鱼洞河流域废弃煤矿矿井水对水环境的影响

为了解鱼洞河流域废弃煤矿矿井水外排对水环境的影响,测定了河流水体及矿井水的pH值,SO_4~(2-)及重金属(Fe,Mn,Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn)浓度和底泥中重金属(Fe,Mn,Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn)含量。结果表明:矿井水呈酸性,Fe,Mn,Zn超出当地矿井水排放标准。鱼洞河流域中河流水体pH值,SO_4~(2-),Fe,Mn和Cd浓度超出地表水水源地相关标准限值,各河段上游水体及重安江水质较好,综合污染指数法评价结果为无污染,受矿井水排入的影响,各河段下游水体pH值,SO_4~(2-),Fe,Mn明显超标,评价结果为重度污染。相关性分析及主成分分析结果表明:河流水体主要受矿井水及自然成因两方面影响。鱼洞河流域底泥中Cu,Mn未超出贵州省土壤背景值,而Fe,Cd,Pb,Zn均存在一定程度的超标,地累积指数法评价结果表明:鱼洞河流域河流底泥受Cd,Pb,Fe的轻微污染,矿井排水口底泥受Fe中度至强污染。     

工业区河涌污染与生态危害评价——以佛山三水大塱涡涌为例

在对工业区大塱涡涌水质及底泥重金属进行调查与分析的基础上,评价了底泥重金属潜在生态危害。结果表明,大塱涡涌水体COD、氨氮、总磷、DO与重金属Cr均超过地表水Ⅴ类水体标准,属于劣Ⅴ类水体;底泥重金属Cu、Zn与Cd平均含量超出土壤环境质量三级标准,且重金属Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量超过农用污泥污染物控制标准,该河段疏浚底泥不宜作为肥料直接施用于农田;大塱涡涌表层底泥重金属的潜在生态危害程度总体为强,几种重金属潜在生态危害平均程度从大到小为：Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr。     

重庆市不同功能区城市绿地土壤重金属分布特征与评价

调查并分析了重庆市不同功能区城市绿地土壤重金属含量分布特征,采用综合污染指数法对其污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,不同功能区城市土壤Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量整体较低,其中Cr平均含量低于当地土壤环境背景值,调查区域土壤环境质量基本达到国家土壤环境质量二级标准。不同功能区土壤Cu的含量由高到低为交通区>商业区>居住区>休闲区,土壤Zn的含量为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区,土壤Pb的含量为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区,土壤Cr的含量为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区。居住区和休闲区重金属污染程度已达到警戒线,但土壤尚清洁;而商业区和交通区存在不同程度的重金属轻度污染。综合污染指数土壤重金属污染程度由大到小为商业区>交通区>居住区>休闲区。     

长株潭地区集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤环境质量监测与评价

为了解长株潭地区集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤环境质量情况,以长株潭地区6处具有代表性的集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤为监测对象,对采集土壤样品中的pH值、阳离子交换量、有机质含量及典型污染物进行了测定与分析。结果表明:长株潭地区6个集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量及有机质含量存在差异;30个监测点位土壤中Cd,Pb,Zn,As和Ni平均含量超标率分别为63.33%,63.33%,73.33%,33.33%,13.33%,Hg,Cr,Cu平均含量超标率均为16.67%,六氯环己烷、滴滴涕及苯并[a]芘含量均未超标;单因子评价和综合评价得出,水源地周边土壤主要以无机污染为主,只有3个监测点位存在有机污染,所有监测点位的土壤均受到无机有机复合污染;主成分分析得出,Cr,Cu,Ni,Zn,六氯环己烷,Cd,As、苯并[a]芘、Hg等污染物所占比重较大,构成了监测点位土壤污染的主要成分;聚类分析发现,水源地周边土壤中苯并[a]芘、六氯环己烷及滴滴涕可归为一类,Cr,Ni,Cu可归为一类,Pb,Zn可归为一类,而As,Hg,Cd各单独归为一类,并对饮用水水源地周边土壤中污染物来源及防治措施进行分析与讨论。研究结果为保护长株潭地区集中式饮用水水源地安全提供了理论依据。     

千岛湖底泥重金属污染的生态风险评价

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题,污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷等途径进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到污染。千岛湖不同监测点底泥Cu、Zn、M n、Pb、Cd、A s、Hg等重金属含量存在差异。大坝前、毛竹源和三潭岛监测点M n、A s和Hg含量较高。不同采样点,底泥重金属污染度有差异,表现为毛竹源>三潭岛>航头岛>茅头尖>大坝前>排岭水厂>街口,毛竹源测点底泥重金属污染风险最高,街口重金属污染风险最低。     

北京城市流域底泥重金属形态特征及其生态风险评价

为了解北京城市流域底泥重金属污染现状及其生态风险,研究分别在北京市永定河流域、潮白河流域、温榆河流域、拒马河流域和泃河流域五大河系（北京段）共设置84个检测样点,采集底泥样品,利用ICP-MS分析法和BCR连续提取法测定北京城市流域底泥中铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）、镉（Cd）、镍（Ni）和砷（As）6种主要重金属的含量,分析其分布特征及养分变化,同时运用潜在生态危害指数法和地累积指数法综合评价流域底泥中重金属的生态风险。结果表明:（1）以北京土壤质量标准为北京市参比值,北京流域中下游底泥富营养化严重,重金属富集强弱依次为Cd > （Cr,As,Zn） > （Cu,Ni）;（2）底泥重金属潜在生态危害评价,其危害程度依次为Cd > （Cr,As,Zn） > （Cu,Ni）,其中五大河流下游潜在生态风险较大,生态风险最大的是拒马河水域;（3）地累积指数法进行污染评价,北京河流污染程度依次为下游 > 中游 > 下游,底泥中污染最大的重金属为Cd,其次为Cr,As和Zn,污染较小的为Cu和Ni。综上所述,北京污染较大的河流依次是拒马河、永定河、潮白河、温榆河和泃河,特别是河流下游区域底泥重金属累积较多,潜在生态危害最大。     

重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属特征研究

研究结果表明重庆市蔬菜地0~20cm和20~40cm土层土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量无显著差异,Cd、Hg含量差异显著。不同土壤类型平均重金属含量和变异系数差异均较小。城郊区、工矿区和一般农区重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量及阳离子代换量无显著差异。不同土壤类型和不同区域重金属间均具较强相关性,重金属Cu、Ni、Cr间具有较强伴生关系。重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属Cd污染较重。     

山东省露地蔬菜产地土壤重金属含量的环境质量分析与评价

对山东省露地蔬菜产地的土壤进行了重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni含量的抽样调查分析,并采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法对重金属的环境质量状况进行了评价。结果表明,莱阳露地蔬菜产地、金乡大蒜、章丘大葱产地土壤各重金属的平均含量均低于＂食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准＂（HJ332—2006）规定的限值,三地土壤重金属的单项质量指数均≤0.7,综合质量指数分别为0.56、0.50和0.43,土壤环境质量均为1级,属于清洁水平,适宜发展无公害蔬菜。同时发现,部分地区有重金属含量超标现象,莱阳Cu的样本超标率为13.64%,金乡Cd、Cu和Hg的样本超标率分别为5.41%、5.41%和2.70%,章丘Ni的超标率为4.76%。重金属含量之间多呈正相关关系,其中Cd与Zn,Cu与Zn,Pb与Cr之间的相关性达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）,As与Ni,Ni与Zn,Zn与Pb,Pb与Cu,Cu与Cr之间的相关性达到显著水平（P〈0.05）。大部分监测点的重金属含量均高于山东农业土壤自然背景值,表明在监测点土壤中产生了重金属累积。对山东省其他露地蔬菜产区土壤的随机调查,没有发现重金属含量超标。     

流域底泥重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为了研究流域底泥重金属分布特征及成因,以潇河流域为研究区,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定底泥中6种重金属(Cu,Zn,Cd,Cr,Pb,Ni)的含量,分析了重金属污染特征及其成因,并采用潜在生态风险指数法评价了潇河流域底泥中重金属的潜在生态危害系数和危害指数。结果表明,正常淤积下,流域底泥重金属含量呈中上游流域高,下游流域低的趋势;非正常淤积下,如河道起伏不定,河流有新的污染物注入等,便会表现出下游高于上游的分布特征。就其成因来讲,流域底泥重金属含量受河流水质的影响较大,运用主成分分析(PCA)得出水质参数与重金属分布的关系。对潇河流域表层底泥中重金属的复合污染状况评价结果为:CdPbNiCuCrZn。     

北京地区基本农田土壤环境质量分析与评价

对北京地区基本农田的土壤环境质量和污染状况进行了系统的调研，并对采样区农田土壤的环境质量按照国家标准进行了单因子评价和综合评价。结果表明，重金属的污染程度依次为Cd > Cu > As > Pb > Cr > Hg，Cd，Cu，As高于北京市土壤重金属背景值，Pb、Cr接近或略低于背景值，相比较而言，Cd污染为北京市基本农田中的主要污染元素。土壤中的农药残留的主要成分为滴滴涕。只有1处农田的Cd含量超过了国家二级标准限量，其余指标均低于二级标准。整体而言，北京地区的基本农田土壤环境质量属于清洁和安全范围，符合发展都市型现代农业的要求。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI