钝顶螺旋藻的真空干燥工艺条件优化

为提高螺旋藻的藻蓝蛋白含量,针对其真空干燥工艺中3个主要干燥因素（物料厚度、干燥温度和干燥真空度）,利用响应面分析法,对工艺参数进行优化。试验数据采用Design-Expert软件进行多元回归分析,建立了3种干燥因素与藻蓝蛋白含量之间的函数模型。通过脊岭分析,确定钝顶螺旋藻的最佳真空干燥工艺条件为：物料厚度3 mm,干燥温度45 ℃,干燥真空度0.08 MPa,在此优化干燥条件下螺旋藻粉中的藻蓝蛋白含量达12.5000×10-3 mg/mL。     

蕨菜真空干燥的试验研究

考察干燥因素对蕨菜真空干燥生产率及其品质的影响，用二次正交旋转组合设计的试验方法，探讨干燥温度、真空度、物料层厚度对蕨菜营养成分维生素C含量的影响规律。利用单、双因素分析法分析各因素与试验指标的关系，确定各因素在二次非线形模型中的主次顺序。试验结果分析表明，真空度对蕨菜制品的维生素C含量影响最大，干燥温度次之，物料层厚度的影响最小。通过优化计算，确定了温度在58.7℃、真空度为0.072 MPa、物料厚度为12 mm时，蕨菜的维生素C含量高。     

胡萝卜真空渗透脱水工艺试验

为获得真空条件下胡萝卜渗透脱水的最佳工艺条件,通过试验探讨了切片厚度、真空度、渗透液浓度、温度等因素对胡萝卜真空渗透脱水特性的影响。结果表明：真空条件能有效提高果蔬渗透脱水效率;失水率、固形物增加率均随着切片厚度的减小,真空度的提高,渗透液浓度、温度的增大而增大;当真空度达到10 kPa（绝对压力）附近时,固形物增加率增幅明显快于失水率。胡萝卜脉冲真空渗透脱水较优的工艺参数为：切片厚度4 mm、真空度30 kPa、渗透液浓度60%、温度40℃,采用该组参数渗透脱水240 min质量损失率可达40.1%。研究结果可为胡萝卜等蔬菜的干制加工预处理提供技术依据。     

猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥工艺参数的优化

为了提高水果干燥效率、干制品质量和降低干燥能耗,以猕猴桃切片为对象,进行了微波真空干燥试验。通过单因素试验,研究了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力对猕猴桃切片干燥特性的影响。通过3因素5水平的二次回归正交试验,分析了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力与猕猴桃切片干制品复水率、叶绿素含量、维生素C含量及单位耗电量的关系,建立了各指标与试验因素间的回归数学模型,并利用多目标非线性优化方法,确定了猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥最优工艺参数。结果表明：在微波功率为6.54 W/g、切片厚度为6.16 mm、干燥室压力为76.8 Pa的条件下,微波真空干燥猕猴桃切片的能耗最低,同时干制品质量也得到保证。     

A干燥条件对栗蘑脆片品质的影响

为探讨在不同干燥条件下栗蘑脆片的品质,该研究采用模糊数学评判法对真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥栗蘑片质构及与品质变化有关的指标进行检验。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥栗蘑脆片的最佳工艺条件为：真空度20?Pa,隔板温度为50℃,物料厚度5?mm,干燥时间12?h,制得的栗蘑脆片复水性好,脆度适中。热风干燥栗蘑的最优工艺条件为：干燥温度100℃,干燥时间11?h,物料厚度16?mm。真空冷冻干燥与热风干燥相比,栗蘑脆片外观和色泽好,模糊评定级别值分别为0.50和0.34,两者的感官品质等级分别为优和一般。     

脱毒海星微波真空干燥工艺优化

为了提高脱毒海星干燥效率、品质及降低能耗,选择微波真空干燥方法进行试验研究。通过单因素试验研究了微波功率密度、脉冲时间及真空度对干燥特性、能耗及蛋白质保留率的影响。结果表明,在3~7 W/g、20~60 s和-0.070~-0.090 MPa范围内,较高的微波功率密度、较长的脉冲时间和较高的负压会缩短干燥时间、提高干燥平均速率、降低能耗;提高微波功率密度不利于蛋白质的保留,缩短脉冲时间和提高负压可提高脱毒海星的蛋白质保留率。利用响应面法探讨了微波功率密度、脉冲时间及真空度对脱毒海星微波真空干燥工艺的综合影响,建立了二次多项式回归模型,并对干燥工艺参数进行了优化。通过分析得出各因素影响的显著性依次为微波功率密度脉冲时间真空度,微波功率密度、脉冲时间对脱毒海星微波真空干燥有极显著性影响(P0.01),且微波功率密度与脉冲时间的交互作用比较明显(P0.05);脱毒海星的最佳微波真空干燥条件为微波功率密度为4 W/g,脉冲时间为60 s和真空度为-0.090 MPa,在此条件下脱毒海星微波真空干燥的综合评分最高,为0.751。研究结果可为脱毒海星干燥的工业化生产和有效利用提供参考。     

玫瑰花的微波真空干燥试验

为了提高玫瑰干花品质,减少干燥时间。该研究通过试验性微波真空干燥设备对玫瑰花进行干燥,比较了不同真空度和微波功率对玫瑰干花品质的影响。研究结果表明,真空度越高,物料内水分蒸腾而干燥的速度越快,物料温升越低。随着微波功率增加,干燥时间大大缩短。综合考虑玫瑰干花干燥时间、温度、形态变化和颜色等指标,并与热风干燥相比,选择真空度0.10 MPa,微波功率200 W,干燥时间80 min的微波真空干燥工艺为较适宜的干燥条件,研究结果为玫瑰花的干燥和工业化生产提供一定的理论依据。     

玫瑰花的微波真空干燥试验研究

通过实验性微波真空干燥设备对玫瑰花进行干燥,比较了不同真空度和微波功率对玫瑰干花品质的影响。研究结果表明,真空度越高,物料体内水分蒸腾而干燥的速度越快,物料温升越低。随着微波功率增加,干燥时间大大缩短。综合考虑玫瑰干花形态变化,颜色和干燥时间和温度等指标,并与热风干燥相比,选择真空度0.1MPa,微波功率200W,干燥时间80min的微波真空干燥工艺为最适宜的干燥条件,研究结果将为玫瑰花的干燥和工业化生产提供一定的理论依据。     

桑枝屑的干燥方法与干燥机理研究

为更有效地利用巨大而宝贵的桑枝资源,该文针对桑枝屑工厂化生产利用中需对物料进行抽样并快速检测其含水率的要求,依据烘干失重的测试原理,比较了桑枝屑的高温真空干燥方法和微波干燥方法.着重考察了物料初始重量、初始含水率、温度、真空度以及时间等工艺参数对干燥结果的影响.试验表明,无论采用哪种方法,物料的干燥曲线大致为预热、恒速、减速干燥3个阶段;在高温真空干燥中,温度较真空度对干燥速度的影响更为明显;在微波干燥中,微波功率对干燥速度的影响较大;微波干燥方法具有干燥速度快、对物料含水率检测更准确等优点.     

以图像计算收缩率优化香菇真空缓苏干燥工艺

利用数字图像处理技术分析香菇干燥前后面积收缩率,是评价香菇干燥品质的有效方法。采用真空缓苏（间断）干燥是提高香菇干燥品质,节省能源的有效措施;通过四因素五水平二次回归正交试验设计,研究干燥室真空度、加热板温度、缓苏时刻含水率、缓苏时间4个因素对干燥过程中面积收缩率和干燥时间的影响,建立了多元回归数学模型;利用多目标非线性优化理论与方法,对香菇真空缓苏干燥工艺参数进行了优化并验证,确定最适宜的工艺参数为：加热板温度70℃,干燥室真空度0.09 MPa,缓苏时刻含水率70%,缓苏时间11.3 min,该参数对生产实际中的香菇干燥具有指导意义。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.