茉莉酸甲酯-大豆分离蛋白复合膜的制备及物理性质研究

为研究茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)对大豆分离蛋白膜物理性质的影响,以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为成膜基质,添加适量的增塑剂等成膜助剂,复合Me JA制备蛋白复合膜,并采用场发射电子扫描、X-射线衍射和傅立叶变换红外光谱等方法分析了复合膜的物理特性。结果表明,Me JA与大豆分离蛋白基质有良好的相容性,复合膜材料外观光滑平整。与单一大豆分离蛋白膜相比,Me JA的添加显著增加了膜的厚度和延伸率,降低了膜的透明性及水蒸气透过率,提高了其光阻隔性能,改善了膜的阻湿性。扫面电镜分析发现,0.05%添加量的茉莉酸甲酯精油复合膜内部结构较单一蛋白膜紧凑;红外光谱分析表明,Me JA与SPI基质存在一定相互作用,综合物理性能较佳。由此可知,此复合膜在食品包装和保鲜材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

秘鲁鱿鱼皮明胶-壳聚糖复合膜的性能与结构表征

为考察壳聚糖对鱿鱼皮明胶膜的改性效果,将壳聚糖添加到明胶溶液中,考察壳聚糖的添加量对鱿鱼皮明胶复合膜机械性能、水蒸气透过率、透光性及其结构的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖能有效改善鱿鱼皮明胶膜的有关性能指标,当鱿鱼皮明胶溶液与壳聚糖溶液以60∶40(v/v)比例混合,制得复合膜的断裂伸长率相比单一明胶膜下降,但其抗拉伸强度、透光率和水蒸气阻隔能力分别比单一明胶膜提高了652%、11%和48%;差示扫描量热仪、红外及扫描电镜分析结果显示,壳聚糖能与鱿鱼皮明胶相互作用,形成结构致密的均相体系,提高复合膜的热变性温度。综上可知,鱿鱼皮明胶与壳聚糖之间具有良好的相容性,壳聚糖是一种较理想的明胶膜改性材料。本试验结果为鱿鱼皮明胶作为食品保鲜膜的应用提了供依据。     

纳米SiO2对PVA基复合涂膜包装材料成膜透湿性能的影响

为改善聚乙烯醇（PVA）涂膜的阻湿保鲜效能特性,该文采用添加纳米SiO2对PVA基复合涂膜包装材料进行改性,应用响应曲面方法研究SiO2、硬脂酸、戊二醛对三元复合涂膜材料成膜效能特性的影响及交互作用。结果表明：加入纳米SiO2改性可有效提高PVA基复合涂膜包装材料的阻水、阻湿性能,优化组成膜透湿率8.18 g/(m2·d)比对照组（不添加纳米SiO2的PVA复合膜）降低26.61%（p<0.05）;硬脂酸、戊二醛对复合涂膜材料成膜透湿率的影响与纳米SiO2存在显著的交互作用,每100 mL 0.05 g/mL的PVA溶液中纳米SiO2添加量在小于0.05 g范围内随着SiO2含量增大,复合涂膜材料成膜透湿率随硬脂酸、戊二醛的比例增加而降低,阻湿性能提高。     

原儿茶酸-普鲁兰多糖复合涂膜对辣椒采后保鲜效果的影响

为研究原儿茶酸、普鲁兰多糖对辣椒采后保鲜效果的影响,以湘研15号辣椒为供试果蔬,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面试验优化原儿茶酸-普鲁兰多糖复合膜保鲜剂的制备工艺条件,并分析优化后制备的原儿茶酸-普鲁兰多糖复合涂膜对辣椒采后保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,原儿茶酸-普鲁兰多糖复合涂膜保鲜剂的最佳制备条件为:原儿茶酸浓度123 mg·L^-1、普鲁兰多糖浓度0.45%、CaCl₂浓度1.1%、浸泡时间1.5 min,此条件下制备的原儿茶酸-普鲁兰多糖复合涂膜保鲜剂处理辣椒,贮藏15 d后发现辣椒失重率、腐烂率显著降低,复合涂膜显著降低了辣椒的呼吸作用,维持了果皮亮度、色泽,并提高了CAT活性,增强了自由基清除能力,对POD、PPO、PAL活性也起到了抑制作用,说明复合涂膜能够有效延长辣椒保鲜期。本研究结果为植物源保鲜剂的开发奠定了理论基础。     

添加适量丁香精油提高大豆分离蛋白膜性能

为探索新型生物膜材料的制备方法及抗菌、抗氧化活性,以大豆分离蛋白为成膜基质,添加适量的增塑剂和丁香精油成分,制备可食性复合膜。研究丁香精油添加对膜的物理性能、抗氧化活性和抗菌活性的影响。结果表明,当丁香精油添加量在0～2.0%时,随着添加比例的增加,复合膜的抗拉强度和透明度降低,断裂伸长率和透湿性升高;添加丁香精油显著提高了大豆分离蛋白膜的抗氧化活力(P0.05),具有很好的抑制肉中常见腐败菌和致病菌的效果,对革兰氏阳性菌单增李斯特菌和清酒乳杆菌的抑菌效果好于革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌和荧光假单胞菌,其中对单增李斯特菌抑菌效果最好。当丁香精油添加量为1.5%时,制备复合膜具有优良抗菌、抗氧化活性,且综合理化性能较佳。丁香精油可添加到大豆分离蛋白中制备具有抑菌抗氧化性能的可食性膜,此复合膜具有作为活性包装的潜力。     

纳米SiO2对聚乙烯醇基复合涂膜包装材料成膜透湿性能的影响

聚乙烯醇（PVA）由于其亲水性能而影响其在食品包装上的应用。本研究采用添加纳米SiO2对聚乙烯醇基复合涂膜包装材料进行改性,利用响应曲面方法研究SiO2、硬脂酸、戊二醛对三元复合涂膜材料成膜效能特性的影响及交互作用。结果表明：加入纳米SiO2可有效提高聚乙烯醇基复合涂膜包装材料的阻水阻湿性能,优化组成膜透湿率（8.18 g•m-2•d-1）比对照组（不添加纳米SiO2的PVA复合膜）降低26.61%（p<0.05）。硬脂酸、戊二醛对复合涂膜材料成膜的透湿率的影响与纳米SiO2存在显著的交互作用,每100 mL 5%（W/VH2O）的PVA溶液中纳米SiO2添加量在小于0.05 g范围内随着其含量增大,复合涂膜材料成膜透湿率随硬脂酸、戊二醛的比例增加而降低,阻水阻湿性能提高。     

葵花籽壳纳米纤维素/壳聚糖/大豆分离蛋白可食膜制备工艺优化

为了研究具有良好性能的可食膜及其制备方法,该文以大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)为成膜基材,向其中添加葵花籽壳纳米纤维素(nano-crystalline cellulose,NCC)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)制备得到共混可食膜。通过研究成膜材料配比、pH值和丙三醇质量浓度对可食膜抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongarion,E)、水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)和氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)的影响,以可食膜综合性能为响应值,各因素为自变量,利用响应面法对工艺参数进行优化,并建立了二次多项式回归模型,通过对模型的分析得到各因素对可食膜性能综合分影响的大小顺序为pH值成膜材料配比丙三醇质量浓度。结果表明:成膜材料质量比NCC:CS:SPI为1.25:0.75:2,pH值为3.59,丙三醇质量浓度为0.02 g/m L时,可食膜性能(抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过系数和氧气透过率)的综合分达到最高为0.63。红外和扫描电镜结果表明成膜材料间具有良好的相容性。研究结果可为可食膜的生产应用提供参考。     

超声波微波协同改性乳清蛋白/壳聚糖可食膜工艺优化

为研究新型高性能可食膜及制备方法采用浓缩乳清蛋白(whey protein concentrate,WPC)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)为成膜基材,制备出可食膜,利用超声波微波协同作用对可食膜进行改性,试验结果表明超声波微波协同改性后的可食膜具有较低透气性;并研究成膜材料配比、山梨醇质量浓度、pH值和超声波微波协同作用时间对可食膜水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)、氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongation,E)和透光率(transmittance,T)的影响。试验结果表明成膜材料配比WPC∶CS=5.8∶6.2、山梨醇质量浓度0.021 g/mL、pH值5.13、超声波微波协同作用5 min时,此时制备的可食膜透气性较低,且具有较好的物理性质,水蒸气透过系数为1.22×10-13 g/(cm·s·Pa),氧气透过率为1.29×10-5 cm3/(m2·d·Pa)。该文研究成果可为可食膜的研发提供新的参考。     

纳米ɑ-Fe_2O_3改性聚乙烯醇基蜂蜡复合涂膜材料工艺优化

为有效的提高聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)的成膜后阻湿性能,该研究采用乳化剂聚甘油酯和单甘酯复配乳化蜂蜡使其与PVA形成稳定的乳液。在PVA基膜材料中添加了蜂蜡及纳米α-Fe2O3,利用单因素试验确定了响应曲面试验的因素水平,从而使用响应面试验研究了两者之间对成膜透湿率的影响和交互作用。结果表明:随着蜂蜡添加量增加纳米α-Fe2O3添加量临界值降低且有效降低成膜透湿率,所以这2种材料之间存在明显的交互作用(P0.05)。回归优化的最优组蜂蜡添加量为0.739 g/100mL,纳米α-Fe2O3添加量为0.04 g/100mL时透湿率达到最低点,比对照组膜降低了73.76%(P0.05)。优化的膜材料具有明显的抑菌效果,在光催化条件下,能使大肠杆菌菌落总数下降1个数量级。     

纳米SiO2–聚乙烯醇–γ聚谷氨酸复合膜材料制备及其性能研究

【目的】聚乙烯醇 (polyvinyl alcohol,PVA) 作为缓释肥包膜材料具有价格低廉、透性好、环保、少残留的优点,但耐水性能差,制成包膜肥料进入土壤后缓释效果不持久。γ聚谷氨酸 (γ-PGA) 是一种原料易得的肥料增效剂,利用纳米二氧化硅 (nano-SiO₂) 和γ-PGA对聚合物PVA进行改性,并用改性后的PVA制备了缓释材料,优化nano-SiO₂、γ-PGA和戊二醛的配比参数。【方法】试验采用三因素三水平L₉(33) 正交设计,三因素三水平是PVA浓度 (因素A) 4%、6%、8%,γ-PGA与PVA的质量配比 (因素B) 0.8∶3、1∶3、1.2∶3,戊二醛占PVA与γ-PGA体积之和比例 (因素C) 0.1%、0.2%、0.3%,以不添加戊二醛的9个处理做对照。用有机高分子聚合法制备复合膜,分析了不同原料配比制备的膜材料的吸水性和渗透性能,找出最优原料配比。在此基础上,在上述包膜材料中分别加入5、10和20 g/kg的nano-SiO₂和少量无水乙醇制成复合膜,测定复合膜材料的吸水率、渗透率,分析了膜的红外光谱特征和表面微观结构变化,探讨其改性成膜机理。【结果】加入交联剂戊二醛后,复合膜材料的吸水率和渗透率均显著降低。当PVA浓度为4%,γ-PGA与PVA质量比为1.2∶3,戊二醛体积分数为0.3%时,复合膜材料的吸水率最低,为118%,铵离子和水的渗透率分别比对照降低了46.8%和23.0%。添加nano-SiO₂后,各处理膜的吸水率均随nano-SiO₂添加量的增加呈现先升高后降低的变化,当添加量为20 g/kg时,复合膜材料吸水率和NH₄+渗透率最低,与不加nano-SiO₂相比,复合膜材料吸水率和NH₄+渗透率分别降低了6.8%～38.2%和23.8%～53.2%,而水渗透率增加了38.4%～67.7%。红外分析光谱结果表明,PVA和γ-PGA反应生成醚键;添加nano-SiO₂处理的―OH伸缩振动峰变宽,透过率增加,并且出现了Si―O―Si摇摆振动和反对称伸缩振动;同时,从官能团特征看出复合膜中仍存在未反应的γ-PGA。扫描电镜结果显示纳米SiO₂–聚乙烯醇–γ聚谷氨酸复合膜材料的表面更光滑,致密均一,这可能是包膜材料能减缓氮素释放的主要原因。【结论】nano-SiO₂与PVA、γ-PGA、戊二醛分子结合生成的交联纳米复合膜材料亲水基团数目减少,膜材料吸水率降低,提高了包膜材料的缓释性能,更适用于颗粒肥料包膜。膜材料中存在的游离γ-PGA可以继续发挥肥料增效剂的作用。     

Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Starch‐Clay Nanocomposite Films

The poor barrier and mechanical properties of biopolymer‐based food packaging can potentially be enhanced by the use of layered silicates (nanoclay) to produce nanocomposites. In this study, starch‐clay nanocomposites were synthesized by a melt extrusion method. Natural (MMT) and organically modified (I30E) montmorillonite clays were chosen for the nanocomposite preparation. The structures of the hybrids were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Films were made through casting using granulate produced by a twin‐screw extruder. Starch/MMT composite films showed higher tensile strength and better water vapor barrier properties than films from starch/I30E composites, as well as pristine starch, due to formation of intercalated nanostructure. To find the best combinations of raw materials, the effects of clay content (0–21 wt% MMT), starch sources (corn, wheat, and potato), and amylose content (≈0, 28, 55, 70, 100%) on barrier and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films were investigated. With increase in clay content, significantly higher (15–92%) tensile strength (TS), and lower (22–67%) water vapor permeability (WVP) were obtained. The barrier and mechanical properties of nanocomposite films did not vary significantly with different starch sources. Nanocomposite films from regular corn starch had better barrier and mechanical properties than either high amylopectin or high‐amylose‐based nanocomposite films. WVP, TS, and elongation at break (%E) of the films did not change significantly as amylose content increased beyond 50%.     

Drying temperature effect on water vapor permeability and mechanical properties of whey protein-lipid emulsion films

The water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) and WPI-lipid emulsion films dried at different conditions were investigated. As drying temperature increased, WVPs decreased significantly. Significantly lower WVP was observed for emulsion films compared to WPI films. WPI-Beeswax (BW) and WPI-anhydrous milkfat fraction emulsion films dried at 80 degrees C and 40% RH gave the lowest WVP compared to 25 degrees C, 40% RH and 40 degrees C, 40% RH. A large drop in WVP of WPI-BW emulsion films was observed at 20% BW content. The decrease in WVP for emulsion films as drying temperature increased could be due to change in the lipid crystalline morphology and/or lipid distribution within the matrix. Mechanical properties of WPI and WPI-lipid emulsion films, on the other hand, were not modified by drying conditions.     

Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanocomposite films with antimicrobial activity

Four different types of chitosan-based nanocomposite films were prepared using a solvent-casting method by incorporation with four types of nanoparticles, that is, an unmodified montmorillonite (Na-MMT), an organically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B), a Nano-silver, and a Ag-zeolite (Ag-Ion). X-ray diffraction patterns of the nanocomposite films indicated that a certain degree of intercalation was formed in the nanocomposite films, with the highest intercalation in the Na-MMT-incorporated films followed by films with Cloisite 30B and Ag-Ion. Scanning electron micrographs showed that in all of the nanocomposite films, except the Nano-silver-incorporated one, nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously throughout the chitosan polymer matrix. Consequently, mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan films were affected through intercalation of nanoparticles, that is, tensile strength increased by 7-16%, whereas water vapor permeability decreased by 25-30% depending on the nanoparticle material tested. In addition, chitosan-based nanocomposite films, especially silver-containing ones, showed a promising range of antimicrobial activity.     

Lipid particle size effect on water vapor permeability and mechanical properties of whey protein/beeswax emulsion films

Lipid particle size effects on water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI)/beeswax (BW) emulsion films were investigated. Emulsion films containing 20 and 60% BW (dry basis) and mean lipid particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 microm were prepared. BW particle size effects on WVP and mechanical properties were observed only in films containing 60% BW. WVP of these films decreased as lipid particle size decreased. As drying temperature increased, film WVPs decreased significantly. Meanwhile, tensile strength and elongation increased as BW particle size decreased. However, for 20% BW emulsion films, properties were not affected by lipid particle size. Results suggest that increased protein-lipid interactions at the BW particle interfaces, as particle size decreased and resulting interfacial area increased, result in stronger films with lower WVPs. Observing this effect depends on a large lipid content within the protein matrix. At low lipid content, the effect of interactions at the protein-lipid interfaces is not observed, due to the presence of large protein-matrix regions of the film without lipid, which are not influenced by protein-lipid interactions.     

Amaranthus cruentus flour edible films: influence of stearic acid addition, plasticizer concentration, and emulsion stirring speed on water vapor permeability and mechanical properties

Films forming solutions composed of Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) flour (4.0 g/100 mL), stearic acid (5-15 g/100 g of flour), and glycerol (25-35 g/100 g of flour) were prepared by an emulsification process, with varying stirring speed values (6640-13360 rpm). The influence of these parameters (stearic acid and glycerol concentrations and stirring speed) on the water vapor barrier and mechanical properties of films was evaluated using the response surface methodology (RSM). Other characterizations, including microstructure, water solubility, and oxygen permeability, were performed in optimized films. According to statistical analysis results, the optimized conditions corresponded to 10 g of stearic acid/100 g of flour, 26 g of glycerol/100 g of flour, and a stirring speed of 12 000 rpm. The films produced under these conditions exhibited superior mechanical properties (2.5 N puncture force, 2.6 MPa tensile strength, and 148% elongation at break) in comparison to those of other protein and polysaccharide composite films, low solubility (15.2%), and optimal barrier properties (WVP of 8.9 x 10(- 11) g m(- 1) s(- 1) Pa(- 1) and oxygen permeability of 2.36 x 10(- 13) cm3 m(-1) s(-1) Pa(-1)).     

Influence of emulsifier type and content on functional properties of polysaccharide lipid-based edible films

This study investigates the effect of different types of surfactant (glycerol monostearate, Tween 60, and Tween 80) on water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), percentage elongation at breaking (E), and structure of an emulsified edible film composed of cornstarch, methylcellulose, and cocoa butter or soybean oil. Factorial designs at two levels were used to analyze the effect of emulsifier (EM) and lipid content on the functional properties of film. Results showed that the effects of independent variables on WVP, TS, and E depend on surfactant and lipid type. The presence of EM significantly decreased the WVP of cocoa butter films but did not improve the barrier or mechanical properties of soybean oil-based film.     

Barrier and mechanical properties of milk protein-based edible films containing nutraceuticals

Calcium caseinate (CC) and whey protein isolate (WPI) films were prepared to contain 5 or 10% Gluconal Cal (GC), a mixture of calcium lactate and gluconate, or 0.1 or 0.2% alpha-tocopheryl acetate (VE), respectively. The pH and viscosity of film-forming solutions and the water vapor permeability and tensile property of the films were determined using standard procedures. CC and WPI films have the capabilities to carry high concentration of GC or VE, but some of the film functionality might be compromised. Adding VE to CC and WPI films increased film elongation at break, whereas incorporating 0.2% VE decreased WVP of CC films and tensile strength of both CC and WPI films. Incorporation of GC reduced the tensile strength of CC films (P < 0.05), with 10% GC decreasing both elongation at break and WVP (P < 0.05). These types of films may be used for wrapping or coating to enhance the nutritional value of foods. The concentration of GC and VE added to the films must be carefully selected to meet required water barrier and mechanical properties of the films depending on their specific applications.     

Modification and characterization of biodegradable methylcellulose films with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) by γ radiation: effect of nanocrystalline cellulose

Methylcellulose (MC)-based films were prepared by solution casting from its 1% aqueous suspension containing 0.25% glycerol. Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) monomer (0.1-2% by wt) along with the glycerol was added to the MC suspension. The films were cast and irradiated from a radiation dose varied from 0.1 to 10 kGy. Then the mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), and elongation at break (Eb) and barrier properties of the films were evaluated. The highest TS (47.88 PMa) and TM (1791.50 MPa) of the films were found by using 0.1% monomer at 5 kGy dose. The lowest water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films was found to be 5.57 g·mm/m(2)·day·kPa (at 0.1% monomer and 5 kGy dose), which is 12.14% lower than control MC-based films. Molecular interactions due to incorporation of TMPTMA were supported by FTIR spectroscopy. A band at 1720 cm(-1) was observed due to the addition of TMPTMA in MC-based films, which indicated the typical (C═O) carbonyl stretching. For the further improvement of the mechanical and barrier properties of the film, 0.025-1% nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was added to the MC-based suspension containing 1% TMPTMA. Addition of NCC led to a significant improvement in the mechanical and barrier properties. The novelty of this investigation was to graft insoluble monomer using γ radiation with MC-based films and use of biodegradable NCC as the reinforcing agent.     

Relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical and barrier properties of whey protein films

This work was focused on the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical and barrier properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) films. Sorbitol (S) and glycerol (G) were used as plasticizers and the pH was varied between 7 and 9. The films were cast from heated aqueous solutions and dried in a climate room at 23 degrees C and 50% relative humidity for 16 h. The microstructure of the films was found to be dependent on the concentration, the plasticizers, and the pH. When the concentration increased, a more aggregated structure was formed, with a denser protein network and larger pores. This resulted in increased water vapor permeability (WVP) and decreased oxygen permeability (OP). When G was used as a plasticizer instead of S, the microstructure was different, and the moisture content and WVP approximately doubled. When the pH increased from 7 to 9, a denser protein structure was formed, the strain at break increased, and the OP decreased.     

Edible arabinoxylan-based films. 1. Effects of lipid type on water vapor permeability,film structure,and other physical characteristics

Arabinoxylans (AX) are natural fibers extracted from maize bran, an industrial byproduct. To promote this polymer as a food ingredient, development of edible coatings and films had been proposed. Indeed, composite arabinoxylan-based films were prepared by emulsifying a fat: palmitic acid, oleic acid, triolein, or a hydrogenated palm oil (OK35). Lipid effects on water vapor permeability (WVP), surface hydrophobicity (contact angles), lipid particle size, and mechanical properties were investigated. Results showed that OK35-AX emulsion films had the lowest WVP. Emulsified films presented a bimodal particle size distribution; however, the smallest particle mean diameter (0.54 microm) was observed in OK35-AX emulsion films. Contact angles of water comparable to those observed for LDPE films (>90 degrees ) are measured on the OK35-AX film surface. Finally, only triolein-AX emulsion films had elongation higher than films without lipid. These results suggest that OK35 enhances functional properties of AX-based films and should be retained for further research.