胍盐聚合物添加量对抗菌食品包装膜抗菌性及物理性能的影响

为了开发出一种安全高效的抗菌食品包装材料,添加不同质量分数(0～7%)的聚六亚甲基双胍盐酸盐(polyhexamethylene biguanidine hydrochloride,PHMB)抗菌母粒到聚乙烯基材中,制成PHMB抗菌膜,比较PHMB母粒添加量对抗菌食品包装薄膜的抗菌性和性能的影响。结果表明,随着PHMB母粒添加量的增大,薄膜抗菌性增强。PHMB母粒添加量为4%时,薄膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和杂菌样品的抗菌率分别为99.1%、99.2%和83.4%,且存放6个月后薄膜仍保持较强的抗菌作用;添加PHMB母粒后,薄膜的透光率、水蒸气透过率影响较小;薄膜的力学性能在PHMB母粒添加量为4%时最优;PHMB(4%)抗菌膜对实际试样(鳕鱼干)表现出良好的微生物抑制作用。因此,确定抗菌薄膜中PHMB母粒最佳添加量为4%,薄膜具备强抗菌作用和良好的性能。该研究为抗菌材料的研制提供了参考。     

柚子皮基可食性膜的制备及性能研究

为了促进果蔬加工副产物的高附加值利用,以柚子皮干粉为材料,海藻酸钠为增稠剂,甘油为增塑剂,采用流延法制备了柚子皮基可食性膜,分析柚子皮干粉质量分数、海藻酸钠、甘油质量分数对柚子皮基膜力学性能、阻湿性能和透光率等的影响,并对柚子皮基膜的制备配方进行优化。结果表明,柚子皮基膜的最佳制备配方为:柚子皮干粉质量分数3%、海藻酸钠质量分数0.15%(以柚子皮粉浆料质量为基础,下同)、甘油质量分数0.5%,此配方制备的柚子皮基膜外观平滑、颜色淡黄,具有较好的综合性能,其拉伸强度为17.53±0.35 MPa,断裂伸长率为19.46%±0.43%,水蒸气透过系数为(2.327±0.128)×10^-12g·cm^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1,透光率为63.2%±0.15%。本研究结果为柚子皮基可食性膜在食品包装等领域的应用提供了理论参考。     

还原剂对大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜性能的影响

为了改善大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜的综合性能,该研究以薄膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、透光率、吸水率为评价指标,通过隶属度函数综合评分方法,研究了几种还原剂对大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜性能的影响。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,加入抗坏血酸或半胱氨酸,薄膜拉伸强度显著增大,吸水率和断裂伸长率显著降低;加入半胱氨酸,薄膜透光率显著提高;添加亚硫酸钠,薄膜拉伸强度和透光率显著提高,吸水率降低但不显著,断裂伸长率无明显变化。当亚硫酸钠质量分数为0.15%时,薄膜综合性能较佳,拉伸强度为6.904?MPa,断裂伸长率为66.076%,透光率为32.310%,吸水率为45.695%。该研究为大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜性能改善及生产应用提供理论基础。     

基于海藻酸钠与鸡蛋黄静电聚集作用的低脂蛋黄酱制备

为了拓展海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄蛋白质在低脂蛋黄酱质构设计方面的应用,该研究首先探究了海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄分散液在不同酸性pH值条件下的聚集行为,并基于两者的静电聚集作用设计出油相比为30%(体积分数)且具有明显黏弹性和触变性的低脂蛋黄酱产品,同时以油相比为75%的蛋黄酱作对照。结果表明,当pH值低于5.0时,海藻酸钠携带负电荷,鸡蛋黄分散液携带正电荷,两者可发生明显的静电聚集作用,海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄复合体系的结构强度增加。当白醋添加量高于2%(体积分数)时,海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄复合体系的pH值降低至5.0以下,可诱导复合体系发生静电聚集作用,白醋添加量越高,聚集作用越明显,低脂蛋黄酱的结构化程度也越高。然而,过量的白醋添加降低了低脂蛋黄酱的热稳定性,同时也影响了产品的风味和感官接受度。综合而言,当白醋添加量为4%时(pH值4.6),制备的低脂蛋黄酱流变学特性和对照组最为接近,且感官接受度较好。该研究结果可为构建低脂食品提供理论参考。     

茶多酚对可食性马铃薯淀粉/海藻酸钠复合膜性能影响及表征

为探究茶多酚(TP)对淀粉基复合可食膜功能化改性效果,本试验以马铃薯淀粉和海藻酸钠(7:3,m:m)为成膜基质,甘油为增塑剂,TP为功能活性物质,通过溶液共混法制备马铃薯淀粉/海藻酸钠/茶多酚复合膜,考察不同质量分数TP对复合膜的物理性能、力学性能、阻湿性能、抗菌和抗氧化性等的影响。结果表明,当TP质量分数为5%时,复合膜的综合性能较好,且各项指标均显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),此时抗张强度为20.78 MPa,断裂伸长率为24.33%,水蒸气透过系数为2.33×10^-12 g·cm^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1, 同时厚度为117.67 μm,总酚含量为7.95 mg GAE·g^-1,DPPH自由基清除率为84.47%,对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈面积为502.15 mm²。本研究结果为TP在基于淀粉等可食性膜的功能化及其在食品包装方面的应用提供了一定的理论指导和数据参考。     

电场处理改善玉米醇溶蛋白膜理化性质

传统浇铸法制备的玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜表面粗糙,机械性质及耐水性较差。为了改善玉米醇溶蛋白理化性质,在传统浇铸法膜制备过程中引入平行匀强电场(1~5 A/m2)处理蛋白成膜液。经过电场处理后,玉米醇溶蛋白表面光滑、形状完整。试验结果表明:电场处理可改善薄膜力学性质、表面疏水性、水蒸气透过率等性质;随着电流密度的增大,薄膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率、吸水率以及表面接触角呈现规律性增加或者减小;电场处理下薄膜热特性改变,与未处理组相比变性温度略有提高,最大增幅为19.5℃。当电流密度为4 A/m2时,薄膜理化性质较佳:拉伸强度、断裂伸长率分别为73.09 MPa和9.68%,吸水率降低至14.87%,水蒸气透过率为2.55×10-8 g·m/(m2·h·Pa),静态接触角为62.18°,变性温度提高到118.39℃,热稳定性提高,薄膜表面光滑。电场可诱导成膜液中分子有序性排列,提高薄膜均一性;通过调节电流密度可得到具有一定力学强度和亲/疏水性的薄膜。试验结果为制备具有特定功能性的纯玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜材料提供了理论依据。     

氨基酸对明胶膜结构及性能的影响

为了探索氨基酸作为明胶膜增塑剂的潜力,本试验研究了不同氨基酸(脯氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸和甲硫氨酸)对明胶膜厚度、机械性能、水蒸气透过率、透光率、颜色以及结构等的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,除了甲硫氨酸外,其余的氨基酸都能增加明胶膜柔韧性;除了脯氨酸外,其余的氨基酸都增加了明胶膜的黄度值,并降低了明胶膜透光率和透明度;而添加脯氨酸的明胶膜的柔韧性最好、具有更好的表观特征,表面光滑紧致,同时具有更高的透明度、透光率和柔韧性。根据傅里叶变换红外光谱和二级结构分析发现,添加脯氨酸、丝氨酸和甲硫氨酸能通过氢键与明胶相互作用,降低明胶的无规则卷曲结构含量,增加β-折叠和β-转角结构含量。综合分析认为,脯氨酸可以作为明胶膜的天然增塑剂。本研究结果为增塑剂在明胶膜中的应用提供了新视角。     

乙醇浸渍对切片茄子干燥特性和品质的影响

为了提高切片茄子的干制品质、缩短干燥时间,对热风干燥前的切片茄子进行了乙醇浸渍处理。以不同干燥温度(45、55、65℃)、预处理乙醇体积分数(0、5%、15%)和茄子切片厚度(1.0、1.5、2.0 cm)为试验因素,以干燥时间及干燥后产品的干燥速率、色泽、复水比和微观结构为评价指标进行正交试验。试验结果表明:干燥温度、乙醇体积分数和切片厚度对干燥时间均有显著影响(P0.05);综合评价的影响顺序由大到小依次为:切片厚度干燥温度乙醇体积分数;切片茄子的干燥过程属于降速干燥,通过费克第二定律得到切片茄子的水分有效扩散系数在2.74×10-9~7.75×10-9 m2/s;切片厚度对干燥后茄子片的复水比有显著影响(P0.05),复水比随着切片厚度的增加而减少;乙醇体积分数对干燥后茄子片的色泽具有显著影响(P0.05),而且可以改变干燥后茄子的微观结构改善物料外观品质。当乙醇体积分数为15%、干燥温度为65℃、切片厚度为1.0 cm时,干燥时间为225 min,复水比为4.93,明亮度为88.24,既有较快的干燥速率又能够得到比较好的色泽。研究表明适宜体积分数的乙醇浸渍预处理能够提高切片茄子的干燥速率、改善色泽,为高品质切片茄子快速干燥提供了理论依据。     

丁香酚对高粱醇溶蛋白可食性膜结构及性能的影响

为开发天然的可降解、可食性包装材料,以高粱醇溶蛋白为原料,采用溶液共混的方法制备可食性丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜,分析不同浓度丁香酚对可食性高粱醇溶蛋白膜物理性能及微观结构的影响并探讨其变化机理。结果表明,添加4%丁香酚可优化蛋白膜的机械性能,提升膜的拉伸强度(TS)和断裂伸长率(EAB);添加丁香酚不影响蛋白膜的水蒸气透过系数(WVP),但略微提高了蛋白膜的溶解度;添加4%丁香酚可增加蛋白膜对紫外光和可见光的吸光度值,即增强膜的光阻隔性能。DSC测量显示,添加丁香酚后降低了高粱醇溶蛋白的玻璃态转变温度(Tg),表明丁香酚提高了丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜的延展性;FTIR分析结果表明,添加丁香酚后使得高粱醇溶蛋白二级结构中的α-螺旋、无规则卷曲转变为β-折叠、β-转角,表明丁香酚有助于提高丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜的机械性能;SEM结果显示,4%丁香酚与高粱醇溶蛋白的相容性良好,制备的复合膜截面光滑紧致。本研究结果为可降解、可食性膜新材料的研究及应用推广提供了理论参考。     

乌贼墨黑色素纳米粒对明胶-普鲁兰多糖复合膜的性能影响及表征

为探究乌贼墨黑色素纳米粒(MNP)对明胶-普鲁兰多糖(Gel/Pul)复合膜的改性效果,本研究以乌贼墨为原料,利用动态高压微射流技术制备MNP,以明胶、普鲁兰多糖为成膜基质,添加MNP制备纳米复合膜,通过水蒸气透过率(WVP)、透油率、光学性能、机械性能和自由基清除率等指标,考察了MNP添加量对复合膜的物理特性和抗氧化能力的影响,并通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)进行微观表征,探究MNP与成膜基质间的相互作用。结果表明,MNP与Gel/Pul基质存在氢键的相互作用,具有良好的生物相容性;MNP的加入可以改善纳米复合膜的水蒸气阻隔性和机械性能;当MNP添加量为1 wt%时,复合膜的水蒸气透过率最小,抗拉强度达到最大值;随着MNP添加量的增加,纳米复合膜表现出优越的紫外阻隔性和抗氧化性能。本研究结果为MNP应用于可食膜改性及食品包装提供了一定的理论依据。     

Mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of apple puree edible films containing plant essential oils

Edible films, as carriers of antimicrobial compounds, constitute an approach for incorporating plant essential oils (EOs) onto fresh-cut fruit surfaces. The effect against Escherichia coli O157:H7 of oregano, cinnamon, and lemongrass oils in apple puree film-forming solution (APFFS) and in an edible film made from the apple puree solution (APEF) was investigated along with the mechanical and physical properties of the films. Bactericidal activities of APFFS, expressed as BA50 values (BA50 values are defined as the percentage of antimicrobial that killed 50% of the bacteria under the test conditions) ranged from 0.019% for oregano oil to 0.094% for cinnamon oil. Oregano oil in the apple puree and in the film was highly effective against E. coli O157:H7. The data show that (a) the order of antimicrobial activities was oregano oil > lemongrass oil > cinnamon oil and (b) addition of the essential oils into film-forming solution decreased water vapor permeability and increased oxygen permeability, but did not significantly alter the tensile properties of the films. These results show that plant-derived essential oils can be used to prepare apple-based antimicrobial edible films for various food applications.     

Synergistic antimicrobial activities of natural essential oils with chitosan films

The synergistic antimicrobial activities of three natural essential oils (i.e., clove bud oil, cinnamon oil, and star anise oil) with chitosan films were investigated. Cinnamon oil had the best antimicrobial activity among three oils against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Aspergillus oryzae , and Penicillium digitatum . The chitosan solution exhibited good inhibitory effects on the above bacteria except the fungi, whereas chitosan film had no remarkable antimicrobial activity. The cinnamon oil-chitosan film exhibited a synergetic effect by enhancing the antimicrobial activities of the oil, which might be related to the constant release of the oil. The cinnamon oil-chitosan film had also better antimicrobial activity than the clove bud oil-chitosan film. The results also showed that the compatibility of cinnamon oil with chitosan in film formation was better than that of the clove bud oil with chitosan. However, the incorporated oils modified the mechanical strengths, water vapor transmission rate, moisture content, and solubility of the chitosan film. Furthermore, chemical reaction took place between cinnamon oil and chitosan, whereas phase separation occurred between clove bud oil and chitosan.     

固体颗粒对高压叶片泵配流副油膜特性影响的数值模拟

叶片泵对油液的清洁度要求较高，油液中混入的少量固体颗粒会引起泵内部摩擦副磨损而使其间隙增大，影响叶片泵的容积效率。为了探明颗粒在叶片泵配流副油膜内部的分布状态及其对配流副损坏机制，该研究使用理论分析、数值模拟和试验测试的方法，研究油液中的固体颗粒对高压叶片泵配流副油膜特性的影响。应用Fluent内置的两相流模型，分别改变固体颗粒直径（0.5～13μm）和固相体积分数（0.2%～1%）、泵的工作压力和转速，开展子母叶片泵配流副油膜内部的固相体积分数分布与温度分布的数值模拟，并对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明，油液中的固体颗粒基本不影响配流副油膜的压力数值及其分布，但会引起排油区的油膜温度下降低。随着颗粒直径的增大，吸油区油膜固相体积分数减小，最大变化量为0.25%，排油区油膜固相体积分数增大，最大变化量为0.35%，油膜固相体积分数整体上呈增大趋势变化。叶片泵容积效率随着固体颗粒直径的增大而下降，二者近似线性关系。随着颗粒固相体积分数的增加，油膜固相体积分数整体呈增大的趋势变化，最大变化量为0.72%，引起叶片泵容积效率下降，且颗粒固相体积分数与容积效率之间呈非线性关系。油膜表面的温度随颗粒固相体积分数的增加而减小，吸油区各区域油膜温度变化较小，排油区油膜温度最大变化量为2 K。配流副油膜受压差流影响较大的区域内固相体积分数随工作压力升高而减小，最大变化量为0.3%，油膜表面各区域的温度有所上升，核心区域温度变化量为4 K。油膜大部分区域的油膜固相体积分数和温度都随着泵转速的增大而增大，影响较大的区域中固相体积分数最大变化量为0.2%，温度最大变化量为3 K。研究结果可为高压叶片泵配流副的设计提供参考。     

Physicochemical properties of alginate/polycaprolactone-based films containing essential oils

Oregano, savory, and cinnamon essential oils (EOs) 1% (w/v) were separately incorporated as natural antioxidant agents in alginate/polycaprolactone-based films. Films were then treated in 2 or 20% (w/v) CaCl2 solutions in order to generate insoluble films. The mechanical properties and the insoluble matter of films were determined. Intermolecular interactions between film components and alginate cross-linkage were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Surface morphology of the polymer membrane was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Antiradical properties of films were also evaluated following a modified colorimetric method using the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) discoloration test. Results showed that films treatment with CaCl2 (20%) solution increased the percentage of insoluble matter in films but did not enhance their mechanical properties. FTIR analysis showed higher interactions in films treated in CaCl2 solutions despite the concentration used (2 vs 20%). The SEM observations of films showed a smoother surface with a higher density when films were treated in CaCl2 (20%) solution. The DPPD test showed that the oregano-based films had the highest antiradical properties.     

生物降解地膜对黄土旱塬玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

研究黄土旱塬不同厚度生物降解地膜对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响,为黄土旱塬区生物降解地膜应用提供参考依据。采用0.006、0.008、0.010 mm 3种厚度的生物降解地膜,以裸地为对照,测定不同处理土壤水分、植株性状、产量和水分利用效率等指标。结果表明,生物降解地膜厚度减薄会显著降低地膜对水分的保蓄能力,覆膜后150 d,0.006 mm生物降解地膜单株叶面积小于裸地,0.008、0.010 mm生物降解地膜单株叶面积较裸地分别增加20.2%、22.2%。覆膜后120 d,0.006、0.008 mm生物降解地膜叶片SPAD值与裸地没有明显差异,0.010 mm生物降解地膜叶片SPAD值较裸地增加4.2%。生物降解地膜厚度对春玉米产量和水分利用效率有显著影响,生物降解地膜越厚,春玉米产量和水分利用效率越高,但0.008、0.010 mm生物降解地膜在产量和水分利用效率上没有显著差异。     

Influence of emulsifier type and content on functional properties of polysaccharide lipid-based edible films

This study investigates the effect of different types of surfactant (glycerol monostearate, Tween 60, and Tween 80) on water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), percentage elongation at breaking (E), and structure of an emulsified edible film composed of cornstarch, methylcellulose, and cocoa butter or soybean oil. Factorial designs at two levels were used to analyze the effect of emulsifier (EM) and lipid content on the functional properties of film. Results showed that the effects of independent variables on WVP, TS, and E depend on surfactant and lipid type. The presence of EM significantly decreased the WVP of cocoa butter films but did not improve the barrier or mechanical properties of soybean oil-based film.     

环保地膜覆盖对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响

为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决地膜覆盖造成的环境污染问题,在渭北旱塬进行了普通地膜、生物降解膜和液态膜玉米集雨种植栽培试验。结果表明：普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖处理在玉米不同生育阶段较对照0～60 cm土层土壤贮水量均有所提高,与液态膜及不覆盖处理（CK）相比呈显著性差异（p＜0.05）;不同材料覆盖处理的土壤水分空间变化规律相同,普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖处理可有效提高土壤含水率,并能增强0～200 cm土层土壤含水率的稳定性;普通地膜和生物降解膜处理的玉米籽粒产量比对照（CK）分别提高了19.96%和19.67%,水分利用效率分别比对照提高32.08%和31.81%,均与对照（CK）呈显著性差异,液态膜处理的籽粒产量及水分利用效率与对照无显著性差异。可见,生物降解膜与普通地膜在土壤保水及对玉米产量的影响方面均具有显著效果,且相互间没有明显差异,生物降解膜可以替代普通地膜应用于农业生产。     

Drying temperature effect on water vapor permeability and mechanical properties of whey protein-lipid emulsion films

The water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) and WPI-lipid emulsion films dried at different conditions were investigated. As drying temperature increased, WVPs decreased significantly. Significantly lower WVP was observed for emulsion films compared to WPI films. WPI-Beeswax (BW) and WPI-anhydrous milkfat fraction emulsion films dried at 80 degrees C and 40% RH gave the lowest WVP compared to 25 degrees C, 40% RH and 40 degrees C, 40% RH. A large drop in WVP of WPI-BW emulsion films was observed at 20% BW content. The decrease in WVP for emulsion films as drying temperature increased could be due to change in the lipid crystalline morphology and/or lipid distribution within the matrix. Mechanical properties of WPI and WPI-lipid emulsion films, on the other hand, were not modified by drying conditions.     

Lipid particle size effect on water vapor permeability and mechanical properties of whey protein/beeswax emulsion films

Lipid particle size effects on water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI)/beeswax (BW) emulsion films were investigated. Emulsion films containing 20 and 60% BW (dry basis) and mean lipid particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 microm were prepared. BW particle size effects on WVP and mechanical properties were observed only in films containing 60% BW. WVP of these films decreased as lipid particle size decreased. As drying temperature increased, film WVPs decreased significantly. Meanwhile, tensile strength and elongation increased as BW particle size decreased. However, for 20% BW emulsion films, properties were not affected by lipid particle size. Results suggest that increased protein-lipid interactions at the BW particle interfaces, as particle size decreased and resulting interfacial area increased, result in stronger films with lower WVPs. Observing this effect depends on a large lipid content within the protein matrix. At low lipid content, the effect of interactions at the protein-lipid interfaces is not observed, due to the presence of large protein-matrix regions of the film without lipid, which are not influenced by protein-lipid interactions.