对虾天然保鲜剂的研究进展

壳聚糖、溶菌酶、海藻酸钠、乳酸链球菌素等天然保鲜剂具有无毒无味、可生物降解、生物相容性好、成本较低、保鲜效果显著等诸多优点,正日益成为对虾等水产品贮藏保鲜研究的热点。文章介绍了天然保鲜剂保鲜对虾的机理,综述了天然保鲜剂在对虾贮藏保鲜中的最新进展,分析了目前研究中存在的问题并对发展方向作出展望。     

封闭循环系统对虾合理养殖密度的试验研究

2002年5月～8月在室内工业化养殖温室内进行了高密度封闭循环水养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)试验，采用人工配制海水(盐度为4)，养殖排放水经过滤、消毒、增氧处理后循环利用，日添加新水量为总循环水量的3%～7％。经86 d养殖，对虾体重从(0.3±0.04)g/尾增加到(10.40±2.04)g/尾，平均产量为5.85 kg/m³，饵料系数为1.76，成活率为67％，该封闭循环养殖系统设计合理，每m³水体放养约1029尾对虾较适宜。     

人溶菌酶基因的克隆及其在真核菌株中表达质粒pPIC9K/hLZM 的构建

利用RT—PCR技术，从人的胎盘组织中直接扩增出溶菌酶基因(hLZM)的cDNA全序列，插入到质粒pPIC9K上，转化巴斯德毕赤酵母KM71，通过G418快速筛选，构建出能够高效表达人溶菌酶基因的重组毕赤酵母菌株，作为真核细胞反应器，用以生产人溶菌酶。     

奥利亚罗非鱼3种C型溶菌酶基因的克隆及其序列分析

本研究结合RT-PCR和RACE法获得了奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)三种C型溶菌酶基因C-1,-2和C-3的全长cDNA.3个基因的cDNA分别为581 bp、662 bp和695 bp,各编码143、156和143个氨基酸(GenBank accession No:EU913095,EU913094和EU836689),相互间氨基酸序列的同源性在63.9%~67.8%之间.3个基因均具有与其它物种C型溶菌酶相同的8个保守半胱氨酸残基和2个活性位点Glu~(35)和Asp~(52),可认为它们均为C型溶菌酶基因.在系统进化树中这3个基因首先与同属高等真骨鱼类的聚类,最后再与低等真骨鱼类的聚类,系统进化关系与传统鱼类分类地位相吻合,显示真骨鱼类C型溶菌酶的进化速度与物种的进化速度基本一致.蛋白分析软件分析显示这3个基因均具有C型溶菌酶的典型结构、相似的蛋白二、三级结构,推测应具有与C型溶菌酶相似的生理功能.但3个基因氨基酸序列间存在一定差异,其中C-1的等电点较低且碱性氨基酸较少,因此3种溶菌酶可能具有生理功能上的差异与分工.     

小白鼠乳铁蛋白基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

乳铁蛋白(LF)是哺乳动物母乳中含量丰富的一种天然铁结合蛋白，广泛分布于具有分泌功能的组织及其分泌物中。许多研究表明，LF可以抵御细菌病毒的侵染并调节机体免疫功能，成为母畜乳腺和仔畜胃肠道的一种防御屏障；能够促进肠道细胞对铁离子的吸收和利用；另外还有关于LF可以抗氧化和促进肠道有益菌群生长的报道。     

简易式工厂化循环水对虾养殖系统构建及试验

为探索低换水量的对虾养殖生产方式,该研究构建了一种简易式工厂化对虾养殖系统,试验组利用自行研发的蛋白分离器和新型集污盘去除系统总悬浮颗粒物和老化微藻,对照组不设置蛋白分离器和集污盘,进行对虾养殖和水质调控试验,结果表明:试验组平均总氨氮浓度、平均亚硝氮浓度、平均TSS(Total Suspended Solids)浓度、平均副溶血弧菌数量分别为(0.4±0.16)、(0.53±0.23)、(68.33±39.72)mg/L和(140±113.83)cfu/mL,显著低于对照组(0.96±0.62)、(1.17±0.59)、(147.14±94.18)mg/L和(661.34±473.96)cfu/mL(P0.05);试验组成活率及单位产量分别为82.62%±5.64%和(3.44±0.85)kg/m~3,显著高于对照组18.29%±4.63%和(1.09±0.23)kg/m~3(P0.05)。该研究构建的简易式循环水工厂化系统,设置蛋白分离器流量10 m~3/h且不间断运行,养殖前45 d不换水、后55 d利用集污盘进行强排污保持日换水量5%的情况下能够有效调控对虾养殖水质。     

Nisin、溶菌酶和乳酸钠复合保鲜冷却羊肉的配比优化研究

为搞清Nisin、溶菌酶和乳酸钠复合保鲜冷却羊肉的交互作用，获得最佳配比，按照三因子二次正交旋转组合设计方案，用Nisin、溶菌酶和乳酸钠构成的复合保鲜剂对冷却羊肉进行处理，真空包装后贮藏于(4±1)℃环境中，一周后检测菌落总数。结果表明：三种保鲜剂的抑菌效果依次为Nisin>溶菌酶>乳酸钠；Nisin与溶菌酶之间存在极显著的交互效应(P＜0.01)，而Nisin与乳酸钠、溶菌酶与乳酸钠之间存在显著的交互效应(P＜0.05)；浸泡用复合保鲜剂的最佳配比为Nisin 0.34%、溶菌酶0.24%、乳酸钠2.27%。     

对虾对东北苏打盐碱湖泊的适应性研究

碱度、pH对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的急性中毒实验和盐碱湖泊幼虾生存能力试验结果表明,碱度对幼虾的24h半数有效浓度(EC50)为2.73mmol/L,24h、48h、96h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为12.40mmol/L、11.24mmol/L及10.49mmol/L,长期生存的安全浓度(SC)为2.77mmol/L。当碱度为5.37~14.66mmol/L时,pH对幼虾的24h、48h、72h、96h半数致死值(LpH50)分别为9.26~8.98、9.14~8.86、9.10~8.80及9.00~8.80,长期生存的安全值(SpH)为8.42~8.14。幼虾在碱度为18.68~38.78mmol/L、含盐量1.57~3.50g/L、pH8.5~9.5的苏打盐碱湖泊可存活4.8~9.2h。凡纳滨对虾幼虾对水环境碱度和pH的适应性,以及对东北地区苏打盐碱湖泊水环境的综合适应性均低于淡水鱼类。     

免疫应激对肉鸡肠道微生物区系的影响

微生物区系的平衡是确保肠道健康的重点,本研究对不同免疫状态下肉仔鸡消化道内微生物变化规律进行了研究。选用 180 只 AA 肉公鸡随机分 4 个处理,每个处理 5 个重复,每个重复 9 只肉公鸡。实验分为无免疫组、常规免疫组、免疫亢进和免疫抑制 4 个处理组。于 21、28、35 和 42 日龄肠段的内容物,提取总 DNA,并以此为模板获得反映肠道微生物群落结构特征的肠杆菌基因间重复序列 -PCR(ERIC-PCR)指纹图谱,比较各 DNA 样品指纹图谱的相似性指数。ERIC-PCR 扩增产物大部分为 200～2 000 bp 的基因片段,聚类分析显示,各日龄阶段,处理组间十二指肠细菌种群结构的相似性最高(75%),其次是盲肠(40%),回肠(39%)和空肠(38%)的相似性较低。图谱的条带数目为十二指肠>回肠>盲肠>空肠。28 和 35日龄,十二指肠和空肠脂多糖(LPS)组条带都低于 21 日龄,而回肠和盲肠的未见显著变化。21 日龄,回肠环磷酰胺(CYP)组的条带低于其他处理组。不同免疫状态影响回肠、空肠和盲肠道微生物区系,42 日龄,不同免疫状态对微生物数量和种群的影响不明显。     

电镜免疫胶体金定位水稻内生细菌的研究

本研究首次报道了电镜免疫胶体金对水稻内生细菌的定位，用硫酸铵沉淀结合梯度离心提取表面消毒后离的大田水稻内优势菌巨大芽孢杆菌的特异性胞内蛋白，制备兔抗血清为金标一抗，进行微皮固定的组织超薄切片免疫胶体金的染色电镜观察，组织切片中菌体有大量金颗粒沉积，证明表面消毒后分离的巨大芽隐杆菌为水稻内生细菌，大多寄生在植物组织的胞间隙，偶尔也在胞质内存在。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.