基于土地利用变化的高阳县生态系统服务价值和碳排放风险研究

研究土地利用变化下区域生态系统服务价值和土地碳排放风险的变化,对于了解土地利用变化的生态环境响应,促进区域经济与环境的协调发展,实现低碳土地利用具有重要意义。以高阳县为研究区,基于2009年和2016年土地利用数据,利用网格法划分评价单元,运用模型法定量评价了生态系统服务价值和土地碳排放风险,并分析了时空演变特征,最后对二者进行了相关性分析。结果表明:2009—2016年高阳县土地利用变化特点为建设用地迅速扩张、水域等生态类用地大量减少;生态系统服务价值总体偏低且研究期间呈下降趋势,县域东中部地区整体高于西部地区;土地碳排放风险总体偏低但在研究期间呈上升趋势,县域中西部地区整体高于北部和东南部地区;土地碳排放风险与生态系统服务价值存在显著负相关关系,表明生态系统服务分析在土地利用碳排放研究中应用的可能。     

快速城市化背景下生态系统服务价值时空演变——以南京市为例

[目的] 分析南京市土地生态服务价值的驱动力影响,为科学地开展生态系统服务价值研究、生态保护与建设、城乡空间布局优化以及土地可持续发展提供重要依据。[方法] 基于江苏省南京市1990—2018年的土地利用数据,估算了各种土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值,分析了南京市生态系统服务价值的时空动态及其对土地利用变化和景观格局变化的响应。[结果] 1990—2018年,南京市建设用地面积变化最大,耕地次之,草地、林地和水域的变化较小,其中建设用地面积增加了105.67%,耕地面积减少了19.93%;南京市斑块密度由0.589 0下降至0.512 5,表明总体景观破碎度指数在持续降低;南京市总的生态系统服务价值总体呈下降的趋势,降低了8.13%,其中水域的生态系统服务价值的变化对总的生态系统服务价值影响最为显著。[结论] 随着南京市社会经济发展,人口对于生态系统服务价值时空变化的影响高于经济因素,人口因素日益成为影响南京市生态系统服务价值的主要驱动因素。     

延河流域土地利用变化对其生态服务价值的影响

土地利用变化明显影响流域生态系统服务价值.本文在谢高地等制定的中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量表的基础上,结合延河流域土地利用变化情况和生态系统服务特征,完善了延河流域生态系统服务价值估算表,并以延河流域1990年、2000年和2006年土地利用数据为基础,估算了各年度的生态服务价值.分析表明:在16a间,延河流域生态服务价值总体有所提高,2006年比1990年生态服务价值增加了5.72亿元.敏感性分析表明流域内生态服务价值对生态服务价值指数是缺乏弹性的,研究结果是可信的.     

退耕还林对河北顺平县土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值的影响

退耕还林工程的实施,使区域的土地利用与生态环境发生了变化。为定量研究该区域退耕前后土地利用与生态服务价值的变化情况,本文应用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式和谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,对顺平县2001-2008年土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响进行了分析。结果表明:土地利用变化主要体现为耕地、其他农用地、未利用地的减少和园地、林地、建设用地和水域的增加;顺平县的生态系统服务价值在退耕还林期间呈逐年增加的趋势,其生态服务价值与总人口、GDP和农民人均纯收入均表现为显著正相关,反映出退耕还林工程对其生态、社会、经济等方面均起到了一定的积极作用。     

土地利用变化的人文驱动因子对新疆生态系统服务价值的影响

应用谢高地等人的生态系统服务价值系数,结合敏感度分析,探讨了1996-2008年新疆维吾尔自治区土地利用变化所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化,并进一步分析了土地利用变化的人文驱动因子对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明,该区域1996-2008年生态系统服务价值从7062.1671亿元增加到7168.987亿元,共增加106.8139亿元,表明该区域生态系统服务价值总体呈现持续增加趋势;在该区域生态系统服务价值中,废物处理价值最高,水源涵养价值次之,原材料价值最低,13a间各服务类型的价值总体上均呈增加趋势;新疆在13a间人均生态系统服务价值损失0.82万元,减幅达19.52%。这表明新疆地区由于人口的增长,环境压力呈持续增大趋势。影响新疆生态系统服务价值变化的人文因子可归纳为经济、人口和城市化水平因子,其中经济因子与生态系统服务价值呈正相关,而人口和城市化水平因子与生态系统服务价值呈负相关。     

重要水源地东圳水库水质变化及其影响因素研究

以地处喀斯特石山区的广西省河池市为例,以研究区单位面积农田生态系统在1988,1998和2003年提供的食物生产服务经济价值为基础,对研究区生态服务功能价值进行估算,并对照3个年份土地利用变化与生态服务功能价值的变化,找出了不同时段土地利用结构变化所引起的生态服务功能价值响应与变化特征.研究结果表明,1988-2003年河池市土地利用变化产生了较大的生态响应,生态服务功能价值总体上呈增长趋势;1988-1998年除了农田生态系统服务功能价值增长仅14.6%外,其它各类生态系统增幅都在25.9%以上;1998-2003年增幅明显减趋缓,草地生态服务功能价值则呈现急剧下滑状态,变化特征基本上与土地利用变化一致.河池市土地利用方式还需要进一步改善,尤其对面积广大的未利用地的生态改造和石漠化地区的生态恢复将会带来更大的生态效益.     

铜川市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响分析

土地利用类型及其结构的变化引起各类生态系统服务功能价值发生相应变化,应用Constanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,采用谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,分析了2006-2011年铜川市土地利用的时空变化以及由此导致的生态系统服务价值的时空变化,并运用灰色系统分析方法对各土地利用类型与生态系统服务价值量变化的相关性进行了定量研究.结果表明:研究期内,研究区耕地、林地和建设用地增加,林地增加最多,而草地和未利用地急剧减少;研究区内土地利用程度存在明显的空间差异,其中王益区土地利用程度最大,宜君县最小;生态系统服务价值总量以及各类生态系统服务类型的价值量均呈上升趋势;关联度计算表明,研究区建设用地和林地的生态系统服务价值对生态系统服务价值总量的影响最大.     

喀什市生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应及预测

[目的]通过研究喀什市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,为土地科学利用管理决策提供参考。[方法]参考Costanza(1997)和谢高地(2008)等人的研究成果,结合喀什市的实际情况,采用生态系统服务价值计算公式和敏感度分析,通过研究喀什市1997—2010年生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应,并针对喀什市土地利用总体规划(2010—2020年)中土地利用类型的变化,对生态系统服务价值进行预测分析。[结果]按规划发展,1997—2020年,喀什市土地利用结构变化较大。土地利用程度呈加大趋势,生态系统服务总价值则逐年减少,其中耕地、水域的生态服务价值持续下降。敏感性指数分析表明,喀什市生态系统服务价值对生态服务价值系数是缺乏弹性的,研究结果可信。[结论]在喀什市土地利用总体规划实施过程中,应注重提升土地节约和集约利用水平,优化土地利用结构,保持生态系统的平衡和稳定。     

浮梁县土地利用变化及驱动力分析

以江西省浮梁县作为研究区域,采用浮梁县1996-2005年的土地利用变更数据及社会经济统计数据,从土地利用数量变化、土地利用程度变化、土地利用效益变化3方面探讨了研究区域的土地利用变化特征,并运用主成分分析法对引起这些变化的驱动力进行了分析。研究结果表明:（1）耕地和建设用地是浮梁县土地利用数量变化的主要类型,土地利用程度和效益都有一定程度的提高,土地利用总体态势较好;（2）工业化、城市化水平的提高及人口的增长是引起土地利用变化的主要社会经济驱动力,但是城市化和工业化水平的提高是最为主要的驱动因素。     

土地生态服务价值评价及其在土地利用布局中的应用--以杭州市萧山区为例

土地是一切陆地生态系统的载体，人类的任何经济社会活动都离不开土地；另一方面，人类的土地利用活动也会影响生态系统．从而会影响其生态服务价值。对杭州市萧山区近年来土地利用的生态服务价值及生态服务价值／GDP值的时空分布进行了研究．结果表明：1999～2004年萧山区土地利用的生态服务价值处于增长趋势，但与GDP比值却处于下降趋势；萧山区土地利用生态服务功能价值／GDP值“中间低两端高”的空间分布特点。根据萧山区生态服务价值时空分布特点，将萧山区划分为4个土地利用区，即城区土地利用区、东部土地利用区、东南部土地利用区、南部土地利用区，并提出了不同土地利用区的主要用途。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.