贵州草海湿地周边耕地土壤与农作物重金属污染特征

采集草海湿地周边主要农作物可食部分及对应根系的土壤样品,分析测试了重金属Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,As和Zn的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中重金属污染水平及对重金属的富集能力。结果表明:土壤重金属元素Zn,As,Cr平均含量未超过贵州省土壤元素背景值,其他3种重金属Pb,Cd,Hg平均值分别是背景值的1.24,1.44,7.5倍;与中国《食品中污染物限量》标准相比,除Hg平均含量超标外,蔬菜中As,Cr,Zn,Cd和Pb平均含量处在可接受范围内。6种重金属的单因子污染指数的高低依次是Hg > Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Zn,葱和萝卜处于安全水平,其余农作物处于警戒线;不同种类作物中重金属富集特征差异较大,菠菜对As,Cd,Hg,Pb的富集系数比其余作物高,萝卜叶对Cr和Zn的富集能力较强,重金属Cr富集系数最低的是玉米,Zn和Hg富集系数最低的是萝卜根,Cd和Pb富集系数最低为马铃薯,As富集能力最低的为白菜。     

安徽省某市农田土壤与农产品重金属污染评价

为评价安徽省某市农田土壤与农产品重金属污染水平,在研究区内共布设1933个点位,采集土壤样品并在污染农田中采集43个农产品样品,对其与土壤进行一对一检测,分析研究Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg 5种重金属含量,对研究区农田土壤重金属含量水平、空间分布特征以及农产品重金属含量与土壤性质的关系进行分析。结果表明:研究区农田土壤中Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量分别为62.5、32.6、0.209、8.85、0.080 mg·kg~(-1),点位超标率分别为0.05%、0、14.59%、0.67%和1.97%。根据单因子污染指数法评价研究区农田土壤污染情况,5种元素污染程度CdHgAsPbCr,从内梅罗综合污染指数来看,所有点位中清洁的占78.58%,综合生态风险指数法评价结果显示研究区基本处于轻微生态危害水平。农产品中Cr、Pb、Cd和As 4种重金属元素都是在偏酸性的土壤上富集系数较大,而Hg在偏碱性土壤上富集能力较强。     

贵州草海流域不同功能区土壤-植物系统重金属迁移与富集特征

以草海流域不同功能区土壤及优势植物为研究对象,对比研究草海流域不同功能区土壤与植物中As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征。结果表明:草海流域4个功能区受到Cd和Zn的污染较为严重,As为轻度污染,Cr、Cu、Pb和As各个功能区污染程度不同;不同植物体内重金属含量差异显著,同种植物不同部位重金属规律为:根茎叶;7种优势植物中迁移特征和富集系数差别较大,只有狐尾藻对重金属Cu的富集系数大于1,其余植物对6种重金属的富集系数均小于1,可将狐尾藻作为草海流域典型的重金属耐性先锋植物;植物Cr和土壤Cr成极显著正相关,植物Zn和土壤Zn成显著正相关,植物Cd和土壤Zn成极显著正相关。     

我国金银花主产区花和土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为了解我国金银花主产区花和土壤重金属污染情况以及暴露风险,本试验对我国三大主产区(山东平邑、河南封丘、河北巨鹿)的金银花和土壤进行取样调查,测定了金银花和土壤中Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Cd、Mn 元素含量,分析了这9种元素在金银花及其生长土壤中的分布和相关性,并对土壤重金属的污染情况进行了地质累计指数、潜在生态风险和健康风险评价。结果表明,土壤中Cd和Cu元素的含量大多高于当地土壤背景值,而其他元素的含量大多低于当地土壤背景值;各元素含量均未超出农用地土壤污染风险管制值。金银花对土壤中不同元素的富集能力不同,不同产地金银花对相同元素的富集能力也存在差异。金银花对土壤中各元素富集系数的趋势为As相似文献   

西宁火烧沟下游表层泥质沉积物中重金属含量及评价

重金属元素是一类重要的污染物,研究其在表生环境中的含量及污染程度,对于环境保护和治理具有重要意义。利用ICP-MS测试方法对青海省西宁市火烧沟下游城区段表层泥质沉积物中As,Cd,Pb,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn共10种重金属元素的含量进行了分析测定,并利用污染系数、地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数等指标评估了其污染程度。结果表明:火烧沟下游表层泥质沉积物中Cd,Cr和Zn含量（平均值分别为0.39 μg/g,183 μg/g和135 μg/g）明显高于青海省土壤平均值,As和Pb含量（平均值分别为16.0 μg/g和21.9 μg/g）接近或略高于青海省土壤平均值;Cd污染明显,达到了中等—较高生态危害风险级别,其他元素为低生态危害风险级别;多风险因子指数（119.4）显示已达到中等生态风险级别。火烧沟下游已出现较明显的重金属污染,应控制As,Pb,Cr,Zn,尤其是Cd向火烧沟中的排放。     

稻田土壤和稻米中重金属潜在污染风险评估与来源解析

该文选择贵州省典型城市(都匀市)周边水稻种植区为研究区,系统采集了稻田土壤和稻米样品各110个,测定土壤和稻米中Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr含量,基于多元统计分析和污染风险评价等分析方法,揭示了研究区稻田土壤重金属污染的主要来源及土壤和稻米中重金属存在的潜在风险。结果表明,与贵州土壤重金属背景值相比,稻田土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr超标率分别为14.55%、40.00%、16.36%、22.72%和13.64%,主要以Hg污染问题最为突出。稻米中只存在3.64%Cd超标,Hg、As、Pb和Cr平均含量均低于国家食品安全标准限定值(GB 2762-2017),说明当地居民食用稻米存在最大的潜在威胁为Cd污染稻米。稻田土壤重金属来源分析结果表明,稻田土壤中Cd、Hg、As和Pb之间呈显著正相关关系,说明土壤中Cd、Hg、As和Pb具有相同的来源,主要来源于当地铅锌矿冶炼、火电厂等污染点源排放的污染物;Cr与其他元素相关性不显著,主要来源于成土母质,为自然来源元素。     

锡矿山土壤重金属生态健康风险评价及重金属在优势植物的分布

为探明湖南锡矿山矿区周边土壤重金属污染程度及重金属在优势植物中的分布,通过野外调查,分析锡矿山地区土壤重金属的含量、来源、生态风险及重金属在优势植物中的富集和迁移情况。结果表明,锡矿山土壤中重金属Sb、Cd和Hg的平均值远超湖南省土壤背景值,超标率均达到100%。来源分析表明,Sb、Hg、Zn、Cd、Pb、As主要受人为活动的影响,但重金属污染来源不完全一致,存在复合污染。生态风险评价结果显示,Sb、Cd和Hg是锡矿山地区极高的生态风险因子,62.50%的样点具有极高生态风险。健康风险评价结果显示,经口摄入是土壤重金属暴露的主要途径,且儿童受到的非致癌和致癌风险均高于成人。Sb和As分别是主要的非致癌和致癌健康风险因子。苎麻对As、Sb的富集系数和转移系数值均大于1,且在重度污染地区的根系滞留率低于其他6种优势植物。研究表明,锡矿山地区存在较高程度的生态风险和健康风险,苎麻具有较高的修复矿区土壤重金属潜力,可作为锡矿山地区重金属污染的修复植物。     

典型城市化地区蔬菜重金属的累积特征与健康风险研究

工业化和城市化带来的重金属污染对环境质量、食品安全、人体健康及社会经济可持续发展构成严重威胁和挑战。为了掌握典型城市化区域蔬菜生产的重金属污染特征与食用健康风险,从而为快速城市化区域的农业实践提供依据,本研究选取珠三角电镀、染织等工业密集典型城市化区域的蔬菜和土壤为研究对象,通过采集蔬菜和表层土壤样品,使用单因子污染评价和内梅罗综合污染指数法对蔬菜样品中Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Pb 5种重金属进行污染评价,使用目标危害商数法进行健康风险评价。研究发现,该地区菜地土壤存在Cd污染。研究区蔬菜中重金属的富集吸收能力为Cd > Ni > Cr > As > Pb,叶菜类对Cd的富集最多,豆角类对Ni的富集较多。单因子污染评价结果显示蔬菜中重金属超标率按大小排序为Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb=As,Ni、Cr和Cd超标率分别为10.53%、2.63%和1.32%,Pb和As均未超标;综合污染指数的评价显示叶菜类样品处于轻度污染水平,豆角类处于中度污染水平,瓜类尚未受到重金属污染。健康风险评价结果表明,叶菜类和豆角类的综合目标危害商数（TTHQ）均大于1,长期食用叶菜类和豆角类会对健康造成影响,成人和儿童的综合目标危害商数排序均为叶菜类 > 豆角类 > 瓜类,儿童摄食蔬菜的重金属健康风险高于成人。总体来说,研究区蔬菜重金属健康风险基本处于可接受范围,但叶菜类Cd和豆角类Ni造成的健康风险需引起重视。     

河北省蔬菜大棚土壤及蔬菜中重金属累积分析

为了解河北省大棚菜地的重金属累积情况,以蔬菜产区的土壤和蔬菜为研究对象,采集了邯郸市永年县、保定市定州县、沧州市青县、石家庄市藁城区共64个大棚土壤以及对应蔬菜样品,测定其Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb、As含量,利用地累积指数法对大棚土壤重金属污染进行了评价,利用目标危害系数法分析了蔬菜摄入对人体的健康风险。结果表明,与《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准相比,四个蔬菜产区大棚土壤中Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb、As含量均值未超标;但与河北省表层土壤背景值相比,大棚土壤中Cd和Cr累积普遍,分别是背景值的1.99倍和1.10倍,超标率为100%和40.6%。Pb、As局部点位有累积现象,Ni含量均低于背景值。地累积指数评价结果表明,除Cd为轻度-中等累积污染外,其他元素均为无累积污染。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)相比,除15.63%的蔬菜样品中Cr超标外,所调查的蔬菜中Ni、Cd、Pb、As含量均不超标。菠菜、大葱、蒜苗对5种重金属的富集系数均相对较大,不同类型蔬菜对5种重金属富集能力均为叶菜类根茎类球茎类果菜类,对不同重金属富集能力为CdNiCrAsPb。河北省大棚蔬菜重金属总体不存在明显的人体健康风险,但是藁城蔬菜Cr存在明显的健康风险,应该引起关注。     

煤矿塌陷区复垦地土壤-作物系统中的重金属污染风险评价

以山西省太原市西峪煤矿的采煤塌陷区为试验地,进行了荞麦的施肥试验,并对采煤塌陷区土壤及植物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等重金属的含量进行了测定,探讨了不同施肥条件下荞麦对重金属的吸收作用,用单因子指数法评价了荞麦收获期土壤重金属含量水平,富集系数法讨论了植物对重金属的富集程度,最后用Hakanson生态风险指数法对土壤潜在的生态风险进行了评价。研究结果表明:试验区的土壤Cd含量和Pb含量高于山西省土壤背景值,Cu和Zn低于背景值;成对T检验结果表明荞麦花期和收获期的4种重金属含量均有显著差异(P<0.05),说明植物在后期对重金属的富集效果明显,尤其对Pb、Cd;单因子指数法表明塌陷区土壤中除Cd超标外,其他元素均达标,土壤潜在风险指数RI为95.73～441.72,主要的污染贡献因子为Cd,即土壤Cd污染是造成西峪煤矿采煤塌陷区土壤重金属污染潜在风险的主要影响因素。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

植物CBL基因家族的研究进展

细胞中游离的Ca2+是植物细胞中普遍存在的第二信使,类钙调神经素B亚基蛋白CBL作为一种特殊的钙感受器在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要作用.本文主要对植物CBL家族的起源与进化、蛋白结构、亚细胞定位以及CBL的功能进行综述,并对今后钙感受器CBL家族的研究重点和发展方向进行了展望.