生态公益林生态服务功能价值探究

生态公益林属于生态系统的重要一环,对保护环境、生态安全、物种多样性和生态经济的持续性发展中有着重要的作用,深入分析与评价其功能与价值能够为区域内生态建设与发展提供依据。基于此,从生态系统的服务功能出发,着重分析生态公益林的生态服务功能价值类型,并提出生态公益林的生态服务功能价值评价方法。     

基于生态服务功能的城市湖泊生态系统需水量分析

城市湖泊生态系统具有提供产品、调节生态、文化娱乐和生命支持等四大服务功能，城市湖泊生态系统需水量的确定应以维护其生态服务功能，实现湖泊生态系统可持续发展为目标。阐述了城市湖泊生态系统需水量的内涵，提出了需水量计算应遵循功能性原则、生态优先原则、兼容性原则和动态性原则，建立了基于生态服务功能的城市湖泊生态系统需水量动态模拟模型，最后进行了实证检验。     

怀来县农田生态系统服务价值分类评估

农田生态系统可以为人类提供各种农产品及多种间接生态服务功能。以河北省怀来县为例,借助GIS工具,从微地貌形态、土壤状况和土地利用类型3个方面选取相应指标,将怀来县农田生态系统分为3个生态类及6个生态亚类,并且从生产服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4个方面选取7个指标构建评估模型,分别对6种农田生态亚类进行生态系统服务价值测算和分析。结果显示,怀来县农田生态系统服务总价值为225 311.90万元,4种农田生态系统服务价值大小为生产服务文化服务调节服务支持服务;不同农田生态亚类的价值差异明显,其中Ⅱ—Ⅱ总价值最高,Ⅰ—Ⅰ最低;根据不同农田生态亚类价值功能组成比例,将6种农田生态亚类分为生产服务主导型和文化服务主导型两种类型,为怀来县未来因地制宜地发展区域农业、保护生态环境提供了参考。     

生态农业景观与生物多样性保护及生态服务维持*

现代集约化的农业生产极大地改变农业景观生物多样性状况及生态系统服务功能,进而影响到农业可持续发展。大量研究显示,农业生态系统中物种多样性维持、害虫控制、传花授粉等生态系统服务功能受到景观结构的影响,仅仅改变集约化的生产方式,并不足以促进生物多样性的恢复及生态系统服务的维持,尚需考虑景观结构的调整和管理。从不同尺度上优化景观要素的空间配置和景观管理方式、建设生态农业景观成为促进农业景观生态系统服务功能维持、保护生物多样性和农业可持续发展的重要措施,具体包括:1)在区域和景观尺度上合理规划和配置种植区域和非种植区域以确保生态安全与稳定性;2)在地块间尺度保护、建设和管理甲虫带、野花带等生态设施,为农业生产提供必要生态系统服务;3)在地块内尺度通过多样化的种植和优化管理措施以获取农业生产和自然保护之间的平衡;4)整合景观规划设计与生态循环工程以促进农业景观资源的高效利用。     

农业生态服务功能评估的研究进展和实施原则

通过文献综述和对比分析,总结了农业生态系统生态服务功能的概念和分类,提出了实施农业生态服务功能评估的基本原则.相对于自然生态系统的生态服务功能,农业生态服务功能可大致分为农业生态系统"继承自然"的服务功能和农业生产活动"人为调控"的服务功能.由于农业生态服务类型较多和服务功能的区域差异,其服务功能评估比较复杂,应全面考虑生态系统服务功能的实物与非实物形态、静态与动态、数量与结构、过程与结果特征,同时核算正面和负面的价值.为准确评估农业生态服务功能,应该采取严格定义、核定范围、统一指标、直接测定等实施原则和步骤方法.     

基于CLUE-S模型的南四湖流域土地利用及其生态效应评估

[目的]分析南四湖流域土地利用变化的生态效应并探讨其动态演变特征,为流域土地资源的合理开发利用和生态系统的保护提供参考。[方法]基于南四湖流域2000至2015年土地利用数据,利用生态系统服务价值核算模型及CLUE-S模型对南四湖流域的生态服务价值及其动态演变特征进行计算和分析。[结果]2000—2015年南四湖流域耕地、草地和未利用地面积减少,林地、水域/湿地和城乡建设用地面积增加,南四湖流域整体生态系统服务价值增加了9.10亿元,但粮食生产、气体调节和保持土壤等生态功能分别下降了0.85%,0.85%和1.29%,生态问题依旧存在,生态系统服务价值分布不均匀,生态减值区的分布范围大于生态增值区。2030年流域内生态系统服务价值略微增加,而粮食生产、气体调节和保持土壤等单项生态系统服务功能继续下降,生态价值极低区以城市为中心向四周扩张,生态增值区范围缩小。[结论]虽然研究区内生态系统服务价值呈上升趋势,但生态价值分布不平衡,生态服务功能有升有降,因此有必要制定相应的措施,来控制土地利用类型的转换,平衡流域内的生态环境。     

基于生物量的森林生态功能修正系数的应用——以辽宁省退耕还林工程为例

为了对同一生态单元同一目标林分类型中没有生态监测数据的林分进行准确的生态服务功能评估,以辽宁省退耕还林工程为例,基于生物量的森林生态功能修正系数对其生态服务功能进行评估。结果表明:2013年,辽宁省退耕还林工程生态系统服务功能总价值量为491.94亿元,在涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护6个生态系统服务功能中,涵养水源和生物多样性保护的生态系统服务功能价值量占退耕还林生态系统服务功能总价值量的比例最大,分别为26.84%和26.30%。研究结果可为《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》的修订和区域尺度森林生态系统服务功能的精确核算提供参考。     

农林生态系统保护土壤肥力的功能及其核算方法

阐述了农林生态系统保护SOM和N、P、K含量等土壤肥力资源的生态服务功能,提出了功能核算方法.该功能的实现有两种途径:一是通过森林群落和农作物的地上部凋落物,以及地下部生物体残留进入土壤的自然途径;二是施用化肥和有机肥的人工途径.各种农林生态系统增加土壤肥力资源的过程相对固定,数量基本稳定,因此可以分"物流型生态服务"和"库存型生态服务"来分别核算这种生态服务功能,并要根据不同区域和生态类型来确定核算公式和具体参数.对2005年佛山市农林生态系统增加土壤肥力功能的核算结果是,当年增加土壤肥力的功能价值为0.832亿元,现存土壤肥力资源的功能价值为19.828亿元.     

高速公路绿地生态系统与农田生态系统服务价值的对比研究——以郑州西南环高速公路为例

根据黄土沟壑地带高速公路建设不同时期生态系统特征和生态服务功能的内涵，选择了水土保持、固定CO2、释放O2、滞尘、吸收有害气体、营养元素循环等指标，采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法，使用市场价值法、影子工程法、生产成本法、机会成本法研究了郑州西南绕城高速公路不同时期生态系统服务功能经济价值。结果表明：研究区建设前农业生态系统服务功能价值平’均每年为424．2万元，建设期间为197．5万元，生态防护后为484．6万元。生态防护前后生态服务价值的差异极为显著，防护后生态服务价值超过原农业生态系统价值。     

吉林生态省建设中土地利用规划的环境战略评价

以地理信息系统为技术支持,以景观格局特征参数、生态系统服务功能价值核算参数为指标,对生态省建设中土地利用规划的环境效应进行了评价。借助ArcView分析工具,从吉林省2000年的1：100000土地利用数字化地图中提取土地利用数据,进行生态系统的结构和功能研究,并在此基础上划分出吉林省的生态经济类型,为土地资源的有效利用和生产力的合理布局提供决策支持。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.