黄土丘陵区紫丁香叶片气体交换参数的日变化及光响应

 在半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区,应用英国PPS公司生产的CIRAS2型光合作用系统,测定不同土壤水分下4年生紫丁香(SyringaoblataLindl.)叶片气体交换参数的日变化和光响应特性。结果表明:丁香光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用效率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等气体交换参数,对土壤水分和光合有效辐射的变化,具有明显的阈值响应。有利于丁香光合作用和水分有效利用的适宜土壤质量含水量范围在15%～19.5%之间,土壤相对含水量为58.8%～76.6%;适宜的光合有效辐射强度范围在600～1000μmol/(m2·s)之间。在此土壤质量含水量和光合有效辐射强度范围内,丁香的光合作用和生长过程不会发生较大的水分胁迫和强光胁迫,也不会发生蒸腾速率过高造成的无效蒸腾耗水,因而能获得较高的光合速率和叶片水分利用率。维持丁香正常生理和生长过程所需的最低土壤质量含水量在11.6%(土壤相对含水量为45.7%)左右,相应的最高光合有效辐射强度在800μmol/(m2 ·s)左右,土壤质量含水量降低或光合有效辐射强度升高,会导致严重水分胁迫和。     

土壤水分对五叶爬山虎光合与蒸腾作用的影响

 为爬山虎在石漠化荒山植被恢复中的栽培利用提供科学依据。应用英国PPS公司生产的CIRAS-2型光合作用系统,在不同土壤水分条件下测定2年生爬山虎苗木叶片光合与蒸腾速率的光响应特性。结果表明:爬山虎叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率对土壤水分含量和光合有效辐射强度的变化具有明显的阈值响应。土壤体积含水量在12.6%～20.7%、相对含水量在45.2%～74.3%,爬山虎叶片的光合速率都具有较高水平,其中在体积含水量为18.3%（相对含水量为65.7%）左右时,叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率均达到最高水平,但水分利用效率较低。维持爬山虎叶片具有最高水分利用效率的土壤水分大约在体积含水量为12.6%（相对含水量为45.2%）。维持爬山虎同时具有较高光合速率和水分利用效率的适宜土壤水分范围,在体积含水量为12.6%～18.3%（相对含水量为45.2%～65.7%）之间,超出此范围时,其光合速率与水分利用效率都会明显下降。土壤水分条件适宜时,光合有效辐射强度在400～1000μmol.m-2.s-1之间,爬山虎的光合速率和水分利用效率都能维持较高水平,超出此范围则明显下降。其中最适宜的光合有效辐射强度为800μmol.m-2.s-1左右。所以,爬山虎对光照强度的适应范围较广,具有较强的抗旱性而不适应高土壤水分环境,是适用于干旱瘠薄荒山植被恢复的优良藤本植物。     

不同水分条件下核桃蒸腾速率与光合速率的研究

在黄土高原半干旱区,采用LI-1600稳态气孔仪和LI-6200便携式光合测定仪对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽核桃的生理指标进行了观测,研究土壤含水量对核桃蒸腾速率与光合速率的影响.结果表明,不同土壤含水量条件下核桃蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化具有显著的差异.当土壤体积含水量在5%以下时,核桃气孔导度很低,蒸腾速率日变化也不明显;当体积含水量为10%和15%时,蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率随着土壤水分的增加而升高,而且具有明显的日变化.土壤含水量越低,核桃叶片气孔导度与蒸腾速率和光合速率的相关性越差.通过对比得出,核桃光合作用适宜土壤体积含水量为10%～15%;土壤体积含水量控制在15%时核桃的水分利用效率达到较好状态.     

不同土壤水分下黄刺玫光合生理生态特性的初步研究

应用CIRAS-2型光合作用系统,在半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区,测定了3 a生黄刺玫在不同土壤水分条件下净光合速率、光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用效率的日变化,并同步测定了胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度等因子。结果表明:黄刺玫的净光合速率随土壤含水量的增加而增加,不同土壤水分条件下,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用效率的日变化曲线不同。适合黄刺玫生长的土壤水分范围在15.0%~6.3%。结论:黄刺玫是抗干旱能力很强的树种,在干旱缺水和强光、高温为突出环境胁迫因子的半干旱地区,黄刺玫最宜栽培于水分状况相对较好、光照强度相对较低的阴坡,可能会比阳坡获得更大的生产力。     

果树蒸腾光合及水分利用率与土壤含水量关系研究

以山西省吉县地区幼龄苹果、梨为研究对象,在盆栽实验的基础上,研究了不同土壤含水量条件下两种果树蒸腾速率、光合速率日变化规律,得出苹果、梨的蒸腾速率在土壤含水量6%～10%时呈现双峰曲线,中午出现低谷区;而在土壤含水量12%～20%时,呈现正午峰值型的单峰曲线。在此基础上研究了蒸腾、光合及水分利用率与土壤含水量的关系：蒸腾速率、水分利用率与土壤含水量相关关系可用三次四项式描述,而光合速率与土壤含水量呈二次相关关系。黄土高原半干旱区适宜苹果生长的土壤水分范围为12%～14%,最佳土壤含水量为12.37%;适宜梨树生长的土壤水分范围为12%～16%,最佳土壤含水量为15.19%。     

土壤含水量对紫穗槐蒸腾速率与光合速率影响研究

在黄土高原半干旱区以盆栽2 a生紫穗槐苗木为实验材料,通过人为控制土壤含水量,利用气体分析系统,研究土壤含水量对紫穗槐蒸腾速率与光合速率的影响。结果表明,不同土壤含水量条件下紫穗槐蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化具有显著的差异。当土壤体积含水量在10%以下时,紫穗槐气孔导度很低,日变化近似一条直线,蒸腾速率日变化也不明显,光合速率仅在12∶00之前为正值,此后一直保持较稳定的负值状态;而当体积含水量>15%时,蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率随着土壤水分的增加均大幅升高。土壤含水量越低,紫穗槐叶片气孔导度与蒸腾速率和光合速率的相关性越差,含水量越高其相关性越好。紫穗槐适宜土壤体积含水量为15%~20%。其结论为:紫穗槐生长对水分需求与油松、侧柏等相当,略微低于已广泛种植的杨树、刺槐和仁用杏,但抗旱性不及沙漠植物小叶锦鸡儿、差巴嘎篙和胡枝子等。     

土壤水分对柿树光合光响应特性的影响

采用CIRAS-2便携式光合仪测定不同土壤水分条件下2年生柿树叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度等光合生理参数的光响应过程,探讨柿树光合光响应特性对土壤水分的响应规律。结果表明：土壤水分对柿树的光合生理参数影响显著,随着土壤水分的降低,净光合速率、表观量子效率先升后降,光补偿点先降后升,光饱和点呈下降趋势;维持柿树高光合作用和高水分利用效率的适宜土壤相对含水量为48.8%～76.7%,适宜的光照强度为800～2 000μmol/（m2·s）;柿树对强光利用能力较强,而对弱光的利用效率较低;在土壤相对含水量为48.8%时,柿树光合作用主要受气孔限制,而土壤相对含水量降低到25.5%时,柿树光合作用转变为非气孔限制,通过对气孔、非气孔因素的判定,可知柿树是一种抗旱性非常强的植物。研究结果可为柿树的节水高产栽培提供理论依据。     

黄土高原半干旱区林木生长适宜土壤水分环境的研究

采用 L I- 62 0 0型植物光合测定系统、L I- 160 0型稳态气孔计和 L NW- 5 0 A型中子水分测定仪 ,对不同土壤水分胁迫下刺槐、侧柏林木和苹果树及其盆栽苗木生长的生理、生态特征进行实地观测 ,研究了叶片净光合速率( Pn)、蒸腾速率 ( Tr)、羧化效率 ( CE)、叶片水分利用效率 ( WUEL)以及气孔导度 ( Cs)和气孔阻力 ( Rs)对土壤含水量 ( SWC)变化的响应过程。结果表明 :刺槐、侧柏和苹果净光合速率最高时的 SWC分别为 17.13 % ,15 .90 %和 16.11% ;维持其最高净光合速率 70 %以上的土壤含水量 (即气孔导度的土壤水分响应曲线转折点对应的土壤含水量 )临界值分别为 10 .5 0 % ,9.5 0 %和 9.75 % ;其蒸腾速率最高时的 SWC分别为 18.82 % ,19.70 %和16.3 3 % ;其叶片水分利用效率最高时的 SWC依次为 13 .2 3 % ,10 .66%和 12 .3 8% ;其羧化效率最高时的 SWC依次为 15 .70 % ,15 .5 0 %和 15 .83 %。根据半干旱地区林业建设以提高林木水分利用效率为核心的土壤水分管理思想 ,分别选取维持最高叶片水分利用效率的土壤含水量临界值和维持较高光合速率 (最大光合速率的 70 %以上 )的土壤含水量临界值作为林木生长适宜土壤水分环境的上、下限标准。这一标准概化为 :刺槐 10 .5 %～ 13 .5 % ,侧柏 9.5 %～ 10 .5 %     

黄土半干旱区土壤水分对侧柏叶片水气交换影响

2002年4～10月,在山西省方山县径流林业试验基地,通过水分控制措施形成土壤水分梯度,对野外栽植的侧柏叶片进行了蒸腾、光合及环境因素的观测。结果表明:侧柏叶片的蒸腾速率与土壤含水量有密切的关系,随着土壤含水量的降低水分胁迫加剧,蒸腾速率显著降低,而且一般受到水分胁迫的树体在低光照条件下出现蒸腾的峰值,随着光照与气温的增加蒸腾速率下降,水分胁迫程度越严重蒸腾峰值出现的时间越早。当土壤含水量没有造成水分胁迫时,侧柏叶片的蒸腾速率日变化与光照及气温的变化相一致。试验条件下,春季土壤含水量在5.79%以下时产生了严重的水分胁迫,土壤含水量达到6.50%时相对水分胁迫较轻;夏季土壤水分在6.94%以下时产生严重水分胁迫;秋季没有产生水分胁迫,但是仍然是土壤含水量较高时蒸腾速率也较高,这为黄土高原地区布设相应的径流林业措施,进行有效的土壤水分管理提供了依据。     

黄土高原高塬沟壑区坡面表层土壤水分研究

在黄土高寒区,通过人工控制土壤水分的方法,利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对银水牛果和沙棘苗木叶片的气体交换参数因子的光响应进行研究。结果表明,2种灌木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率随着光强的增大而增强,而随着光强进一步增大,净光合速率、水分利用效率却出现下降的趋势,蒸腾速率仍继续增大。随着土壤含水量的增加,2种灌木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度逐渐增大,水分利用效率先上升,在轻度水分胁迫下达到最大值后下降。在相同土壤含水量下,银水牛果光补偿点明显小于沙棘,光饱和点大于沙棘,光能利用率高于沙棘;银水牛果的表观量子效率大于沙棘,在低光强下的光合能力较高。在水分胁迫下,2种灌木相比,沙棘比银水牛果更易受强光胁迫;银水牛果对弱光的利用能力高于沙棘,水分利用效率高于沙棘,耐旱生产力较高。     

Plant canopy effects on litter accumulation and soil microbial biomass in two temperate forests

The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in canopy structure and litter composition affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in oak versus mixed fir-beech stands. Mean litter biomass was greater in mixed fir-beech stands (51.9t ha⁻¹) compared to oak stands (15.7t ha⁻¹). Canopy leaf area was also significantly larger in mixed stands (1.96m² m⁻²) than in oak stands (1.73m² m⁻²). Soil organic carbon (C _org) and moisture were greater in mixed fir-beech stands, probably as a result of increased cover. Soil microbial biomass carbon (C _mic), nitrogen (N _mic), and total soil nitrogen (N _tot) increased slightly in the mixed stand, although this difference was not significant. Overall, mixed stands showed a higher mean C _org/N _tot ratio (22.73) compared to oak stands (16.39), indicating relatively low rate of carbon mineralization. In addition, the percentage of organic C present as C _mic in the surface soil decreased from 3.17% in the oak stand to 2.26% in the mixed stand, suggesting that fir-beech litter may be less suitable as a microbial substrate than oak litter.     

Kinetics of acid phosphatase in calcium chloride extractable soil organic matter

The aim of this work was to compare the kinetic parameters of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2.) extracted from two forest soils under oak or pine. Soil was extracted with 4 mM CaCl₂ and the extract was divided into two fractions by filtration: one >0.2 μm containing microbial cells and soil particulates, and the other <0.2 μm containing fine particles and dissolved organic compounds of soil. The >0.2 μm fraction had higher K_m (0.26–0.82 vs. 0.12–0.39) and V_max (0.07–0.79 vs. 0.06–0.16) values than the <0.2 μm fraction, indicating a higher enzyme-substrate affinity and smaller amount of enzyme in fine particles and dissolved organic matter.     

土壤团聚体N_2O释放与反硝化微生物丰度和组成的关系

不同粒径团聚体的物理化学和生物学特性差异可能影响N2O的产生与释放,但目前有关团聚体N2O释放的微生物学机制少有研究。本研究从菜地土壤中分筛出粒径为1 mm、2~4 mm和4~8 mm的团聚体并开展培养试验,通过实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,q PCR)与末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(Terminal-Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术的结合,研究了不同粒径团聚体反硝化微生物群落数量与组成的变化规律及其与N2O释放的相互关系。结果表明,不同粒径团聚体N2O释放速率表现为:粒径小于1 mm团聚体2~4 mm团聚体4~8 mm团聚体;硝酸还原酶基因(nar G)和氧化亚氮还原酶基因(nos Z)的丰度也表现为小粒径团聚体最高,随团聚体粒径增加而显著下降。然而,不同粒径团聚体间含nar G和nos Z基因的群落组成并没表现出显著差异。因此,不同粒径团聚体N2O释放速率差异与反硝化功能微生物丰度密切相关,而与它们的组成没有显著相关性。     

重塑Q3黄土K0三轴蠕变特性的试验研究

[目的]研究陕西省延安地区重塑Q_3黄土高填方工程的后期沉降变形特性,为高填方工程的设计、施工提供一定的技术和理论支撑。[方法]通过改进K0三轴蠕变仪,对所取黄土进行了不同压实度、不同含水量、不同竖向应力下的室内土的静止侧压力系数K_0三轴固结排水蠕变试验。[结果]重塑Q_3黄土具有明显的蠕变特性,在低应力条件下,呈现出典型的衰减蠕变;在K_0条件下,随着含水量增大、竖向应力的增大,压实度的减小,蠕变呈增强趋势,蠕变变形量增大;在低水平应力的条件下,土体所受侧向应力与竖向应力成线性关系。[结论]建立了重塑Q_3黄土关于竖向应力的自定义蠕变模型,通过试验数据拟合获得了模型参数,所建模型能很好地描述延安地区重塑Q_3黄土的蠕变特性。     

Nitrogen fixation and CO2 exchange in soybeans (Glycine max L.) inoculated with mixed cultures of different microorganisms

N₂ fixation, photosynthesis of whole plants and yield increases in soybeans inoculated with mixed cultures of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 or P. fluorescens 21 as well as Glomus mosseae were found in pot experiments in gray forest soil carried out in a growth chamber. The effects of pseudomonads and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungus on these parameters were found to be the same. Dual inoculation of soybeans with mixed cultures of microorganisms stimulated nodulation, nitrogenase activity of nodules and enhanced the amount of biological nitrogen in plants as determined by the ¹⁵N dilution method in comparison to soybeans inoculated with nodule bacteria alone. An increased leaf area in dually infected soybeans was estimated to be the major factor increasing photosynthesis. P. fluorescens and G. mosseae stimulated plant growth, photosynthesis and nodulation probably due to the production of plant growth-promoting substances. Increasing phosphorus fertilizer rates within the range of 5–40 mg P 100 g^-1 1:1 (v/v) soil: sand in a greenhouse experiment led to a subsequent improvement in nodulation, and an enhancement of N₂ fixation and yield in soybeans dually inoculated with B. japonicum 110 and P. fluorescens 21. These indexes were considerably higher in P-treated plants inoculated with mixed bacterial culture than in plants inoculated with nodule bacteria alone.     

Ontogenic variation in nitrogen fixation and accumulation of nitrogen in mungbean,blackgram, cowpea,and groundnut

Ontogenic variations in N₂ fixation and accumulation of N by the mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by a ¹⁵N-dilution technique. Pots filled with 7 kg of red yellow podzolic soil were used. Samples were taken 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after emergence which approximately corresponded to preflowering, flowering, early/mid-pod filling and late pod filling stages, respectively. During early growth (up to 40 days after emergence), the carryover of seed N accounted for a considerable fraction of the total plant N in the legumes, the highest being in the groundnut. With a correction for carryover, the groundnut derived over 45% of its N content from the atmosphere 20 days after emergence whereas the corresponding figures were 33% for the blackgram and about 28% for the cowpea and mungbean. Between flowering and early pod fill, there was a rapid increase in N₂ fixation in all legumes except in groundnut which showed highest fixation from 60 to 80 days after emergence. In the mungbean, N₂ fixation and uptake of soil N were insignificant 60 days after emergence while in other legumes these processes continued beyond this time. All legumes derived about 90% of their N from atmosphere by 80 days after emergence. However, due to considerable interspecific differences in total N yield the final amount of N₂ fixed showed an appreciable variation among legumes. It was highest in the groundnut (443 mg N plant^-1) followed by the cowpea (385), blackgram (273), and mungbean (145), respectively. The groundnut maintained nodules until the late pod filling stage while in other legumes, nodules senesced progressively following the mid-pod filling stage. During pod filling there was a net mobilization of N from vegetative tissues to developing pods in the mungbean, which amounted to about 20% of N in seeds. This mobilization was not evident in other legumes.     

利用磷进行铅污染土壤原位修复中需考虑的几个问题

由于土壤中磷与铅形成难溶性的磷酸铅类化合物[Pb5(PO4)3X,X=Cl-,OH-,F-等],利用不同廉价含磷物质进行铅污染土壤原位修复被认为是目前最好的铅污染土壤管理措施,受到国内外广泛关注。本文对目前国内外利用磷进行铅污染修复研究的现状进行了综述,对该研究领域中的关键问题,如磷酸铅类化合物形成的反应动力学过程控制、最佳pH、土壤中磷/铅摩尔比等进行了较深入的探讨,并展望了今后的研究方向,以期为铅污染土壤的修复及其效果评价提供参考。     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI     

Effects of Rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculations on nodulation,symbiotic nitrogen fixation and soybean yield in subtropical-tropical fields

Summary Field experiments were carried out to determine the effects of single and mixed inoculations with Rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on nodulation, symbiotic N₂ fixation and yield of soybeans in six Taiwan subtropical-tropical sites. Inoculation with Rhizobium alone significantly increased nodulation, nodule weight and nitrogenase activity of nodules in three out of six experimental fields, and affected soybean yields in the range –13% to + 134%. Inoculation with VAM fungi alone did not have a significant effect on nodulation and nitrogenase activity. Mycorrhiza inoculation affected soybean yields in the range –13% to + 65%, but only the yield increases at one out of six sites with N application were statistically significant. Mixed inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhiza affected yields in the range –8% to + 145% A synergistic effect from mixed inoculation of Rhizobium-mycorrhiza on soybean yields was found in one out of six experimental fields. The yield response to N application (40 kg N ha^–1) in these six paddy-field trials was not significant. These results suggest that single or mixed inoculation of rhizobia can greatly assist soybean grain yields and can replace N fertilizers.     

Potential for higher rates of denitrification in earthworm casts than in the surrounding soil

Summary Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) were cultured in the laboratory and fed on lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Denitrification rates in the surface casts and the surrounding soil were quantified using C₂H₂-inhibition of nitrous oxide reductase. The investigation also included determination of the N₂O-formation by nitrification as well as CO₂-formation as a measure of respiration. The denitrification rates of wet earthworm casts were found to be significantly higher than those occurring in wet samples from the soil. The low N₂O-formation observed seemed to be due to denitrification. Respiration was higher in casts, indicating higher oxygen demand which resulted in more anaerobic conditions. The energy supply was probably better in casts compared with the surrounding soil.