金属污染程度的影响效应研究   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13  
取白洋淀底泥制成3种不同厚度的基质种植芦苇,另外设置不含底泥的麦地土壤和旱地芦苇土壤,定期对基质采样,测定底泥中重金属Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn浓度并进行比较分析。试验表明,底泥和供试麦地土壤和芦苇土壤已受到重金属Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn不同程度污染;Cd浓度均已超过全国土壤质量三级标准,分别为1.35~1.59mg/kg和1.078~1.16mg/kg,污染程度严重。其次为Pb和Zn,Cu为轻微污染。随着芦苇的生长,底泥和麦地及芦苇土壤中大部分重金属浓度呈不同程度下降趋势,表明芦苇对有害重金属有一定抗性和富集作用,旨在为底泥污染治理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

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